High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Associated Techniques

, by Buseck, Peter; Cowley, John; Eyring, LeRoy

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ISBN: 9780195042757 | 0195042751
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/2/1989

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This book provides an introduction to the fundamental concepts, techniques, and methods used for electron microscopy at high resolution in space, energy, and even in time. It delineates the theory of elastic scattering, which is most useful for spectroscopic and chemical analyses. There are also discussions of the theory and practice of image calculations, and applications of HRTEM to the study of solid surfaces, highly disordered materials, solid state chemistry, mineralogy, semiconductors and metals. Contributors include J. Cowley, J. Spence, P. Buseck, P. Self, and M.A. O'Keefe. Compiled by experts in the fields of geology, physics and chemistry, this comprehensive text will be the standard reference for years to come.

Recommended Symbols, Sign Conventions, and Acronyms	p. xvii
Contributors	p. xx
Imaging	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Electron-scattering and -imaging geometry	p. 5
Electron-microscopy specimens	p. 7
The imaging process	p. 10
Image formation	p. 10
Aberrations	p. 13
Phase contrast	p. 15
Thin specimens as phase objects	p. 15
The weak-phase-object approximation	p. 18
Imaging of weak phase objects	p. 19
The effects of partial coherence	p. 24
Images of periodic objects	p. 28
Dark-field images	p. 30
Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)	p. 33
Resolution	p. 34
Imaging Theory	p. 38
Waves and Scattering	p. 38
Scattering approximations	p. 38
Transmission of electron waves through matter	p. 43
Imaging	p. 44
Abbe theory	p. 44
Imaging of weak phase objects	p. 46
Imaging of phase objects	p. 47
Imaging with partial coherence	p. 48
Imaging of periodic objects	p. 50
Dark-field imaging	p. 52
Scanning transmission electron microscopy	p. 54
Conclusion	p. 56
Elastic Scattering of Electrons by Crystals	p. 58
General dynamical scattering	p. 58
Kinematical scattering	p. 60
Kinematical diffraction from crystals: geometry	p. 62
Convergent-beam diffraction	p. 67
Kinematical diffraction from crystals: intensities	p. 70
Intensities for amorphous or microcrystalline specimens	p. 72
Limitations of the simple approximations	p. 74
Kinematical-approximation limitations	p. 74
Phase-object-approximation limitation	p. 77
Dynamical diffraction	p. 78
The Bloch-wave formulation	p. 79
The two-beam approximation	p. 81
The multislice formulation	p. 86
Dynamical-diffraction symmetries	p. 88
Detection of symmetry elements	p. 90
The imaging of crystals	p. 93
Imaging in the two-beam approximation	p. 93
Axial imaging of simple crystals	p. 96
Diffraction and imaging of crystal defects and disorder	p. 99
The column approximation	p. 100
Local atom displacements: thermal vibrations	p. 102
Atomic disorder in crystals	p. 103
Stacking faults and twins: extended defects	p. 105
Elastic-Scattering Theory	p. 109
Dynamical scattering	p. 109
The kinematical approximation	p. 111
Diffraction by crystals	p. 112
Kinematical-diffraction intensities	p. 113
Formulations for dynamical diffraction	p. 115
Bethe theory	p. 115
Progression of a wave through a crystal	p. 119
Basis for the multislice method	p. 121
Images of crystals	p. 124
Inelastic Electron Scattering: Part I	p. 129
Introduction	p. 129
Kinematics, single-event inelastic scattering, and the dielectric-response function	p. 132
Plasmons, phonons, and single-electron excitations	p. 142
Dynamical inelastic scattering	p. 147
Inelastic Electron Scattering: Part II	p. 160
Localization in inelastic scattering	p. 160
Inelastic electron imaging	p. 166
Absorption effects and parameters in HRTEM	p. 173
Multiple energy-loss effects and their removal	p. 177
Radiation damage in HRTEM	p. 182
Techniques Closely Related to High-Resolution Electron Microscopy	p. 190
Introduction	p. 190
Extended electron-loss fine structure (EXELFS)	p. 193
Electron-loss, near-edge structure (ELNES)	p. 198
Orientation effects in EELS	p. 211
ALCHEMI	p. 219
Cathodoluminescence in STEM	p. 224
Microdiffraction	p. 228
Specimen preparation	p. 235
Real-time image acquisition and videorecording in HRTEM	p. 237
Calculation of Diffraction Patterns and Images for Fast Electrons	p. 244
Introduction	p. 244
Calculation of diffracted amplitudes and phases using multislice	p. 246
The transmission function	p. 248
The propagation function	p. 251
Multislice iteration	p. 253
Consistency tests	p. 257
Special systems	p. 259
Higher-order Laue zones	p. 259
Periodic continuation	p. 265
CBED and STEM	p. 269
HRTEM imaging	p. 275
Linear imaging	p. 282
Nonlinear imaging	p. 286
Limitations of the envelope functions	p. 292
Display techniques	p. 295
HRTEM-image processing	p. 299
The fast Fourier transform	p. 303
Mineralogy	p. 308
Introduction	p. 308
Reaction mechanisms	p. 310
Introduction	p. 310
Biopyriboles	p. 311
Graphite crystallization	p. 318
Cordierite transformation	p. 320
Biotite-chlorite reaction	p. 322
Stacking disorder and polytypism	p. 325
Introduction	p. 325
Micas	p. 327
Chlorites	p. 328
Pyroxenes	p. 330
Pyrosmalite	p. 331
Other polytypic minerals	p. 331
Intergrowth disorder and nonstoichiometry	p. 332
Introduction	p. 332
Sheet silicates	p. 333
Pyroxenoids	p. 335
Bastnaesite-synchysite	p. 337
Humites and leucophoenicite	p. 337
Oxysulfides	p. 338
Oxyborates and chemical twinning	p. 340
Modulated structures and nonstoichiometry	p. 340
Introduction	p. 340
Antigorite and pyrrhotite	p. 342
Feldspars	p. 346
Other minerals	p. 347
Characterization of minerals and structure determination	p. 349
Introduction	p. 349
Manganese oxides: fine-grained minerals	p. 350
Carlosturanite: a new type of chain silicate	p. 354
Other minerals (sursassite, takeuchiite, etc.)	p. 355
Mineral definition and nomenclature	p. 356
Introduction	p. 356
Structural disorder and intergrowth structures	p. 357
Ordered structures	p. 359
Phases	p. 361
Experimental techniques	p. 362
Introduction	p. 362
Special imaging to improve resolution (pyrrhotite)	p. 362
Radiation damage (biopyriboles, serpentines, and zeolites)	p. 363
"Controlled" heating by the electron beam (Cu-Fe sulfides)	p. 364
ALCHEMI and chemical disorder in minerals	p. 365
Imaging artifacts and the role of calculations	p. 367
Solid-State Chemistry	p. 378
Introduction	p. 378
Solid-state chemistry	p. 378
Historical aside	p. 380
Application of HRTEM to solid-state chemistry	p. 382
The role of HRTEM in solid-state synthesis	p. 382
High-resolution microscopical analysis	p. 383
Nonstoichiometry and solid-state reactions	p. 384
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High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Associated Techniques

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