High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety

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ISBN: 9780750674553 | 0750674555
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/15/2003

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High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety servers as an essential took for building architects, building owners and property managers, security and fire safety directors, security consultants, and contract security firms.

Foreword to the Second Edition

xix

Foreword to the First Edition

xxi

Preface

xxiii

Acknowledgments

xxv

High-Rise Building Definition, Development, and Utilization

(20)

What is a High-Rise Building?

(1)

Development of High-Rise Buildings

(3)

High-Rises Arise

(2)

The ``World's Tallest'' Race

(1)

Three Generations of High-Rise Buildings

(3)

First Generation

(1)

Second Generation

(1)

Third Generation

(2)

Utilization of High-Rise Buildings

(1)

Types of High-Rise Buildings

(1)

Types of Tenancy and Pattern of Use

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(2)

Additional Reading

(1)

Appendix 1-1 The One Hundred Tallest Buildings in the World

(7)

High-Rise Assets and Security and Fire Life Safety Threats

(6)

High-Rise Assets

(1)

Security and Fire Life Safety Threats

(1)

What Is Security?

(1)

What Is Fire Life Safety?

(1)

What Is a Threat?

(1)

Security Threats

(2)

Fire Life Safety Threats

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(2)

Security and Fire Life Safety Uniqueness of High-Rise Buildings

(22)

Security of High-Rise Buildings versus Low-Rise Buildings

(1)

Fire Life Safety of High-Rise Buildings versus Low-Rise Buildings

(1)

Security of Modern High-Rise Buildings

(7)

Impact of New York World Trade Center Terrorist Attacks on Building Security

(5)

Fire Life Safety of Modern High-Rise Buildings

(4)

Modern High-Rises Are Less Fire-Resistive

(1)

Other Fire Life Safety Features

(1)

Fire Life Safety History

(1)

Emergency Planning Essentials

(1)

Impact of New York World Trade Center Terrorist Attacks on Building Safety

(2)

February 26, 1993, Bombing

(1)

September 11, 2001, Catastrophe

(1)

A Clear Message

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(1)

Additional Reading

(1)

Security and Fire Life Safety Surveys

(48)

Security Survey

(1)

How to Conduct a Physical Security Survey

(10)

Fact-Finding Process

(2)

Systematic Approach

(2)

Writing the Report

(5)

Presentation of the Report

(1)

Fire Life Safety Survey

(5)

Fact-Finding Process

(1)

Survey Checklist

(2)

Writing the Report

(1)

Word of Caution

(1)

Use of Consultants and Specialists

(2)

Summary

(1)

References

(2)

Additional Reading

(1)

Appendix 4-1 Physical Security Survey Checklist

(13)

Appendix 4-2 Fire Prevention Survey Checklist

(9)

Appendix 4-3 Sample of an Appropriate Computer Security Program

(7)

Security Systems and Equipment

(80)

Monitoring of Security Systems

(2)

Physical Barriers

(4)

Perimeter Landscaping, Walls, Fences, Sidewalks, and Pathways

(1)

Fountains, Reflecting Pools, Sculpture, Boulders, Stairs, Park Benches, Concrete Planters, Concrete Barricades, and Bollards

100

(2)

Parking Controllers and Barriers

102

(1)

Building Exterior

103

(8)

Building Exterior Walls and Roof

103

(1)

Building Openings

104

(7)

Building Floors, Ceilings, Interior Walls, and Interior Stairways

111

(1)

Floors and Ceilings

111

(1)

Interior Walls

112

(1)

Interior Stairways

112

(1)

Building Interior Doors

112

(3)

Doors to Offices and Interior Areas

112

(1)

Stairwell Doors

113

(1)

Won Doors

114

(1)

Doors to Maintenance Spaces

115

(1)

Restroom Doors

115

(1)

Elevators; Escalators; Moving Walks; Dumbwaiters; and Rubbish, Mail, and Laundry Chutes

115

(1)

Elevators

115

(1)

Locks and Locking Systems

116

(29)

Pin Tumbler Locks

116

(3)

Bolts and Strikes

119

(2)

Master Keying of Pin Tumbler Locks

121

(5)

Perimeter Locking Devices

126

(1)

Electromagnetic Locks

127

(1)

Stairwell Locking Devices

128

(2)

Delayed-Egress Locks

130

(3)

Tenant Locking Devices

133

(1)

Electric Locks

133

(2)

Combination Locks

135

(1)

Electromagnetic Hold-Open Devices

136

(1)

Code Acceptance

137

(1)

Card-Operated Locks

137

(5)

Smart Cards

142

(1)

Card Reader Applications

143

(1)

Biometric ID System-Operated Locks

144

(1)

Rapid Entry Systems

144

(1)

Asset Tracking Systems

145

(1)

Lighting

146

(3)

Factors to Consider

147

(1)

General Types of Lighting

147

(2)

Communication Systems

149

(3)

Telephones

149

(1)

Portable Two-Way Radio Systems

149

(2)

Pagers

151

(1)

Personal Data Assistants

151

(1)

Public Address Systems

151

(1)

Megaphones or Bullhorns

151

(1)

Intercom Systems

151

(1)

Speakers and Microphones

152

(1)

Closed-Circuit Television Systems

152

(11)

Analog and Digital Cameras

154

(3)

Closed-Circuit Transmission

157

(1)

Remote Transmission

157

(1)

Video Monitor

157

(5)

Video Recording and Storage

162

(1)

Digital Video Recorders

162

(1)

Rapid Technological Change

163

(1)

Camera Applications

163

(2)

Intrusion Detection Systems

165

(4)

On-Site Monitoring

165

(1)

Off-Site Monitoring

165

(1)

Intrusion Detection Components

166

(2)

Control Unit

168

(1)

Annunciation Device

168

(1)

Duress Alarm Switches and Kick Bars

169

(1)

Security Mirrors

169

(1)

Metal Detectors and X-Ray Systems

169

(2)

Security Monitoring Center

171

(1)

Summary

172

(1)

References

172

(3)

Additional Reading

175

(1)

Additional Resources

175

(2)

Fire Life Safety Systems and Equipment

177

(54)

Monitoring of Fire Life Safety Systems

177

(2)

Voice Communication and Building Public Address System

179

(1)

Fire Department Voice Communication Systems

180

(1)

Public Telephone for Fire Department Use

181

(1)

Stairwell Intercom Systems

181

(1)

Fire Detection and Alarm System Annunciator and Control Panels

181

(2)

Manual Fire Alarm Stations

183

(1)

Sequence of Operations

183

(1)

Municipal Fire Alarm Box

184

(1)

Automatic Detection Systems

184

(1)

Smoke Detectors

185

(2)

Ionization Smoke Detector

185

(1)

Photoelectric Smoke Detector

186

(1)

Placement of Smoke Detectors

187

(1)

Addressable System

188

(1)

Heat Detectors

188

(2)

Gas Detectors

190

(1)

Automatic Sprinkler Systems

191

(1)

Sprinkler Control Valve, Water-Flow Detector, and Fire Pump Status Panels

191

(7)

Water Supply for Sprinklers

192

(1)

Fire Pump

192

(1)

Fire Department Connections

193

(3)

How Automatic Sprinklers Work

196

(1)

Types of Automatic Sprinkler Systems

197

(1)

Supervision and Manual Operation of the Automatic Sprinkler System

198

(1)

Standpipe and Hose Systems

198

(4)

Classes of Standpipe Systems

198

(3)

Types of Standpipe Systems

201

(1)

Zoning in Tall Buildings

201

(1)

Fire Department Connections

202

(1)

Other Fire Protection Equipment and Systems

202

(4)

Annunciator or Status Indicators

202

(1)

Carbon Dioxide Systems

202

(1)

Halon and Halon Replacement Systems

203

(1)

Dry Chemical Systems

204

(1)

Wet Chemical Systems

205

(1)

Air-Handling System Controls and Status Indicators

206

(2)

Purpose of HVAC Systems

206

(1)

Smoke Control within Buildings

207

(1)

Control of Chemical and Biological Contaminants within Buildings

207

(1)

System Reset Procedures

208

(1)

Elevator Status Panel Displaying Elevator Operations

208

(1)

Configuration of Elevator Systems

209

(7)

Elevator Banks

209

(1)

Sky Lobby System

209

(1)

Sizes of Elevator Cars

210

(1)

Elevator Safety Features

210

(1)

Safety Developments

211

(2)

Elevator Controls

213

(1)

Controls in Elevator Lobbies

214

(2)

State-of-the-Art Computerized Features

216

(1)

Emergency and Standby Power

216

(1)

Emergency and Standby Power Systems Status Indicators

216

(3)

Emergency Power Systems

216

(2)

Standby Power Systems

218

(1)

Use of the Terms ``Emergency Power System'' and ``Standby Power System''

218

(1)

Controls for Simultaneously Unlocking Stairwell Doors Locked from Stairwell Side

219

(1)

Other Building Systems and Equipment

219

(1)

Building Emergency Procedures Manual

219

(1)

Portable Fire Extinguishers

220

(1)

Classes of Fire and Recommended Extinguishing Agents

220

(5)

Water-Based Extinguishers

222

(1)

Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers

223

(1)

Halon and Halon Replacement Extinguishers

224

(1)

Dry Chemical Extinguishers

224

(1)

Wet Chemical Extinguishers

225

(1)

Positioning of Portable Fire Extinguishers

225

(1)

Automated External Defibrillators

225

(2)

Selection of Fire Life Safety Systems and Equipment

227

(1)

Maintenance of Fire Life Safety Systems and Equipment

227

(1)

Summary

227

(1)

References

228

(1)

Additional Resources

229

(2)

Security Policies and Procedures

231

(30)

Access Control of Building Users

231

(1)

Building Access Controls

232

(6)

Vehicle Access to Parking Lots or Garages

232

(1)

Vehicle Access to Loading Dock/Shipping and Receiving Areas

233

(1)

Pedestrian Access to Buildings

233

(2)

Visual Recognition

235

(1)

After-Hours Authorization Documents

235

(1)

Building Identification Cards, Passes, and Badges

236

(1)

Building Access Cards

236

(1)

After-Hours Access Register or Log

237

(1)

Right to Pass Signs or Plates

237

(1)

Tenant Access Controls

238

(4)

Tenant Space Access during Normal Business Hours

238

(2)

Unwanted Solicitors

240

(1)

Tenant Space Access After Normal Business Hours

241

(1)

Building or Office Creeper

242

(1)

Locked Doors

242

(1)

Escorts of Building Users

242

(1)

Escorts to and from the Building

243

(1)

Escorts within the Building

243

(1)

Escorts within Tenant Space

243

(1)

Property Control

243

(8)

Objectives of a Property Control System

244

(1)

Property Removal Pass System

244

(3)

Asset Tracking Systems

247

(1)

Dangerous or Illicit Items

247

(1)

Couriers and Delivery Persons

247

(1)

Package Acceptance Policy

248

(1)

Lost and Found Property

249

(1)

Trash Removal Control

250

(1)

Janitorial Screening

251

(1)

Importance of Controlled Ingress and Egress

251

(1)

Key Control and Accountability

252

(3)

Key Points to Consider

252

(3)

Tenant Security Education

255

(1)

Summary

256

(1)

References

256

(2)

Appendix 7-1 Sample Tenant Security and Safety Awareness Checklist

258

(3)

Management of the Security Function

261

(32)

The Security Budget

261

(2)

Key Items

262

(1)

Contract versus Proprietary Security Staff

263

(1)

Selection of a Contract Security Service

264

(1)

Prerequisites for a Successful Program

265

(2)

Vital Issues

265

(1)

Costs for Contract Service

266

(1)

Importance of a Thorough Process

267

(1)

Determining Adequate Levels of Security Staffing

267

(1)

Typical Positions

267

(1)

Security Staff Duties and Written Instructions

268

(3)

What Should Post Orders Contain?

269

(1)

Writing Post Orders

270

(1)

Written Records and Reports

271

(3)

Types of Forms, Records, and Reports

271

(1)

Use of Notebooks

272

(1)

Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How

273

(1)

Legible, Thorough, Accurate, Clear, Concise, and Prompt

273

(1)

How Long to Keep Reports?

274

(1)

Computerized Incident Reporting

274

(1)

Selection, Training, Testing, and Supervision of Security Staff

274

(4)

Selection

274

(1)

Training and Testing

275

(2)

Supervision

277

(1)

Patrol Monitoring Devices

278

(2)

Mechanical Clock

278

(1)

Electronic Guard Tour System

279

(1)

Patrols in High-Rise Buildings

280

(1)

Fire Watch

280

(1)

Patrols in High-Rises

280

(1)

Guiding and Directing Security Staff

281

(3)

Importance of Adequate Amenities

281

(1)

How to Motivate

282

(1)

Discipline

283

(1)

Training Supervisors

284

(1)

Uniforms and Equipment

284

(1)

The Role of Public Relations

285

(1)

Security System Maintenance and Replacement

286

(1)

Summary

287

(1)

References

287

(1)

Additional Readings

288

(1)

Appendix 8-1 NASCO Security Officer Code of Ethics

289

(1)

Appendix 8-2 Sample Security Officer Basic Training Test

290

(2)

Appendix 8-3 Sample Security Officer Training and Testing Log

292

(1)

Investigations

293

(14)

Nature of Investigations

293

(2)

Informal Investigation

294

(1)

Formal Investigation

294

(1)

Private Sector and Public Law Enforcement Investigations

295

(1)

Rights of Public and Private Investigators

296

(1)

Skills of the Investigator

296

(2)

Interviewing Techniques

298

(1)

Preliminaries

298

(1)

Conducting the Interview

298

(2)

Getting Acquainted

298

(1)

Developing Rapport

299

(1)

Motivating the Subject

299

(1)

Keeping the Subject Talking

299

(1)

Listening to ``What Is Said'' and ``How It Is Said''

299

(1)

Repeat the Process

300

(1)

Obstacles to Conversation

300

(1)

Specific Questions

300

(1)

Yes/No Questions

300

(1)

Leading Questions

300

(1)

Rapid-Fire Questions

301

(1)

Encouraging Conversation

301

(1)

Open-Ended Questions

301

(1)

The Use of the Long Pause

301

(1)

Non-Directive Approach

301

(1)

Ending the Interview

301

(1)

Interrogation

302

(1)

Managing Investigations

302

(2)

Guidelines for Investigator Selection

303

(1)

Sources of Private Investigators

304

(1)

Summary

304

(1)

References

304

(1)

Additional Reading

305

(2)

Building Emergencies

307

(102)

Fires and Fire Alarms

308

(13)

Fire

308

(1)

Basics of Fire Science

308

(2)

Principal Threat to Life Safety

310

(1)

Behavior of Occupants

311

(1)

High-Rise Office Building Fires

311

(5)

Fire Alarms

316

(1)

Occupant Response to a Fire

317

(1)

Use of Elevators

318

(1)

Evacuation Guidelines

319

(1)

Floor Warden Responsibilities

320

(1)

Building Emergency Staff Responsibilities

320

(1)

Workplace Violence

321

(5)

Workplace Violence Profiles

322

(2)

Tenant Prevention Measures

324

(1)

Emergency Actions of Security Staff

325

(1)

Hostage and Barricade Situations

326

(1)

Medical Emergencies

326

(2)

Trip, Slip, and Falls

327

(1)

Power Failures

328

(2)

Elevator Malfunctions and Entrapments

330

(2)

Elevator Problems

330

(1)

Elevator Entrapment

330

(1)

Life-Threatening Situation

331

(1)

Authorized Personnel Only

331

(1)

Traffic Accidents

332

(1)

Labor Disputes, Demonstrations, Riots, and Civil Disorder

332

(4)

Labor Disputes

332

(2)

Demonstrations

334

(1)

Riots and Civil Disorder

334

(2)

Bombs and Bomb Threats

336

(19)

1993 New York World Trade Center and 1995 Oklahoma City Bombings

337

(4)

Vulnerability Assessment of Federal Facilities

341

(1)

Bombs

341

(1)

Bomb Threats

342

(2)

Security Measures Against Vehicle Bombs

344

(2)

Other Security Measures to Reduce the Threat of Bombs

346

(1)

Responding to Bomb Threats

347

(1)

Vital Actions

347

(1)

Decision Time

348

(1)

Evacuation

349

(1)

Search Teams

350

(1)

Use of Portable Radios

351

(1)

Search Technique

351

(3)

Suspicious Object Located

354

(1)

Summary

355

(1)

Hazardous Materials, Chemical and Biological Weapons, and Nuclear Attack

355

(9)

Hazardous Materials

356

(1)

Procedures for Handling Incidents

357

(2)

Chemical and Biological Weapons

359

(3)

Berkeley Laboratories Advice

362

(1)

How Should a Building Prepare?

362

(1)

Nuclear Attack

363

(1)

Aircraft Collisions

364

(18)

New York World Trade Center September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attack

366

(6)

World-Wide Impact

372

(1)

Evacuation a Success

372

(2)

What About Reports of Evacuating Occupants Returning to their Offices?

374

(1)

World Trade Center Building Performance Study

374

(2)

What Future Changes May Result from the World Trade Center's Destruction?

376

(3)

What Future Studies are Planned?

379

(2)

How to Prepare a Building for an Aircraft Collision

381

(1)

Natural Disasters

382

(14)

Earthquakes

382

(8)

Tsunamis

390

(1)

Volcanoes

390

(1)

Winter Storms

390

(1)

Tornadoes

391

(2)

Hurricanes

393

(2)

High Winds and Cyclones

395

(1)

Floods

395

(1)

Water Leaks

396

(1)

Jumpers, Protestors, and Daredevils

397

(2)

Daring Acts

397

(1)

BASE Jumping

398

(1)

Preserving a Crime Scene

399

(1)

Impact of Building Emergencies on Security

400

(1)

When a Building Emergency Is Faked

400

(1)

When an Emergency Overwhelms Security Staff

401

(1)

Summary

401

(1)

References

402

(5)

Additional Reading

407

(2)

Building Emergency Planning

409

(66)

Fire Emergencies

409

(2)

Prevention

409

(1)

Early Detection and Notification

410

(1)

Effective Evacuation or Relocation Measures

410

(1)

Control and Mitigation and Recovery Operations

411

(1)

Emergency Planning Guidelines

411

(46)

Building Emergency Procedures Manual

411

(29)

Occupant Documentation and Training

440

(4)

Floor Warden Manual and Training

444

(1)

Building Emergency Staff Training

445

(4)

Evacuation Signage

449

(1)

How to Communicate the Building Emergency Plan to Tenants

450

(4)

How to Communicate the Building Emergency Plan to Fire and Emergency Agencies

454

(1)

How to Deal with the Media

454

(2)

Basic Principles for Handling the Media

456

(1)

Keeping the Emergency Plan Up-To-Date

457

(1)

Summary

457

(1)

References

458

(1)

Additional Reading

459

(1)

Appendix 11-1 Sample Documentation Forms

460

(10)

Appendix 11-2 Sample Fire Life Safety Information Package

470

(3)

Appendix 11-3 Calendar of Annual Events

473

(2)

Laws, Codes, and Standards

475

(38)

Types of Standards

475

(2)

Statutory or Regulatory Standards

475

(1)

Consensus or Private Standards

476

(1)

American National Standards Institute

476

(1)

Laws

477

(3)

Occupational Safety and Health Act

477

(1)

Americans with Disabilities Act

478

(2)

Codes and Regulatory Standards

480

(1)

National Institute of Standards and Technology

480

(1)

Licensing and Regulation of Private Security Firms

480

(1)

State and Local Building and Fire Codes

480

(6)

Building Codes

480

(4)

Fire Prevention Codes

484

(1)

Interpretation of Laws, Codes, and Standards

485

(1)

Private Standards

486

(2)

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

486

(1)

Underwriters Laboratories, FM Global, and Wernock Hersey International

486

(1)

American Society for Testing Materials

487

(1)

Other Building Institutes, Associations, and Societies

487

(1)

Security Associations

488

(2)

Security Industry Association

488

(1)

National Association of Security Companies

488

(1)

ASIS International

488

(1)

Fire Alarm and Burglar Alarm Trade Associations

489

(1)

Lighting and Electrical Associations

489

(1)

National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards, Inc.

489

(1)

Management-Related Associations

490

(2)

Institute of Real Estate Management

490

(1)

Building Owners and Managers Association International

490

(1)

Other Societies and Organizations

491

(1)

Applicability of Laws, Codes, and Standards

492

(1)

Fire Life Safety Measures

492

(1)

Security Measures

492

(1)

References

493

(2)

Additional Reading

495

(1)

Appendix 12-1 Security and the Law

496

(17)

Liaison with Law Enforcement and Fire Authorities

513

(8)

Liaison with Law Enforcement

513

(2)

Police and Sheriff's Departments

513

(1)

State Law Enforcement Agencies

514

(1)

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

514

(1)

Liaison with Fire Authorities

515

(1)

Fostering Relationships with Law Enforcement and Fire Authorities

515

(3)

Communication

515

(1)

Reporting Crimes

516

(1)

Complying with Laws, Regulations, and Codes

516

(1)

Enlisting Public Agency Support

516

(1)

Hospitality

517

(1)

Disaster Exercises

517

(1)

Public Agency Presentations

517

(1)

Professional Security and Fire Life Safety Organizations

518

(1)

Community Service

518

(1)

Summary

518

(1)

References

519

(2)

Apartment and Residential Buildings, Hotels and Motels, and Hospitals and Health-Care Facilities

521

(8)

Apartment and Residential Buildings

521

(1)

Hotels and Motels

522

(3)

Serious Hotel and Motel Fires

523

(2)

Hospitals and Health-Care Facilities

525

(1)

Threat of Fire

526

(1)

Other High-Rise Occupancies

526

(1)

Summary

527

(1)

References

527

(1)

Additional Reading

528

(1)

Index

529

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High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials