Historical Geology Evolution of Earth and Life Through Time (with CD-ROM and InfoTrac)

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ISBN: 9780534392871 | 0534392873
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/18/2003

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1. The Dynamic and Evolving Earth. 2. Earth Materials--Minerals and Rocks. 3. Plate Tectonics--A Unifying Theory. 4. Geologic Time--Concepts and Principles. 5. Rocks, Fossils, and Time--Making Sense of the Geologic Record. 6. Sedimentary Rocks--The Archives of Earth History. 7. Evolution--The Theory and Its Supporting Evidence. 8. Precambrian Earth and Life History--The Hadean and Archean. 9. Precambrian Earth and Life History--The Proterozoic Eon. 10. Geology of the Early Paleozoic Era. 11. Geology of the Late Paleozoic Era. 12. Life of the Paleozoic Era: Invertebrates. 13. Life of the Paleozoic Era: Vertebrates and Plants. 14. Geology of the Mesozoic Era. 15. Life of the Mesozoic Era. 16. Cenozoic Geologic History: Tertiary Period. 17. Cenozoic Geologic History: Quaternary Period. 18. Life of the Cenozoic Era. 19. Evolution of the Primates and Humans.

Chapter 1 The Dynamic and Evolving Earth

(14)

Introduction

(1)

What Is Geology?

(1)

Historical Geology and the Formulation of Theories

(1)

Origin of the Universe and the Solar System, and Earth's Place in Them

(4)

Origin of the Universe-Did It Begin with a Big Bang?

(1)

Perspective 1.1: Interpreting Earth History

(28)

Our Solar System-Its Origin and Evolution

(2)

Earth-Its Place in Our Solar System

(1)

Forming the Earth-Moon System

(1)

Why Is Earth a Dynamic and Evolving Planet?

(2)

Organic Evolution and the History of life

(1)

Geologic Time and Uniformitarianism

(1)

How Does the Study of Historical Geology Benefit Us?

(1)

Summary

(2)

Chapter 2 Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks

(17)

Introduction

(1)

Matter and Its Composition

(1)

Elements and Atoms

(1)

Bonding and Compounds

(1)

Minerals-The Building Blocks of Rocks

(1)

How Many Minerals Are There?

(1)

Silicate Minerals

(1)

Other Mineral Groups

(1)

Rock-Forming Minerals and the Rock Cycle

(1)

Igneous Rocks

(2)

Texture and Composition of Igneous Rocks

(1)

Classifying Igneous Rocks

(1)

Sedimentary Rocks

(4)

Sediment Transport, Deposition, and Lithification

(1)

Types of Sedimentary Rocks

(4)

Metamorphic Rocks

(2)

The Agents of Metamorphism

(1)

Types of Metamorphism

(1)

Classifying Metamorphic Rocks

(1)

Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle

(1)

Earth Materials and Historical Geology

(1)

Summary

(2)

Chapter 3 Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory

(24)

Introduction

(1)

Early Ideas about Continental Drift

(4)

Perspective 3.1: Oil, Plate Tectonics, and Politics

(24)

Alfred Wegener and the Continental Drift Hypothesis

(1)

Additional Support for Continental Drift

(1)

Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering

(1)

How Do Magnetic Reversals Relate to Seafloor Spreading?

(1)

Plate Tectonics and Plate Boundaries

(8)

Divergent Boundaries

(1)

An Example of Ancient Rifting

(1)

Convergent Boundaries

(3)

Recognizing Ancient Convergent Boundaries

(1)

Transform Boundaries

(2)

What Are Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes?

(1)

How Are Plate Movement and Motion Determined?

(1)

What Is the Driving Mechanism of Plate Tectonics?

(1)

How Are Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building Related?

(1)

Terrane Tectonics

(1)

How Does Plate Tectonics Affect the Distribution of Life?

(1)

How Does Plate Tectonics Affect the Distribution of Natural Resources?

(2)

Summary

(2)

Chapter 4 Geologic lime: Concepts and Principles

(16)

Introduction

(1)

How Has the Concept of Geologic Time and Earth's Age Changed Throughout Human History?

(1)

Perspective 4.1: Geologic Time and Climate Change

(1)

What Are Relative Dating Methods, and Why Are They Important?

(1)

Fundamental Principles of Relative Dating

(1)

Establishment of Geology as a Science-The Triumph of Uniformitarianism over Neptunism and Catastrophism

(3)

Neptunism and Catastrophism

(1)

Uniformitarianism

(1)

Modern View of Uniformitarianism

(1)

Lord Kelvin and a Crisis in Geology

(1)

What Are Absolute Dating Methods, and Why Are They Important?

(6)

Atoms and Isotopes

(1)

Radioactive Decay and Half-Lives

(3)

Long-Lived Radioactive Isotope Pairs

(1)

Fission Track Dating

(1)

Radiocarbon and Tree-Ring Dating

(2)

Summary

(3)

Chapter 5 Rocks, Fossils, and lime-Making Sense of the Geologic Record

(22)

Introduction

(1)

Stratigraphy

(6)

Vertical Stratigraphic Relationships

(2)

Lateral Relationships-Facies

(2)

Marine Transgressions and Regressions

(1)

Extent, Rates, and Causes of Transgressions and Regressions

(1)

Fossilization and Fossils

(7)

Do Fossils Form?

(2)

Fossils and Telling Time

(1)

Perspective 5.1: Fossils and Uniformitarianism

(4)

The Relative Geologic Time Scale

(1)

Stratigraphic Terminology

(1)

Correlation

(2)

Absolute Dates and the Relative

Geologic Time Scale

(2)

Summary

(2)

Chapter 6 Sedimentary Rocks-The Archives of Earth History

(20)

Introduction

(1)

Sedimentary Rock Properties

(7)

Composition and Texture

(1)

Sedimentary Structures

(2)

Geometry of Sedimentary Rocks

(1)

Fossils-The Biologic Content of Sedimentary Rocks

(1)

Perspective 6.1: Determining the Relative Ages of Deformed Sedimentary Rocks

(3)

Depositional Environments

102

(7)

Continental Environments

102

(1)

Transitional Environments

103

(2)

Marine Environments

105

(4)

Environmental Interpretations and Historical Geology

109

(2)

Paleogeography

111

(1)

Summary

112

(2)

Chapter 7 Evolution-The Theory and Its Supporting Evidence

114

(22)

Introduction

115

(1)

Evolution: What Does It Mean?

116

(2)

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck and His Ideas on Evolution

117

(1)

The Contributions of Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

117

(1)

Natural Selection-What Is Its Significance?

117

(1)

Perspective 7.1: The Tragic Lysenko Affair

118

(1)

Mendel and the Birth of Genetics

118

(2)

Mendel's Experiments

119

(1)

Genes and Chromosomes

119

(1)

The Modern View of Evolution

120

(7)

What Brings about Variation?

121

(1)

Speciation and the Rate of Evolution

121

(2)

Divergent, Convergent, and Parallel Evolution

123

(1)

Cladistics and Cladograms

124

(1)

Evolutionary Trends

125

(2)

Extinctions

127

(1)

What Kinds of Evidence Support Evolutionary Theory?

127

(7)

Classification-A Nested Pattern of Similarities

128

(1)

How Does Biological Evidence Support Evolution?

128

(2)

Fossils: What Do We Learn from Them?

130

(3)

Perspective 7.2: The Fossil Record and Missing Links

133

(1)

Summary

134

(2)

Chapter 8 Precambrian Earth and Life History-The Hadean and Archean

136

(17)

Introduction

137

(1)

What Happened during the Hadean?

138

(1)

Continental Foundations-Shields, Platforms, and Cratons

139

(3)

Archean Rocks

139

(2)

Greenstone Belts

141

(1)

Evolution of Greenstone Belts

142

(1)

Archean Plate Tectonics and the Origin of Cratons

142

(1)

The Atmosphere and Hydrosphere

143

(2)

How Did the Atmosphere Form and Evolve?

143

(2)

Earth's Surface Waters-The Hydrosphere

145

(1)

The First Organisms

145

(4)

Experimental Evidence and the Origin of Life

146

(1)

The Oldest Known Organisms

147

(1)

Perspective 8.1: Submarine Hydrothermal Vents and the Origin of Life

148

(1)

Archean Mineral Resources

149

(1)

Summary

150

(3)

Chapter 9 Precambrian Earth and Life History-The Proterozoic Eon

153

(21)

Introduction

154

(1)

Evolution Of Proterozoic Continents

154

(6)

Early Proterozoic History of Laurentia

154

(3)

Early and Middle Proterozoic Igneous Activity

157

(1)

Middle Proterozoic Orogeny and Rifting

157

(1)

Middle and Late Proterozoic Sedimentation

158

(2)

Proterozoic Supercontinents

160

(1)

Ancient Glaciers and Their Deposits

160

(1)

Early Proterozoic Glaciers

160

(1)

Glaciers of the Late Proterozoic

160

(1)

The Evolving Atmosphere

160

(4)

Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)

162

(1)

Continental Red Beds

163

(1)

Important Events in Life History

164

(5)

Eukaryotic Cells Evolve

165

(1)

Endosymbiosis and the Origin of Eukaryotic Cells

166

(1)

The Dawn of Multicelled Organisms

166

(1)

Late Proterozoic Animals

167

(2)

Proterozoic Mineral Resources

169

(2)

Perspective 9.1: BIF: From Mine to Steel Mill

170

(1)

Summary

171

(3)

Chapter 10 Early Paleozoic Earth History

174

(20)

Introduction

175

(1)

Continental Architecture: Cratons and Mobile Belts

175

(1)

Paleozoic Paleogeography

176

(3)

Early Paleozoic Global History

177

(2)

Early Paleozoic Evolution of North America

179

(1)

The Sauk Sequence

179

(2)

The Cambrian of the Grand Canyon Region: A Transgressive Facies Modes

179

(2)

The Tippecanoe Sequence

181

(6)

Perspective 10.1: Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore

182

(16)

Tippecanoe Reefs and Evaporites

184

(2)

The End of the Tippecanoe Sequence

186

(1)

The Appalachian Mobile Belt and the Taconic Orogeny

187

(3)

Early Paleozoic Mineral Resources

190

(1)

Summary

191

(3)

Chapter 11 Late Paleozoic Earth History

194

(22)

Introduction

195

(1)

Late Paleozoic Paleogeography

195

(3)

The Devonian Period

195

(1)

The Carboniferous Period

195

(3)

The Permian Period

198

(1)

Late Paleozoic Evolution of North America

198

(1)

The Kaskaskia Sequence

198

(3)

Reef Development in Western Canada

199

(1)

Black Shales

199

(1)

The Late Kaskaskia-A Return to Extensive Carbonate Deposition

200

(1)

Perspective 11.1: The Canning Basin, Australia-A Devonian Great Barrier Reef

201

(1)

The Absaroka Sequence

201

(6)

What Are Cyclothems, and Why Are They Important?

202

(2)

Cratonic Uplift-The Ancestral Rockies

204

(1)

The Late Absaroka-More Evaporite Deposits and Reefs

205

(2)

History of the Late Paleozoic Mobile Belts

207

(4)

Cordilleras Mobile Belt

208

(1)

Ouachita Mobile Belt

209

(1)

Appalachian Mobile Belt

209

(2)

What Role Did Microplates and Terranes Play in the Formation of Pangaea?

211

(1)

Late Paleozoic Mineral Resources

211

(1)

Summary

212

(4)

Chapter 12 Paleozoic Life History: Invertebrates

216

(18)

Introduction

217

(1)

What Was the Cambrian Explosion?

217

(1)

The Emergence of a Shelly Fauna

218

(1)

Paleozoic Invertebrate Marine Life

219

(11)

The Present Marine Ecosystem

219

(2)

Cambrian Marine Community

221

(2)

The Burgess Shale Biota

223

(1)

Ordovician Marine Community

224

(1)

Silurian and Devonian Marine Communities

225

(1)

Perspective 12.1: Mass Extintions and Their Possible Causes

226

(19)

Carboniferous and Permian Marine Communities

228

(1)

The Permian Marine Invertebrate Extinction

229

(1)

Summary

230

(4)

Chapter 13 Paleozoic Life History: Vertebrates and Plants

234

(21)

Introduction

235

(1)

Vertebrate Evolution

235

(1)

Fish

236

(4)

Amphibians-Vertebrates Invade the Land

240

(2)

Evolution of the Reptiles-The Land Is Conquered

242

(3)

Plant Evolution

245

(7)

Perspective 13.1: Palynology: A Link Between Geology and Biology

246

(17)

Silurian and Devonian Floras

247

(3)

Late Carboniferous and Permian Floras

250

(2)

Summary

252

(3)

Chapter 14 Mesozoic Earth History

255

(23)

Introduction

256

(1)

The Breakup of Pangaea

256

(3)

Effects of the Breakup of Pangaea on Global Climates and Ocean Circulation Patterns

259

(1)

Mesozoic History of North America

259

(1)

Continental Interior

260

(1)

Eastern Coastal Region

260

(2)

Gulf Coastal Region

262

(1)

Western Region

263

(9)

Mesozoic Tectonics

263

(5)

Mesozoic Sedimentation

268

(1)

Perspective 14.1: Petrified Forest National Park

269

(3)

What Role Did Accretion of Terranes Play in the Growth of Western North America?

272

(1)

Mesozoic Mineral Resources

273

(2)

Summary

275

(3)

Chapter 15 Life of the Mesozoic Era

278

(24)

Introduction

279

(1)

Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton

279

(2)

Aquatic and Semiaquatic Vertebrates-Fish and Amphibians

281

(1)

Plants-Primary Producers on Land

282

(1)

The Diversification of Reptiles

283

(7)

Archosaurs and the Origin of Dinosaurs

283

(1)

Dinosaurs

283

(2)

Warm-Blooded Dinosaurs?

285

(1)

Perspective 15.1: Dinosaur Behavior

286

(4)

Flying Reptiles

288

(1)

Mesozoic Marine Reptiles

289

(1)

Crocodiles, Turtles, Lizards, and Snakes

290

(1)

From Reptiles to Birds

290

(3)

Perspective 15.2: Vertebrates and the Origin of Flight

293

(1)

Origin and Early Evolution of Mammals

293

(3)

Cynodonts and the Origin of Mammals

293

(2)

Mesozoic Mammals

295

(1)

Mesozoic Climates and Paleogeography

296

(1)

Mass Extinctions-A Crisis in the History of Life

297

(1)

Summary

298

(4)

Chapter 16 Cenozoic Geologic History: The Tertiary Period

302

(26)

Introduction

303

(1)

Cenozoic Plate Tectonics-An Overview

303

(1)

Cenozoic Orogenic Belts

304

(5)

The Alpine-Himalayan Orogenic Belt

306

(1)

The Circum-Pacific Orogenic Belt

307

(2)

The North American Cordillera

309

(10)

The Laramide Orogeny

310

(2)

Cordilleras Igneous Activity

312

(1)

Perspective 16.1: Geologic History of the Teton Range

313

(17)

Basin and Range Province

315

(1)

Colorado Plateau

316

(1)

Pacific Coast

316

(3)

The Continental Interior

319

(1)

Cenozoic History of the Appalachian Mountains

319

(1)

The Southern and Eastern Continental Margins

319

(5)

The Gulf Coastal Plain

321

(1)

The Atlantic Continental Margin

321

(3)

Tertiary Mineral Resources

324

(1)

Summary

324

(4)

Chapter 17 Cenozoic Geologic History: The Quaternary Period

328

(20)

Introduction

329

(1)

Pleistocene and Holocene Tectonism and Volcanism

329

(1)

Pleistocene Stratigraphy

330

(5)

Terrestrial Stratigraphy

330

(2)

Perspective 17.1: Supervolcanoes and the Origin of the Yellowstone Caldera

332

(22)

Deep-Sea Stratigraphy

334

(1)

Onset of the Ice Age

335

(2)

Climate of the Pleistocene

335

(1)

Glaciers-What Are They, and How Do They Form?

336

(1)

Glaciation and Its Effects

337

(5)

Glacial Landforms

337

(1)

Changes in Sea Level

337

(1)

Glaciers and Isostasy

338

(2)

Pluvial and Proglacial Lakes

340

(2)

What Caused Pleistocene Glaciation?

342

(3)

The Milankovitch Theory

344

(1)

Short-Term Climatic Changes

344

(1)

Quaternary Mineral Resources

345

(1)

Summary

346

(2)

Chapter 18 Life of the Cenozoic Era

348

(23)

Introduction

349

(1)

Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton

349

(2)

Cenozoic Vegetation and Climate

351

(1)

Cenozoic Birds

352

(1)

The Age of Mammals Begins

353

(1)

Diversification of Placental Mammals

354

(3)

Perspective 18.1: Not All Giant Land Animals Were Dinosaurs

356

(1)

Mammals of the Tertiary Period

357

(8)

Small Mammals-Insectivores, Rodents, Rabbits, and Bats

357

(1)

A Brief History of the Primates

358

(1)

The Meat Eaters-Carnivorous Mammals

358

(2)

The Ungulates or Hoofed Mammals

360

(3)

Giant Land-Dwelling Mammals-Elephants

363

(1)

Giant Aquatic Mammals-Whales

364

(1)

Pleistocene Faunas

365

(2)

Mammals of the Ice Age

365

(1)

Pleistocene Extinctions

366

(1)

Intercontinental Migrations

367

(1)

Summary

368

(3)

Chapter 19 Primate and Human Evolution

371

(15)

Introduction

372

(1)

What Are Primates?

372

(1)

Prosimians

372

Anthropoids

371

(4)

Hominids

375

(9)

Australopithecines

377

(1)

Perspective 19.1: Footprints at Laetoli

378

(6)

The Human Lineage

379

(2)

Neanderthals

381

(1)

Cro-Magnons

382

(2)

Summary

384

(2)

Epilogue

386

(2)

Appendix A Metric Conversion Chart

388

(1)

Appendix B Classification of Organisms

389

(5)

Appendix C Mineral Identification

394

(4)

Glossary

398

(9)

Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions

407

(1)

Credits

408

(3)

Index

411

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Historical Geology Evolution of Earth and Life Through Time (with CD-ROM and InfoTrac)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials