High Stakes and Stakeholders: Oil Conflict

Nigeria is Africa's largest oil producing country. Oil generates enormous wealth but also extensive and devastating conflict in the country. High Stakes and Stakeholders critically explores the oil conflict in Nigeria, its evolution, dynamics and most significantly, the interplay and consequences of high stake politics for the reproduction and persistence of the conflict. It presents a conceptual anatomy of state-oil industry-society relations and demonstrates how the embedded material interests and accumulation patterns of different stakeholders, underlie, shape and complicate both the oil conflict and security. Omeje proposes a logical framework for resolving the oil conflict and for reforming the security sector. This book is valuable reading material for courses in International Political Economy, Social Ecology, African Politics, Conflict and Security Studies and Environmental Law and Management. It will also be of interest to policy practitioners, civil societies and the oil industry.

List of Maps

vii

List of Tables

viii

Preface

ix

Acknowledgements

xii

List of Abbreviations

xiv

1 Introduction: The Rentier Space

1

(13)

1.1 Conceptual Background

1

(4)

1.2 High Stakes and Stakeholders: An Anatomy of the Rentier Space

5

(9)

2 The Domestic Security Environment and Perspectives on the Nigerian Oil Conflict

14

(11)

2.1 Conceptualization of Security and the Domestic Security Environment

14

(2)

2.2 The Nigerian Oil Conflict: Conceptualization and Analytical Views

16

(9)

3 The Historical and Institutional Contexts of the Oil Conflict

25

(48)

3.1 Introduction

25

(1)

3.2 Nigeria: A General Profile

25

(6)

3.3 The Niger Delta Area: Environmental and Socio-Demographic Background

31

(2)

3.4 Crude Oil Discovery and Development of the Oil Industry

33

(2)

3.5 The Development of Oil-related Legislation and Policies: An Historical Perspective

35

(9)

3.6 The Legislation Related to Oil and the Environment

44

(3)

3.7 The Institutional and Ecological Bases of the Conflict: Perspectives and Responses of the Local People

47

(16)

3.8 Summary and Conclusion

63

(10)

4 Ahead of the Game: Shell's Responsiveness to Domestic Threats

73

(29)

4.1 Introduction

73

(1)

4.2 A Background to the Oil Activities of Shell in Nigeria

73

(2)

4.3 Shell's Oil Operations and Security Threats

75

(2)

4.4 Shell's Security Policy in a Global Organizational Framework

77

(2)

4.5 Responsiveness to Threats

79

(17)

4.6 Summary and Conclusion

96

(6)

5 Relatively at Ease: ExxonMobil's Oil Operations and Security Threats

102

(19)

5.1 Introduction

102

(1)

5.2 A Background to the Oil Activities of ExxonMobil in Nigeria

102

(3)

5.3 ExxonMobil's Oil Operations and Security Threats

105

(1)

5.4 ExxonMobil's Security Policy and Responsiveness to Threats

105

(1)

5.5 Responsiveness to Threats

106

(11)

5.6 Summary and Conclusion

117

(4)

6 Chevron's Oil Operations and Security Threats: Doing Business in the 'Battle Frontline'

121

(18)

6.1 Introduction

121

(1)

6.2 A Background to the Oil Activities of ChevronTexaco in Nigeria

122

(2)

6.3 Chevron's Oil Operations and Security Threats

124

(1)

6.4 ChevronTexaco's Security Policy and Responsiveness to Threats

125

(1)

6.5 Oil Operations and Environmental Responsibility

126

(3)

6.6 Responsiveness to Threats

129

(5)

6.7 Summary and Conclusion

134

(5)

7 The State and Management of the Oil Conflict

139

(29)

7.1 Introduction

139

(1)

7.2 Characterizing of the Nigerian State

139

(2)

7.3 The State's Management of the Conflict: A Conflict Control Approach

141

(5)

7.4 The State's Management of the Conflict: Securitization of Development

146

(7)

7.5 'Extra-Oil' Frontiers of Conflict in the Niger Delta: The Role of the State

153

(8)

7.6 Summary and Conclusion

161

(7)

8 Key Oil Stakeholders, Security and Security Sector Reform: Discussion and Conclusion

168

(15)

8.1 An Overview of Emerging Issues, Perspectives and Practices

168

(7)

8.2 Proposing a Conflict Resolution and Security Reform Framework

175

(4)

8.3 Agenda for Future Research

179

(4)

Bibliography

183

(13)

Index

196

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High Stakes and Stakeholders: Oil Conflict and Security in Nigeria

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials