A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa,

in cooperation with Roland Spliesgart The map of world Christianity has changed dramatically in just the last century. Today the majority of Christians live in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, making Christianity a world religion as never before in history. Given that global reality, Klaus Koschorke, Frieder Ludwig, and Mariano Delgado have created the first comparative documentary history of Christianity for these regions covering the period 1450?1990. Taking the changing ecumenical conditions into account, this volume enlarges the horizon of classical church historiography. In contrast to the prevailing Western perspectives on the history of Christianity in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, voice is given here to the multitude of local initiatives, specific experiences, and varieties of Christianity in very diverse cultural contexts ? addressing such questions as the colonial conquest, slavery, and the demand for ecclesiastical independence.

Asia 1450-1600	p. 3
Christians in Asia before the Arrival of the Portuguese	p. 3
Early Portuguese Contacts	p. 7
The Organization of Colonial Churches	p. 13
Francis Xavier in Asia (1542-1552)	p. 17
Intercultural Contacts	p. 21
Forms of Local Christianity	p. 24
St. Thomas Christians and the Portuguese before 1599	p. 27
Asia 1600-1800	p. 30
Forms of Catholic Presence	p. 30
Accommodation Strategies and the Rites Controversy	p. 33
Colonial Forms of Protestantism	p. 41
Indigenous Forms of Christianity	p. 45
Tranquebar 1706 and Its Consequences	p. 49
Asia 1800-1890	p. 55
The General Situation in the Early Nineteenth Century	p. 55
Southern Asia: A New Beginning in Serampore (1800)	p. 58
Mission as a Means of Modernization	p. 62
Public Response, Non-Christian Voices	p. 65
Northeast Asia: A Forced Opening	p. 69
Indigenous Versions of Christianity	p. 78
Asia 1890-1945	p. 85
Religious Revival and Political Nationalism	p. 85
Attempts at Indigenization in the Protestant Churches	p. 89
Local Ecumenical Initiatives and Edinburgh 1910	p. 93
Developments in Catholic Asia	p. 97
Independent Church Movements	p. 100
Developments in the 1920s and 1930s	p. 106
The Asian Churches during World War II	p. 112
Asia 1945-1990	p. 114
The Churches and Nation Building in the 1950s	p. 114
Under Communist Rule	p. 119
Developments in the 1960s	p. 123
Trends at the End of the 1980s	p. 132
Africa 1450-1600	p. 139
Ancient African Christianity	p. 139
European Expansion and New Discoveries	p. 143
Encounters	p. 147
African Catholicism in the Congo	p. 150
Ethiopia and Portugal	p. 154
Africa 1600-1800	p. 160
Slave Trade	p. 160
Catholic Rulers	p. 165
Catholic Experiments and Failures	p. 168
Protests against the Slave Trade	p. 179
Africa 1800-1890	p. 184
Abolition of the Slave Trade and Mission	p. 184
New Missionary Societies	p. 189
Livingstone and Other "Explorers"	p. 194
Mission Initiatives and African Rulers	p. 198
African Christian Elite	p. 204
Africa 1890-1945	p. 208
"Scramble for Africa"	p. 208
Concepts of Ecclesiastical Independence	p. 216
Developments within the Roman Catholic Church	p. 228
Themes of the 1920s and 1930s	p. 232
National Movements and Christianity	p. 238
Africa 1945-1990	p. 244
"Wind of Change"	p. 244
African Churches and Nation Building	p. 249
African Theology	p. 255
Church and Apartheid in South Africa	p. 261
Conflicts and New Beginnings	p. 267
Latin America 1450-1600	p. 277
The First Encounters and the Perspectives of Victor and Victim	p. 277
Legitimation and Criticism of the Conquest	p. 282
Establishment of Colonial Church Structures	p. 293
Mission and Missionaries	p. 295
Religious Dialogue and Ethnographic Works	p. 303
Failed Approaches to Indian Christianity	p. 308
Latin America 1600-1800	p. 313
Church and Mission in Colonial Society	p. 313
Indian and Mestizo Voices	p. 321
The Reductions (Settlements) of the Jesuits and Their Purpose	p. 329
Slavery	p. 335
Colonial Protestantism	p. 338
Heralds of Independence	p. 340
Latin America 1800-1890	p. 346
On the Path to Independence	p. 346
Rome and the New Countries	p. 352
Popular Religion and the State of the Church and the Missions	p. 357
Protestantism	p. 361
Latin America 1890-1945	p. 367
Catholicism Becomes More Roman and European	p. 367
Confessional Pluralization	p. 371
Faces of Latin American Catholicism	p. 376
The Emergence of the Social Question	p. 383
Latin America 1945-1990	p. 386
The Path to a New Latin American Christianity	p. 386
The Second Vatican Council and Its Reception	p. 390
The Conflict on the Theology of Liberation	p. 403
Developments of Protestantism	p. 408
Awakening and Multiplicity	p. 412
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A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450-1990

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