How It’s Done An Invitation to Social Research

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ISBN: 9780534533250 | 0534533256
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 1/4/1999

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This text contains an accessible format, engaging language, focus on real researchers, and student exercises. The book gives students first-hand experience with the research process, provides them with a behind-the-scenes glimpse of how professional researchers have done their work, and presents social science research in a clear and inviting manner.

The Uses of Social Research

(16)

Introduction

(2)

Research Versus Other Ways of Knowing

(12)

Knowledge from Authorities

(1)

Knowledge from Personal Inquiry

(1)

Strengths of the Scientific Method

(3)

The Purposes of Social Research

(1)

Exploratory Research

(1)

Descriptive Research

(1)

Explanatory Research

(1)

Critical Research

(1)

Applied Research

(5)

Theory and Research

(14)

Introduction

(3)

Concepts, Variables, and Hypotheses

(3)

The Relationship Between Theory and Research

(9)

Excerpt from ``Explaining Rape Victim Blame''

(1)

Excerpt from ``Social Reproduction and the Corporate Other: The Institutionalization of Afterschool Activities''

(1)

Deductive Reasoning

(2)

Inductive Reasoning

(1)

The Cyclical Model of Science

(4)

Selecting Researchable Topics and Questions

(26)

Introduction

(7)

Studying Women's Lives After College Graduation

(5)

Sources of Research Questions

(4)

Values and Science

(1)

Personal Factors

(1)

Research and the Social, Political, and Economic Climates

(2)

Research Funding

(1)

Developing a Researchable Question

(13)

Reviewing the Literature

(4)

Practical Matters

(8)

Ethics and Social Research

(28)

Introduction

(7)

Conducting Ethical Research

(1)

An Historical Perspective on Research Ethics

(2)

Personal Reflections on Researching HIV Disease

(5)

Principles for Doing Ethical Research

(9)

Principles Regarding Participants in Research

(8)

Ethical Issues Concerning Colleagues and the General Public

(1)

Ethical Conflicts and Dilemmas

(10)

Conflict Between Ethical Principles

(1)

Conflicts Between Ethical Concerns and Legal Matters

(2)

Conflict Between Ethical Principles and Research Interests

(1)

Making Decisions: Maximize Benefit, Minimize Risk

(6)

Sampling

(34)

Introduction

(9)

Why Sample?

(2)

Probability versus Nonprobability Samples

(1)

Do ``Instant Polls'' Hit the Spot? Phone-In versus Random Sampling of Public Opinion

(6)

Sources of Bias and Error in Sampling

(8)

Sampling Variability and Sampling Distributions: An Illustration

(5)

Types of Probability Sampling

104

(7)

Simple Random Sampling

104

(2)

Systematic Sampling

106

(1)

Stratified Sampling

107

(2)

Cluster Sampling

109

(1)

Multistage Sampling

109

(2)

Types of Nonprobability Sampling Designs

111

(2)

Purposive Samples

111

(1)

Quota Sampling

111

(1)

Snowball Sampling

112

(1)

Convenience Sampling

112

(1)

Choosing a Sampling Technique

113

(6)

Measurement

119

(28)

Introduction

121

(8)

Suicide Misclassification in an International Context

122

(7)

Conceptualization and Operationalization

129

(6)

An Example of Conceptualization and Operationalization

131

(2)

Composite Measures

133

(2)

Level of Measurement

135

(3)

Nominal Level Variables

135

(1)

Ordinal Level Variables

136

(1)

Interval Level Variables

136

(1)

Ratio Level Variables

137

(1)

The Practical Significance of Level of Measurement

137

(1)

Quality of Measurement

138

(9)

Reliability

139

(1)

Validity

140

(7)

Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal and Case Study Designs

147

(26)

Introduction

149

(9)

Study Design

149

(1)

Connections Between Purposes of Research, Theory, and Study Design

150

(1)

The Effect of Age Desegregation on Environmental Quality for Elderly Living in Public/Publicly Subsidized Housing

151

(7)

Study Design Choices

158

(15)

Cross-Sectional Study Design

159

(1)

Cross-Sectional Studies and Causal Relationships

160

(1)

Longitudinal Designs

161

(6)

The Case Study

167

(2)

Summary of Case, Cross-Sectional, and Longitudinal Designs

169

(4)

Experimental Research

173

(28)

Introduction

175

(9)

Causal Hypotheses and Experimental Designs

175

(1)

The Classic Experiment: Data Collection Technique or Study Design?

176

(1)

The History of One Experiment

177

(1)

A Literature-Based Approach to Teaching Values to Adolescents: Does it Work?

177

(7)

The Reading Project as an Experiment

184

(2)

Experimental Designs

186

(9)

The Classic Controlled Experiment

186

(3)

The Field Experiment

189

(1)

Laboratory Experiments

190

(1)

Internal Validity and Experiments

191

(1)

Extended Experimental Design

191

(1)

Quasi-Experiments

192

(3)

Experimental and Other Designs

195

(6)

Summary of Experimental Designs

197

(4)

Questionnaires and Structured Interviews

201

(32)

Introduction

203

(7)

Explaining Rape Victim Blame: A Test of Attribution Theory

204

(6)

The Uses of Questionnaires and Structured Interview Schedules

210

(3)

Survey Participation

213

(1)

Choices of Method

214

(6)

Kinds of Questionnaires

214

(2)

Questionnaire Concerns

216

(2)

In-Person and Phone Interviews

218

(1)

Issues for Structured Interviews

219

(1)

Constructing Questions

220

(7)

Types of Questions

220

(3)

How to Ask Questions

223

(4)

Technology and the Self-report

227

(6)

Qualitative Interviews

233

(38)

Introduction

235

(12)

Managing Motherhood in Prison

236

(11)

Qualitative versus Structured Interviews

247

(1)

Variations in Qualitative Interviews

248

(4)

Number and Length of Interviews

248

(1)

Semi-Structured and Unstructured Interviews

248

(2)

Joint Interviewers

250

(1)

Group Interviews and Focus Groups

250

(2)

Locating Respondents and Presenting the Project

252

(3)

Planning the Interview

255

(4)

Using Consent Forms

255

(1)

Constructing an Interview Guide or Schedule

255

(3)

Speaking the Same Language

258

(1)

Conducting the Interview

259

(5)

Where and How to Interview

259

(1)

Recording the Interview

259

(1)

Being ``Real'' in the Interview

259

(2)

Interviewing Across the Great Divides

261

(3)

Issues of Validity

264

(1)

After the Interview's Over

264

(7)

Analyzing Interview Data

265

(6)

Observation Techniques

271

(34)

Introduction

273

(10)

Social Reproduction and the Corporate Other: The Institutionalization of Afterschool Activities1

273

(10)

Observational Techniques Defined

283

(2)

Uses of Observations

285

(1)

Observer Roles

286

(3)

Getting Ready for Observation

289

(6)

Gaining Access

292

(2)

Gathering the Data

294

(1)

Analyzing the Data

295

(3)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Observational Techniques

298

(7)

Using Available Data

305

(28)

Introduction

307

(9)

Television Violence and Violent Crime: An Aggregate Analysis

308

(8)

Sources of Available Data

316

(8)

Governments

317

(2)

Nongovernmental Agencies or Researchers

319

(2)

The World at Large

321

(1)

The Internet

322

(2)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Available Data

324

(9)

Content Analysis

333

(22)

Introduction

335

(6)

Engendering Junior: Changing Images in Children's Books

335

(6)

Appropriate Topics for Content Analysis

341

(1)

Units of Analysis

342

(2)

Sampling

344

(1)

Creating Meaningful Variables

344

(2)

Quantitative or Qualitative Content Analysis?

346

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Content Analysis

347

(8)

Evaluation Research

355

(31)

Introduction

357

(17)

Kinds of Research

357

(1)

The Need for Applied Research

358

(1)

Social Problems and Social Solutions

358

(2)

Truth and DARE: Tracking Drug Education to Graduation and as Symbolic Politics

360

(14)

Types of Evaluation and Research Questions

374

(3)

Outcome Evaluation

374

(1)

Cost-Benefit Analysis

375

(1)

Evaluations for Other Purposes

376

(1)

Designing an Evaluation

377

(8)

Who Is the Study for?

377

(1)

Selecting and Measuring Goals

377

(4)

Selecting a Study Design

381

(3)

Populations and Samples

384

(1)

Politics and Evaluation Research

385

(1)

The Political Nature of Research

385

(1)

Trust and Mistrust

385

(1)

Having an Impact

386

(7)

Quantitative Data Analysis

393

(38)

Introduction

394

(1)

Quantitative or Qualitative?

394

(2)

Quantitative Data Analysis

396

(35)

Coding

396

(5)

Elementary Quantitative Analyses

401

(1)

Univariate Analyses

402

(5)

Bivariate Analyses

407

(7)

Multivariate Analysis and the Elaboration Model

414

(17)

Qualitative Data Analysis

431

(26)

Introduction

433

(1)

Are There Predictable Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis?

434

(23)

Data Collection and Transcription

435

(3)

Data Reduction

438

(4)

Data Displays

442

(4)

Conclusion Drawing and Verification

446

(11)

Summing Up

457

(36)

Introduction

459

(1)

Planning Research

459

(6)

The Research Question

459

(1)

Working Inductively or Deductively?

460

(1)

Concepts, Variables, and Hypotheses

460

(1)

Practical Matters and Ethical Considerations

461

(1)

Selecting a Sample

462

(1)

Purposes of Research and Study Designs

462

(1)

Measurement and Methods of Data Collection

463

(2)

Comparison of Data Collection Methods

465

(4)

Making Observations

466

(1)

Asking Questions

467

(1)

Available Data and Content Analysis

467

(1)

Multiple Methods

468

(1)

Writing the Research Report

469

(2)

Summary: Endings and Beginnings

471

(2)

Appendixes

A Random Number Table

473

(2)

B Questionnaires

475

(8)

C Hoffnung Questionnaire

483

(2)

D Code of Ethics

485

(8)

Glossary

493

(10)

References

503

(18)

Index

521

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How It’s Done An Invitation to Social Research

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials