A History of Australia, New Zealand and the

This book provides an arresting interpretation of the history of Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific from the earliest settlements to the present. Usually viewed in isolation, these societies are covered here in a single account, in which the authors show how the peoples of the region constructed their own identities and influenced those of their neighbours. By broadening the focus to the regional level, this volume develops analyses - of economic, social and political history - which transcend national boundaries. The result is a compelling work which both describes the aspirations of European settlers and reveals how the dispossessed and marginalized indigenous peoples negotiated their own lives as best they could. The authors demonstrate that these stories are not separate but rather strands of a single history.

Donald Denoon is Professor of Pacific Islands History in the Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. His previous books include Southern Africa Since 1800 (with Balam Nyeko, 1972 and 1984 ), Settler Capitalism (1981), The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders (Ed. 1997), and Getting Under the Skin: the Bougainville Copper Agreement and the Creation of the Panguna Mine (2000).

Dr Philippa Mein Smith teaches New Zealand and Australian history, and social history of medicine in the Department of History, University of Canterbury, New Zealand. Her previous publications include Mothers and King Baby: Infant Survival and Welfare in an Imperial World: Australia 1880-1950 (1997).

Professor Denoon and Dr. Mein-Smith enjoyed the privilege of a month's fellowship at the Rockefeller Study Centre in Bellagio, to develop the text.

Dr Marivic Wyndham is an Australian cultural historian. Her doctoral thesis focused on the life and literature of the Australian novelist, Eleanor Dark (1901-1985). Her book, based on the thesis and due for release in mid-2001, offers a cross-cultural analysis of the writer. Dr Wyndham is now an Academic Adviser at the Study Skills Centre, Australian National University.

List of Plates

ix

List of Maps

xi

List of Figures

xii

Series Editor's Preface

xiii

Introduction

1

(6)

PART I FOUNDATIONS OF CONTEMPORARY IDENTITIES

7

(88)

Representations of Regional, National and `Ethnic' Identities

9

(28)

Naming Rights

10

(7)

European Frameworks

17

(2)

Anthropology

19

(8)

Development Economics

27

(2)

History

29

(1)

Not a Self-evident Region

30

(7)

Patterns of Pre-European Settlement and Interaction

37

(14)

`Indigenous' Communities

38

(2)

Austronesians, Lapita, Polynesians: Chronologies and Charters

40

(2)

Fragmentation

42

(2)

What Held Societies Together?

44

(2)

Dealing with Outsiders

46

(5)

Intersecting Worlds

51

(21)

`Scientific Discoveries' and Conceptual Maps

52

(4)

Captain Cook

56

(6)

Du Fresne

62

(3)

Encounters in the Twentieth Century

65

(2)

Maori Discovery of Aborigines

67

(5)

Depopulation and Immigration

72

(23)

Depopulation

72

(7)

Dying Races

79

(2)

Displacement

81

(5)

Colonization and Settlement

86

(9)

PART II NEW SOCIETIES AND ECONOMIES

95

(88)

New Social Forms

97

(23)

Convicts and Settlers

97

(5)

Protestants and Polynesians

102

(4)

The Catholic Revival

106

(1)

The New Laws

107

(3)

Tensions Between Empires

110

(3)

Sport and Civilization

113

(7)

Struggles for Land

120

(20)

Maori and Pakeha

123

(3)

Australian Squatters and Selectors

126

(2)

Island Plantations and Co-operatives

128

(2)

Land, Sovereigns and War

130

(4)

Land and Destinies

134

(6)

Mining

140

(19)

Eldorado v. Arcadia

142

(1)

Digger Democracy

143

(3)

Types of Mining Enterprise

146

(2)

Other Minerals

148

(6)

Mining in the Islands

154

(5)

Labour Relations

159

(24)

The Convicts in Australia

159

(4)

Women Labour

163

(2)

Free Settlement

165

(2)

Assisted Labour

167

(2)

A French Australia?

169

(1)

Segregated Labour Markets

170

(7)

Plantations

177

(6)

PART III NEW STATES AND SOCIAL IDENTITIES

183

(82)

New States

185

(17)

An Imagined Region

185

(5)

The Entrepreneurial States

190

(4)

Kingitanga

194

(1)

Australian federation and Manifest Destinies

195

(7)

New Settler Societies

202

(25)

Men's Countries, Women's Rights

204

(6)

Whom to Exclude

210

(1)

Settler Societies and Cultural Expressions

211

(3)

The Bulletin

214

(2)

Bush Mythologies

216

(2)

Urban Australia

218

(9)

Capital and Labour: Resisting Globalization

227

(21)

Boom and Bust

230

(2)

Arbitration and Protection

232

(6)

The Family and the Gender Division of Labour

238

(10)

Be Prepared!

248

(17)

Defence

249

(3)

Social Preparations

252

(4)

Populate or Perish

256

(4)

Measures

260

(5)

PART IV WARS AND RECONSTRUCTIONS

265

(100)

The Great War

267

(23)

Anzac Legends

267

(13)

Mothers, Sisters and Wives

280

(2)

Women's War Service

282

(2)

Pacifists

284

(2)

The Old Woman Out: Ettie Rout

286

(4)

Anxious Peace

290

(27)

Financial Insecurity

290

(5)

The Great Depression

295

(2)

Welfare

297

(1)

Eugenics and King Baby

298

(6)

For Art and Country: The Literature of Nation-building

304

(5)

The Island Dependencies

309

(2)

Maori and Aboriginal Initiatives

311

(6)

War in Europe, and in the Pacific

317

(23)

Storm Clouds

317

(1)

War in Europe

318

(2)

War in the Pacific

320

(2)

Taking Part

322

(2)

Women and Men

324

(3)

Plans and Visions of Reconstruction

327

(4)

New Zealand: Equality of Opportunity

331

(1)

Bringing the Australian Intelligentsia to Heel

332

(8)

Interdependencies

340

(25)

Cold War, the American Alliance and Nuclear Politics

340

(5)

Colonial Administrations Restored

345

(4)

Migration from Europe, Polynesia, Asia

349

(4)

Maori and Aboriginal Urbanization

353

(2)

Suburbia

355

(1)

Decentralization

356

(9)

PART V REFLECTIONS ON CONTEMPORARY IDENTITIES

365

(108)

Expanding Citizenship

367

(23)

Aboriginal Australians

369

(3)

Torres Strait Islanders

372

(1)

South Sea Islanders

373

(1)

Maori Revival and the Waitangi Tribunal

374

(9)

Women's Liberation and Feminist Politics

383

(7)

Decolonization?

390

(19)

Colonial Contexts

390

(2)

British Withdrawal

392

(2)

French Dependencies

394

(2)

Anglo-French Condominium

396

(2)

New Zealand and Australian Dependencies

398

(3)

Island Independence

401

(8)

Globalization and National Identities

409

(16)

The Closer Economic Relationship

409

(2)

Muldoon and Douglas

411

(2)

Australia and APEC

413

(4)

Mining

417

(3)

Global or Regional?

420

(5)

Popular Culture

425

(25)

Cultural Globalization

425

(1)

An Australian Hoax

426

(1)

Youth Revolution

427

(2)

Popular Culture

429

(1)

American Influence and Local Invention

430

(2)

From Bush to Beach Australia

432

(3)

Clean, Green New Zealand

435

(1)

Film

435

(3)

Sport

438

(5)

Expatriates

443

(4)

Globalism and Parochialism

447

(3)

Contemporary Identities

450

(23)

Regional Crises and Security

452

(6)

New Caledonia

458

(1)

Wallace's Other Line

459

(2)

Defining Aotearoa/New Zealand

461

(3)

Defining Australia

464

(4)

A Coherent Region

468

(2)

Appendix

470

(3)

Bibliography

473

(32)

Index

505

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A History of Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific The Formation of Identities

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials