A History of Latin America, Volume 1

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ISBN: 9781111841409 | 1111841403
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 1/23/2012

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Summary

The best-selling text for introductory Latin American history courses, A HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICA encompasses political and diplomatic theory, class structure and economic organization, culture and religion, and the environment. The integrating framework is the dependency theory, the most popular interpretation of Latin American history, which stresses the economic relationship of Latin American nations to wealthier nations, particularly the United States. Spanning pre-historic times to the present, A HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICA takes both a chronological and a nation-by-nation approach, and includes the most recent historical analysis and the most up-to-date scholarship. The Ninth Edition includes expanded coverage of social and cultural history (including music) throughout and increased attention to women, indigenous cultures, and Afro-Latino people assures well balanced coverage of the region's diverse histories.

Maps	p. vi
Preface	p. vii
Introduction: The Geographic Background of Latin American History	p. xiii
The Colonial Heritage of Latin America	p. 3
Ancient America	p. 7
Environment and Culture in Ancient America	p. 7
Populations in 1492	p. 11
Nuclear America	p. 13
Early American Civilizations	p. 15
The Maya of Central America	p. 16
Maya Economy and Society	p. 19
Maya Religion and Learning	p. 20
Maya Decline and Transformation of Mesoamerica	p. 22
The Aztecs of Mexico	p. 24
Aztec Imperial Expansion	p. 24
Aztec Culture and Society	p. 27
The Incas of Peru	p. 30
Origins of Inca Culture	p. 30
Inca Economy and Society	p. 31
Inca Religion and Learning	p. 35
The Hispanic Background	p. 37
The Medieval Heritage of Iberia's Christian Kingdoms	p. 38
Castile	p. 40
Aragón	p. 41
Ferdinand and Isabella: The Catholic Sovereigns	p. 42
Restoration of Order	p. 42
Religious and Economic Reforms	p. 43
Foreign Policy	p. 44
Reappraisal of Ferdinand and Isabella's Policies	p. 45
The Hapsburg Era: Triumph and Tragedy	p. 48
The Reign of Charles	p. 48
The Reign of Philip II and the Remaining Hapsburgs	p. 50
The Waning Economy and Society	p. 50
Literary and Artistic Developments	p. 51
The Conquest of America	p. 53
The Great Voyages	p. 53
Exploration under Prince Henry	p. 53
The Sea Route to the East	p. 54
The Advance into the Atlantic	p. 55
The Voyages of Columbus	p. 56
The Discovery of America in Historical Perspective	p. 58
Balboa and Magellan	p. 62
The Conquest of Mexico	p. 63
Early Contact with Moctezuma	p. 63
Cortés-Quetzalcóatl	p. 64
The March to Tenochtitlán	p. 66
The Aftermath of Conquest	p. 67
The Conquest of Peru	p. 68
Pizarro and Atahualpa	p. 68
Post-Conquest Troubles	p. 69
How a Handful of Spaniards Won Two Empires	p. 70
The Quest for El Dorado	p. 72
Failures in North America	p. 72
Frustrations in South America	p. 73
The Conquistadors	p. 74
Lope de Aguirre-An Underdog of the Conquest	p. 76
The Economic Foundations of Colonial Life	p. 79
Tribute and Labor in the Spanish Colonies	p. 80
The Encomienda and Slavery	p. 80
The New Laws of the Indies and the Encomienda	p. 82
Repartimiento, Yanaconaje, and Free Labor	p. 84
Black Slavery	p. 86
The Colonial Economy	p. 87
Cortes as a Businessman	p. 87
The Growth of the Haciendas	p. 89
Spanish Agriculture in the New World	p. 90
Colonial Mining and Industry	p. 92
Commerce, Smuggling, and Piracy	p. 94
The Colonial Commercial System	p. 94
Sir Francis Drake, Piracy, and Plunder	p. 96
The Framework of the Colonial Economy	p. 97
State, Church, and Society	p. 99
Political Institutions of the Spanish Empire	p. 99
Formation of Colonial Administration	p. 99
The Royal Agents	p. 100
Provincial Administration	p. 102
Ineffectiveness of Much Spanish Colonial Law	p. 104
The Church in the Indies	p. 105
The Spiritual Conquest of America	p. 105
The Moral Decline of the Clergy and the Missionary Impulse	p. 108
The Inquisition in the New World	p. 110
The Church and Education	p. 111
Science, Literature, and the Arts	p. 112
The Structure of Class and Caste	p. 114
The Ruling Class	p. 115
The Mestizo: An Ambiguous Status	p. 116
Indigenous Peoples: A Separate Nation	p. 116
Blacks, Mulattos, Zambos: The Lowest Class	p. 120
Life in the City and on the Hacienda	p. 121
Marriage, Sexuality, and the Status of Women	p. 123
Colonial Brazil	p. 127
The Beginning of Colonial Brazil	p. 127
The Captaincy System	p. 127
Portugal's Indigenous Policy	p. 130
The French and Dutch Challenges	p. 131
The Mineral Cycle, the Cattle Industry, and the Commercial System	p. 132
Government and Church	p. 134
The Administrators and Their Deficiencies	p. 134
The Church and the State	p. 136
Masters and Slaves	p. 136
Color, Class, and Slavery	p. 137
Large Estates and Colonial Towns	p. 139
The Bourbon Reforms and Spanish America	p. 141
Reform and Recovery	p. 141
The Bourbon Reforms	p. 141
Revival of Colonial Commerce and Breakdown of Trading Monopoly	p. 143
Increased Economic Activity	p. 145
Labor Systems in the Eighteenth Century	p. 148
Early Labor Struggles	p. 149
Political Reforms	p. 150
Strengthening the Defenses	p. 152
Colonial Culture and the Enlightenment	p. 153
Creole Nationalism	p. 155
Colonial Society in Transition, 1750-1810: An Overview	p. 156
The Revolt of the Masses	p. 158
The Revolt in Peru	p. 160
The Insurrection in New Granada, 1781	p. 163
The Independence of Latin America	p. 165
Background of the Wars of Independence	p. 165
Creoles and Peninsular Spaniards	p. 165
The Causes of Revolution	p. 168
The Liberation of South America	p. 170
Simón Bolívar, the Liberator	p. 170
The Southern Liberation Movement and San Martin	p. 174
The Achievement of Brazilian Independence	p. 177
Mexico's Road to Independence	p. 178
Latin American Independence: A Reckoning	p. 184
Latin America in the Nineteenth Century	p. 187
Decolonization and the Search for National Identities, 1821-1870	p. 201
The Fruits of Independence	p. 201
Economic Stagnation	p. 202
Politics: The Conservative and Liberal Programs	p. 203
Mexico	p. 205
The Mexican Economy	p. 205
Politics: Liberals versus Conservatives	p. 206
La Reforma, Civil War, and the French Intervention	p. 209
Postwar Transformation of La Reforma	p. 212
Argentina	p. 213
The Liberation of Paraguay, Uruguay, and Upper Peru	p. 213
The Struggle for Progress and National Unity	p. 214
The Paraguayan War	p. 217
Progress and Development under Sarmiento	p. 218
Chile	p. 220
Portales and Economic Growth	p. 220
Economic Expansion under Bulnes	p. 221
Montt's Moderate Reforms	p. 222
Liberal Control	p. 223
United Provinces of Central America	p. 224
Independence and the Failure of Union, 1810-1865	p. 224
Race, Nation, and the Meaning of Freedom, 1821-1888	p. 227
Brazil	p. 229
Dom Pedro, Emperor	p. 229
Regency, Revolt, and a Boy Emperor	p. 230
The Game of Politics and the Crisis of Slavery	p. 233
The Antislavery Movement	p. 234
Peru	p. 236
Peruvian Politics and Economy	p. 237
Pardo and the Civilianist Party	p. 238
Cuba	p. 239
Economic and Social Change: The Bitter Harvest of King Sugar	p. 239
The Ten Years' War	p. 242
Gran Colombia	p. 244
Páez, the Conservative-Liberal Split, and the Federal War in Venezuela, 1830-1863	p. 246
Santander and the Birth of a Two-Party System in Colombia, 1830-1850	p. 248
The Triumph of Neocolonialism and the Liberal State, 1870-1900	p. 251
The New Colonialism	p. 251
Expansion of the Hacienda System	p. 253
Foreign Control of Resources	p. 254
The Politics of Acquisition	p. 255
Mexican Politics and Economy	p. 255
Dictatorship under Díaz	p. 255
Concentration of Landownership	p. 257
The Economic Advance	p. 258
Labor, Agrarian, and Middle-Class Unrest	p. 259
Argentine Politics and Economy	p. 260
Consolidation of the State	p. 260
Economic Boom and Inflation	p. 261
The Formation of the Radical Party	p. 262
Electoral Reform and the Growth of the Labor Movement	p. 263
Chilean Politics and Economy	p. 263
Nitrates and War	p. 263
Aftermath of the War of the Pacific	p. 265
Balmaceda's Nationalistic Policies	p. 267
The Parliamentary Republic, Foreign Economic Domination, and the Growth of the Working Class	p. 268
Brazilian Politics and Economy	p. 269
The Fall of the Monarchy	p. 269
The New Republic	p. 269
The Economic Revolution	p. 271
Central American Politics and Economy	p. 274
Guatemala, 1865-1898	p. 274
Nicaragua, 1870-1909	p. 275
El Salvador, 1876-1911	p. 276
Venezuelan Politics and Economy	p. 276
Colombian Politics and Economy	p. 278
Rafael Nunez, the "Regeneration," and the War of a Thousand Days, 1880-1903	p. 279
Index I	p. 1
Maps
Geographic Features of Middle America	p. xiv
Geographic Features of South America	p. xv
Principal Sites of Pre-Conquest Culture in Mesoamerica	p. 17
Valley of Mexico	p. 26
Growth of the Inca Empire, 1460-1532	p. 33
Spain in the Time of Christopher Columbus	p. 46
Early Spanish Voyages in the Caribbean	p. 61
Colonial Conquest, Trade, and Enslavement in the Making of Latin America	p. 88
Viceroyalties and Audiencias in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America	p. 102
Colonial Brazil	p. 129
Viceroyalties in Latin America in 1780	p. 151
Latin America, 1830	p. 207
War and National Development in Paraguay and Bolivia, 1864-1938	p. 219
War of the Pacific	p. 266
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