How Writing Works A Guide to Composing Genres

College students are expected to master new genres in every course they take. Yet composition instructors can't possibly teach students every genre they will need for their college courses or careers. Instead of telling students how to write a genre, authors Jack and Pryal help students learn how a genre works using a genre toolkit that asks three questions: "What is it?" "Who reads it?" and "What's it for?" By taking this problem-solving approach to writing, How Writing Works prepares students for any writing situation that they may encounter at school, home, or work.

Distinctive Features
* The Genre Toolkit helps students identify a genre's structure, audience, and purpose
* Integrated Assignments show students how to construct a series of small assignments that lead up to a major chapter project
* Individual, Team, and Multimedia Projects draw from a variety of popular, professional, and academic examples to address rhetorical challenges of visual, written, and oral communication
* Supplements like the Companion Website, the Instructor's Manual, and the Annotated Instructor's Edition include a variety of resources for students and professors

Jordynn M. Jack is Associate Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Katie Rose Guest Pryal is Clinical Associate Professor of Law at the University of North Carolina School of Law.

Preface

Part 1. The Genre Toolkit

1. Asking Questions
A. What is a Genre?
Literacy Narrative: Frederick Douglass, "My Bondage and My Freedom"
Literacy Narrative: Abida Sultaan, Memoirs of a Rebel Princess (excerpt)
Literacy Narrative: Amy Tan, "Mother Tongue"
B. "What is it?": Identify Shared Conventions
C. "Who reads it?": Identify an Audience
D. "What's it for?": Identify a Genre's Purpose
E. Conclusion
F. Chapter Project: Write a Literacy Narrative

2. Discovering Rhetorical Situations
A. Discovering Your Rhetorical Situation
Aliyah's "Public Problem"
Aliyah's "Observations"
Lewis and Clark Journal [excerpt]
B. Considering Your Purpose
C. Identifying an Author's Role
D. Analyzing an Audience's Needs
E. Discovering Timing
F. Conclusion
G. Chapter Project: Write Journal Entries

3. Writing New Genres
A. Writing a New Genre
Claire Zhang, "Amy Tan Phase" (excerpt)
Louisa Rodriguez, "Identity in Context"
Russell Johnson, "Identity in a Material World"
B. Finding Examples
C. Identifying Conventions
D. Locating Options
Foxxy, "The Way of a Cherokee"
E. Conclusion
F. Chapter Project: Write a Response Essay

4. Developing a Writing Process
A. Discovering Your Writing Process
B. Composing a Personal Essay
Maisha, "Two Worlds, One Great Nation"
Mark, "I Believe in the Senses"
C. Prewriting
D. Drafting
E. Revising
F. Editing and Proofreading
G. Publishing
H. Conclusion
I. Chapter Project: Write a Personal Essay

Part 2. Projects

5. Profiles
A. Profile Mini-Genre: Social Network Profile
B. Portfolio
C. Program Profile
D. Profile Article
Shirley Hancock, "Oregon Ballet Theatre's Lucas Threefoot: Oregon Ballet Theatre's New Soloist Finds Comfort in Changing Roles"
Jaime Shroeder, "Goals for Life"
Stephanie Gottschlich, "The New Recruits: Students Answer the Call for Next Generation of Air Force Scientists
E. Strategies for Profiles
Sarah Creek, "Profile of an Engineering Professor: Dr. Grace Yang"
F. Chapter Project: Write a Profile Article

6. Informative Genres
A. Informative Mini-Genre: How-to Tip
B. Tutorial
Bon Appetit, "How To Roll out Pizza Dough"
"Using Refworks"
DeviantArt.com, "Hand Tutorial"
C. Factsheet
Greenpeace, "Genetic Engineering"
Centers for Disease Control, "Shingles Factsheet"
Youth @ Work, "Your JobDELYour RightsDELYour Responsibilities!"
D. Informative Article
Melissa Nasiruddin, Monique Halabi, Alexander Dao, Kyle Chen, and Brandon Brown, "Zombies-A Pop Culture Resource for Public Health Awareness"
Karla Rankoff, "Dental Anxiety in Children and What to Do About It"
Asawin Suebsaeng, Deanna Pan, and Gavin Aronsen, "What Happened in the Newtown School Shooting: There's No Explaining Such A Horrific Act, But Here's Important Background Information"
E. Strategies for Informative Genres
F. Chapter Project: Write an Informative Article

7. Inquiries
A. Inquiry Mini-Genre: Student Class Notes
Josephine Perry, "St. Augustine on Love"
B. Blog Entry
Brandy, "Disappointment: Rizzoli & Isles"
"Straw-Man Fallacy and the "Anti-Antiterror Left""
C. Reading Notes
Mei Lin, " Aristotle, On Rhetoric"
Terrence B., "Notes"
Michael M., "The Cry of the Children"
D. Observation Notes
Zachary Fitzgerald, "Observation Notes"
Belinda W., "Peer Classroom Observations: Sierra M."
E. Strategies for Inquiries
F. Chapter Project: Write Observation Notes

8. Analyses
A. Analysis Mini-Genre: Keyword Analysis or "Word Cloud"
B. Literary Analysis
[academic writing] Morris Green, "Christopher Boone as an Unreliable Narrator"
[academic writing] Ellen Chapman, "Women's Roles in Elizabeth Cary's The Tragedy of Mariam"
[academic writing] Mark Washington, "Household Battles in 1616 as Shown in Anne Clifford's Diary"
C. Scene Analysis
[academic writing] Kerri Zuiker, "Brokeback Mountain Reunion Scene"
[academic writing] Kevin Mikkelson, "Scene Analysis: Chinatown"
[academic writing] Leo Cooper, "Mr Clean's Death and Use of Sound in Apocalypse Now"
D. Rhetorical Analysis
[academic writing] Cody M. Poplin, "Rhetorical Strategies and Effectiveness in the Declaration of Independence"
Kelly Simpson, "Kairos, Violence, and the Hunger Games"
[academic writing] Carlos Fernandez-Smith, "Appraising The Help: Ethos and Logos in Critical Accounts"
E. Strategies for Analyses
Association of Black Women Historians, "An Open Statement to the Fans of The Help" (excerpt)
F. Chapter Project: Write a Rhetorical Analysis

9. Reviews
A. Review Mini-Genre: Online Product Review
B. Film, Art, or Performance Review
[academic writing] Jacob Clayton, "Contrast, Art, and Justice"
Katie Fennelly, "Of Montreal's New Album: A Mix Of Weird Sounds and Intrigue"
Nathan Cook, "Film Review: 'Epic'"
C. Book Review
Brian Braden, "Top Pick! Brian's 99 Cents: Review of The Quill Pen by Michelle Isenhoff"
Risa Applegarth, "Review of The Changeover by Margaret Mahy"
[academic writing] Adriana Morris, "Gertruda's Oath by Ram Oren and Habibi by Noami Shihab Nye: A Book Review Essay"
D. Website Review
Megan M., "Redesign Critiques"
Hester Cho, "Healthcare.gov: Website Review"
Jonas Webber, "Website Review of Ravelry.com"
E. Strategies for Reviews
F. Chapter Project: Write a Website Review

10. Argumentative Genres
A. Argument Mini-Genre: Print Advertisement
B. Op-Ed or Letter to the Editor
Nate Rushing, "UF's meatless Mondays are ridiculous"
Amelia Jensen, Letter to the Editor
Rini Sampath, "Insults Against Disabled People Must Be Eradicated"
C. Candidate Speech
Barack Obama, Speech at Springfield, IL, in 2007
Madison Peace, "Student Body President Speech"
Michael R. Bloomberg, Victory Speech 2009
D. Satire
Pia DiGiulio, "Uncontrolled Study Orgies Break Out in Gender-Neutral Dorm"
Dr. Jonathan Swift, " A Modest Proposal: For preventing the children of poor people in Ireland, from being a burden on their parents or country, and for making them beneficial to the publick"
The Onion, "Professor Deeply Hurt by Student's Evaluation"
E. Strategies for Argumentative Genres
F. Chapter Project: Write a Satire

11. Academic Research Genres
A. Academic Research Mini-Genre: Abstract
[academic writing] Navarrete M, Perea G, Fernandez de Sevilla D, Gómez-Gonzalo M, Núñez A, et al., "Astrocytes Mediate In Vivo Cholinergic-Induced Synaptic Plasticity."
[academic writing] Mike Duncan, "Polemical Ambiguity and the Composite Audience: Bush's 20 September 2001 Speech to Congress and the Epistle of 1 John"
[academic writing] Jessica Ross, "Closing Guantanamo Bay: The Future of Detainees"
B. Annotated Bibliography
[academic writing] Chris Clayman, "Annotated Bibliography"
[academic writing] Lisa Garmire, "Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography of American AIDS Novels, 1982-1992"
C. Literature Review
[academic writing] Kirby Diamaduros, "Tropical Rainforest Deforestation: Effects, Mitigation, and Solutions"
[academic writing] Marleen H van den Berg, PhD, Johannes W Schoones, BA, and Theodora PM Vliet Vlieland, MD, PhD, " Internet-Based Physical Activity Interventions: A Systematic Review of the Literature"
[academic writing] Agustín Fuentes, "Get over It: Men and Women Are from the Same Planet"
D. Research Paper
[academic writing] Kristine Thompson, " Wait, You Stormed Franklin Street? The Social and Psychological Motivations of UNC Sports Fans"
[academic writing] Rick Ingram, "Gender Discrimination and the Movement towards Equality in the Workforce"
Penelope Edwards, "Purity and Corruption: Reading Harriet Jacobs Through the Lens of the Bathsheba Tale"
E. Strategies for Academic Research Genres
F. Chapter Project: Write a Research Paper

12. Workplace Genres
A. Workplace Mini-Genre: Company Slogan
B. Email
Joe Smith, "Reference Request"
Maria B. Hernandez, "Agenda for Biology Majors Club Meeting"
Editorial Staff of Undergraduate Research Journal, "Journal decision declining to publish your article"
C. Business Letter
Jessica Wang, Cover Letter
Gerry A. Sampson, Acceptance Letter
Joe A. Smith, Thank You Letter
D. Resume
Jaelyn Garcia Johnson, Resume
Jonathan Marcus Stone, Resume
Phillip C. Beckett, Resume
E. Strategies for Workplace Genres
F. Chapter Project: Write a Resume

13. Proposals
A. Proposal Mini-Genre: Elevator Pitch
B. T.V., Book, or Film Pitch
T.V. pitch: "Mixed in America"
Book pitch: "Rules of Entanglement"
Film pitch: "Pushover"
C. Student Proposal
John Egbukichi, Student event proposal
Suri Rodriguez, Campus Community Garden
Tyler Williamson, Independent study proposal
D. Grant Proposal
[academic writing] Vincent Abiona, "Technology Education in Nigerian Hospitals"
[academic writing] Janelle Markham, "Closing the Gap in Dental Care: Dental Anxiety in Children in Bertie County"
[academic writing] Grace McDermott, "Nutritional Access and Awareness for the Children of Burmese Migrant Workers in Mae Sot, Thailand"
E. Strategies for Proposals
F. Chapter Project: Write a Research or Grant Proposal

14. Reports
A. Report Mini-Genre: Social Networking Status Update
B. News Report
Chris Eckard, "College Sports News Report"
Daniel Wheaton, "UNL Psychology Study Find College-Aged Men Struggle With Image, Objectification"
Esteban Cortez, "Grad Student Explores African-American Culture in Art"
C. Progress Report
Marshall McLaughlin, "Update on my poetry collection"
Mary Wu, "Progress on War on Terror research"
Lily Pearson, John Chao, Carolyn Wax, Anita Simmons, "Student Health Gets Real: Student Opinions of Student Health Services Progress Report"
D. Recommendation Report
Iris Chen, "MP3 Players and Hearing Loss"
Bradley Kinnison, "The Health Risks and Cost Effectiveness of Chlorine as a Pool"
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Prevention and Control of Meningococcal Disease: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)"
E. Strategies for Reports
F. Chapter Project: Write a Recommendation Report

Part 3. Writing Process

15. Developing a Topic
A. Genre Toolkit: What Are You Writing?
B. Browse for Topics
C. Narrow Topics with Initial Research

16. Prewriting
A. Freewriting
B. Question-Dialogue
C. Audio-Brainstorming
D. Concept-Mapping

17. Drafting
A. Try Out Different Drafting Strategies
B. Digital Composing: Find Tools that Work for You
C. Writing Collaboratively

18. Generating Arguments
A. What is an Argument?
B. Examining the Topic
C. Researching Arguments
D. Developing a Thesis (or Claim)
E. Finding Good Reasons
F. Finding Evidence

19. Using Rhetorical Modes
A. What Happened? Narration
B. What Is It Like? Description
C. What Is It? Definition
D. What Kind Is It? Classification
E. How Is It Similar/Different? Comparison/Contrast
F. What Causes It? What Are Its Effects? Cause/Effect

20. Organization
A. Discovering Organization through Genre
B. Outlining Before Writing
C. Using Outlines as You Write
D. Paragraphing
E. Ordering Sections or Topics
F. Introductions
G. Conclusions

21. Developing Style
A. Matching Style to Genre, Audience and Purpose
Maya Schenwar, "The Prison System Welcomes My Newborn Niece to This World"
Ann Booker Loper and Elena Hontoria Tuerk, "Improving the Emotional Adjustment and Communication Patterns of Incarcerated Mothers: Effectiveness of a Prison Parenting Intervention"
Ashley McAlarney, "Access for All: Federal Funding and Regulation of For-Profit Higher Education"
B. Choosing a Persona
C. Choosing Tone
D. Making Vocabulary Choices
E. Choosing a Level of Formality
F. Using Rhetorical Figures
G. Tips for Developing Style

22. Polishing It Up
A. Revising
B. Self-Editing: Creating Fresh Eyes
C. Conducting Peer Review

Part 4. Research

23. Getting Started with Research
A. Considering Your Genre
B. Finding a Good Research Topic
C. Identifying a Gap
D. Developing a Research Question
E. Developing a Research Plan

24. Conducting Research
A. Conducting Empirical Research
B. Conducting Database Research
C. Managing Database Research

25. Evaluating Sources
A. Identifying Credible Sources
B. Finding Authoritative Sources for Your Field
C. Finding Authoritative Sources for Your Genre

26. Integrating Sources
A. Using Sources Strategically
Ray M. Marín and Ji?í Vaní?ek, "Optimal Use of Conservation and Accessibility Filters in MicroRNA Target Prediction"
Shulman, J. L., Gotta, G., & Green, R., "Will Marriage Matter? Effects of Marriage Anticipated by Same-Sex Couples"
B. Integrating Sources into Your Work
C. Conveying the Ideas of Others Your Work

27. Avoiding Plagiarism
A. What Is Plagiarism
B. Types of Plagiarism
C. Keeping Track of Sources

28. Citing Sources
A. When to Cite
B. Discovering Citation Styles: MLA and APA
C. Discovering Citation Guides for Other Styles
D. MLA Citation Guide
E. Formatting a Paper in MLA Style
Jay Zhang, "McDonald's Limited Response to Increased Health Consciousness"
F. APA Citation Guide
G. Formatting a Paper in APA Style
Terence Bogans, "Being Mommy Behind Bars: The Psychological Benefits of Child Visitation with Incarcerated Mothers"

Part 5. Presentation

29. Choosing Visual Elements, Layout, and Design
A. Matching Design to Genre
B. Matching Design to Audience, Purpose, and Situation
C. Putting Things in Place: Layout
D. Types of Visual Elements
E. Principles for Visual Elements
F. Using Electronic Tools

30. Getting It Out There
A. Delivering Oral Presentations
B. Developing Multimedia Presentations
C. Creating a Portfolio
D. Submitting Your Work for Publication
E. Self-publishing Your Work
STYLE AND USAGE GUIDE
S1. How Verbs Work
A. What is a verb?
B. Common Problems
S2. How Nouns & Pronouns Work
A. What is a Noun?
B. What is a Pronoun?
C. Common Problems
S3 How Modifiers Work
A. What is a Modifier?
B. Common Problems
S4. How Sentences Work
A. What is a Sentence?
B. Common Problems
S5. How Punctuation Works
A. What is Punctuation?
B. Common Problems
S6. How Usage Conventions Work
A. What are Usage Conventions?
B. Common Problems

READINGS
Thematic Table of Contents
R1 Reading Personal Essays
Juan Garcia. "Spring Broken." [Topic: College Life]
Jacque Weber. "Love and Loss."[Topic: Modern Families]
Andrea Viejo. "Mexican in New York." [Topic: Immigration]
Jane Kramer. "The Food at Our Feet: Why Is Foraging All the Rage?" (excerpt) [Topic: Sustainable Food]
Tami. "Nappy LoveDEL" [Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture]
R2 Reading Profiles
Audrey Watters. "A College Student and a CEO: A Profile of 21 Year Old Entrepreneur Jay Rodrigues." [Profile Essay. Topic: College Life]
Linda Wasmer Andrews. "Adoptive Mothers Share Stories." [Profile Essay. Topic: Modern Families]
"Illegal Immigrant Becomes World-Renowned Brain Surgeon." [Profile Essay. Topic: Immigration]
Yale Sustainable Food Project. "History." [Program Profile. Topic: Sustainable Food]
Julie Slaymaker. "Door Opener." [Profile Essay. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture]
R3 Reading Informative Genres
National Institutes of Health. "Fall Semester-A Time for Parents to Revisit Discussions About College Drinking." [Factsheet. Topic: College Life]
National Conference of State Legislatures. "How the Child Support System Affects Low-Income Fathers." [Factsheet. Topic: Modern Families]
Futures Without Violence. "The Facts on Immigrant Women and Domestic Violence." [Factsheet. Topic: Immigration]
Sarah Starkey. "How to Make Your Own Indoor Compost Bin." [Tutorial. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
WikiHow.com. "How to Fight Racism in Your School." [Tutorial. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture.]
R4 Reading Inquiries
"Strange Observations." [Observation notes. Topic: College Life.]
Army Wife, Army Life. ". . . And He's Gone." [Blog Entry. Topic: Modern Families.]
Ruth Brown. "Diary of An Immigrant." [Blog Entry. Topic: Immigration]
Stefanie Hollmichel. "Eating Animals." [Reading notes. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
Steve Blank. "11 Observations on Workplace Gender Wars." [Observation notes. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture.]
R5 Reading Analyses
Max Abrams. "Immigrants and Galactus: Junot Diaz's World in The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao." (excerpt) [Literary Analysis. Topic: College Life.]
Christina M. LaVecchia. "Of Peerenting, Trophy Wives, and Effeminate Men: Modern Family's Surprisingly Conservative Remediation of the Family Sitcom Genre." (excerpt) [Rhetorical Analysis. Topic: Modern Families.]
Debarati Bandyopadhyay. "Negotiating Borders of Culture: Jhumpa Lahiri's Fiction." (excerpt) [Literary Analysis. Topic: Immigration.]
Greg Boone. "Globalizing Korea: A Rhetoric of Food." (excerpt) [Rhetorical Analysis. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
Roy Peter Clark. "Why It Worked: A Rhetorical Analysis of Obama's Speech on Race." [Rhetorical Analysis. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture.]
R6 Reading Reviews
Lauren Honeycutt. "A Midsummer Night's Dream at Howard Community College's Theatre Program and Student Arts Collective." [Performance Review. Topic: College Life.]
Chris Benderev. "In Childhood, When 'I Wish' Equals An Action Plan." [Film Review. Topic: Modern Families.]
Andy Webster. "Living Along a Contentious Border." [Film Review. Topic: Immigration.]
Andy Francis, "Book Review: The Omnivores Dilemma" [Book Review. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
Susan Yudt. "Smart Girls at the Party." [Website Review. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture.]
R7 Reading Arguments
Rui Dai. "Americanese: In Between the Gaps." [Op-Ed. Topic: College Life.]
Kelly Huston. "Did I Vote on Your Marriage?" [Photograph. Topic: Modern Families.]
Kristian Dougherty. "Aliens, Get Out! The Aliens Are Sucking The Life Out Of Humans...Literally." [Satire. Topic: Immigration.]
Will Levitt. "Food 101: Why College Students Should Learn How to Cook." [Op-Ed. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
Kaitlyn Valor Bourque. "Feminism: How Our Ideas Have Evolved With Us" [Op-Ed. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture]
R8 Reading Academic Research
George W. Dowdall and Henry Wechsler. "Studying College Alcohol Use: Widening the Lens, Sharpening the Focus." [Literature Review. Topic: College Life]
Nansook Park. "Military Children and Families." (excerpt) [Literature Review. Topic: Modern Families.]
Kristin Anderson. "Coming to America." [Annotated Bibliography. Topic: Immigration.]
Ryan Babich and Sylvia Smith. "'Cradle to Grave': An Analysis of Sustainable Food Systems in a University Setting," (excerpt). [Research Paper. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
Elaine Chun, "Reading Race Beyond Black and White." [Research Paper. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture.]
R9 Reading Workplace Genres
Anonymous. "Open Letter to Interim Dean Brown" [Topic: College Life.]
TigerMom. "An Open Letter to the Catholic League From An Adopted Child." [Business Letter. Topic: Modern Families.]
Catholic Bishops of Wisconsin. "Traveling Together in Hope: A Pastoral Letter on Immigration." [Business Letter. Topic: Immigration.]
Ethan Grenauer. "Sustainable Food Systems Resume." [Resume. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
Martin Luther King, Jr. "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" (excerpt). [Business Letter. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture.]
R10 Reading Proposals
Vincent Casmirri and Victor Arcelus. "Gender-Neutral Housing Proposal." [Student Life Proposal. Topic: College Life.]
Alka Vaid Menon, "Pauline Irving and Tanner Dean's Scholar Grant Proposal." [Grant Proposal. Topic: Modern Families]
Jing Wang. "Jinglish Documentary Proposal." [Film Pitch. Topic: Immigration.]
The Muslim Students' Association of Texas A&M University, "A Taste of Culture: Proposal to Establish Halal Food Program." [Student Life Proposal. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
Alfonso Josia Samm. "Summer Research Proposal: Education Policy Impact: Perceptions of High School Educators." [Grant Proposal. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture.]
R11 Reading Reports
The College Board. "Progress Report 2011: The College Completion Agenda" (excerpt) [Progress Report. Topic: College Life.]
Scott D. Ryan, Sue Pearlmutter, and Victor Groza. "Coming Out of the Closet: Opening Agencies to Gay and Lesbian Adoptive Parents" (excerpt). [Recommendation Report. Topic: Modern Families.]
Wendy Cervantes and Yali Lincroft. "The Impact of Immigration Enforcement on Child Welfare." [Recommendation Report. Topic: Immigration.]
Scott Stringer. "FoodNYC: A Blueprint for a Sustainable Food System." [Recommendation Report. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
Michaela Krauser. "Segregation Continues in Urban Schools." [News Report. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture.]
Preface
Part 1. The Genre Toolkit
1. Asking Questions
A. What is a Genre?
Literacy Narrative: Frederick Douglass, "My Bondage and My Freedom"
Literacy Narrative: Abida Sultaan, Memoirs of a Rebel Princess (excerpt)
Literacy Narrative: Amy Tan, "Mother Tongue"
B. "What is it?": Identify Shared Conventions
C. "Who reads it?": Identify an Audience
D. "What's it for?": Identify a Genre's Purpose
E. Conclusion
F. Chapter Project: Write a Literacy Narrative
2. Discovering Rhetorical Situations
A. Discovering Your Rhetorical Situation
Aliyah's "Public Problem"
Aliyah's "Observations"
Lewis and Clark Journal [excerpt]
B. Considering Your Purpose
C. Identifying an Author's Role
D. Analyzing an Audience's Needs
E. Discovering Timing
F. Conclusion
G. Chapter Project: Write Journal Entries
3. Writing New Genres
A. Writing a New Genre
Claire Zhang, "Amy Tan Phase" (excerpt)
Louisa Rodriguez, "Identity in Context"
Russell Johnson, "Identity in a Material World"
B. Finding Examples
C. Identifying Conventions
D. Locating Options
Foxxy, "The Way of a Cherokee"
E. Conclusion
F. Chapter Project: Write a Response Essay
4. Developing a Writing Process
A. Discovering Your Writing Process
B. Composing a Personal Essay
Maisha, "Two Worlds, One Great Nation"
Mark, "I Believe in the Senses"
C. Prewriting
D. Drafting
E. Revising
F. Editing and Proofreading
G. Publishing
H. Conclusion
I. Chapter Project: Write a Personal Essay
Part 2. Projects
5. Profiles
A. Profile Mini-Genre: Social Network Profile
B. Portfolio
C. Program Profile
D. Profile Article
Shirley Hancock, "Oregon Ballet Theatre's Lucas Threefoot: Oregon Ballet Theatre's New Soloist Finds
Jaime Shroeder, "Goals for Life"
Stephanie Gottschlich, "The New Recruits: Students Answer the Call for Next Generation of Air Force Scientists
E. Strategies for Profiles
Sarah Creek, "Profile of an Engineering Professor: Dr. Grace Yang"
F. Chapter Project: Write a Profile Article
6. Informative Genres
A. Informative Mini-Genre: How-to Tip
B. Tutorial
Bon Appetit, "How To Roll out Pizza Dough"
"Using Refworks"
DeviantArt.com, "Hand Tutorial"
C. Factsheet
Greenpeace, "Genetic Engineering"
Centers for Disease Control, "Shingles Factsheet"
Youth @ Work, "Your JobDELYour RightsDELYour Responsibilities!"
D. Informative Article
Melissa Nasiruddin, Monique Halabi, Alexander Dao, Kyle Chen, and Brandon Brown, "Zombies-A Pop Culture Resource for Public Health Awareness"
Karla Rankoff, "Dental Anxiety in Children and What to Do About It"
Asawin Suebsaeng, Deanna Pan, and Gavin Aronsen, "What Happened in the Newtown School Shooting: There's No Explaining Such A Horrific Act, But Here's Important Background Information"
E. Strategies for Informative Genres
F. Chapter Project: Write an Informative Article
7. Inquiries
A. Inquiry Mini-Genre: Student Class Notes
Josephine Perry, "St. Augustine on Love"
B. Blog Entry
Brandy, "Disappointment: Rizzoli & Isles"
"Straw-Man Fallacy and the "Anti-Antiterror Left""
C. Reading Notes
Mei Lin, " Aristotle, On Rhetoric"
Terrence B., "Notes"
Michael M., "The Cry of the Children"
D. Observation Notes
Zachary Fitzgerald, "Observation Notes"
Belinda W., "Peer Classroom Observations: Sierra M."
E. Strategies for Inquiries
F. Chapter Project: Write Observation Notes
8. Analyses
A. Analysis Mini-Genre: Keyword Analysis or "Word Cloud"
B. Literary Analysis
[academic writing] Morris Green, "Christopher Boone as an Unreliable Narrator"
[academic writing] Ellen Chapman, "Women's Roles in Elizabeth Cary's The Tragedy of Mariam"
[academic writing] Mark Washington, "Household Battles in 1616 as Shown in Anne Clifford's Diary"
C. Scene Analysis
[academic writing] Kerri Zuiker, "Brokeback Mountain Reunion Scene"
[academic writing] Kevin Mikkelson, "Scene Analysis: Chinatown"
[academic writing] Leo Cooper, "Mr Clean's Death and Use of Sound in Apocalypse Now"
D. Rhetorical Analysis
[academic writing] Cody M. Poplin, "Rhetorical Strategies and Effectiveness in the Declaration of Independence"
Kelly Simpson, "Kairos, Violence, and the Hunger Games"
[academic writing] Carlos Fernandez-Smith, "Appraising The Help: Ethos and Logos in Critical Accounts"
E. Strategies for Analyses
Association of Black Women Historians, "An Open Statement to the Fans of The Help" (excerpt)
F. Chapter Project: Write a Rhetorical Analysis
9. Reviews
A. Review Mini-Genre: Online Product Review
B. Film, Art, or Performance Review
[academic writing] Jacob Clayton, "Contrast, Art, and Justice"
Katie Fennelly, "Of Montreal's New Album: A Mix Of Weird Sounds and Intrigue"
Nathan Cook, "Film Review: 'Epic'"
C. Book Review
Brian Braden, "Top Pick! Brian's 99 Cents: Review of The Quill Pen by Michelle Isenhoff"
Risa Applegarth, "Review of The Changeover by Margaret Mahy"
[academic writing] Adriana Morris, "Gertruda's Oath by Ram Oren and Habibi by Noami Shihab Nye: A Book Review Essay"
D. Website Review
Megan M., "Redesign Critiques"
Hester Cho, "Healthcare.gov: Website Review"
Jonas Webber, "Website Review of Ravelry.com"
E. Strategies for Reviews
F. Chapter Project: Write a Website Review
10. Argumentative Genres
A. Argument Mini-Genre: Print Advertisement
B. Op-Ed or Letter to the Editor
Nate Rushing, "UF's meatless Mondays are ridiculous"
Amelia Jensen, Letter to the Editor
Rini Sampath, "Insults Against Disabled People Must Be Eradicated"
C. Candidate Speech
Barack Obama, Speech at Springfield, IL, in 2007
Madison Peace, "Student Body President Speech"
Michael R. Bloomberg, Victory Speech 2009
D. Satire
Pia DiGiulio, "Uncontrolled Study Orgies Break Out in Gender-Neutral Dorm"
Dr. Jonathan Swift, " A Modest Proposal: For preventing the children of poor people in Ireland, from being a burden on their parents or country, and for making them beneficial to the publick"
The Onion, "Professor Deeply Hurt by Student's Evaluation"
E. Strategies for Argumentative Genres
F. Chapter Project: Write a Satire
11. Academic Research Genres
A. Academic Research Mini-Genre: Abstract
[academic writing] Navarrete M, Perea G, Fernandez de Sevilla D, Gómez-Gonzalo M, Núñez A, et al., "Astrocytes Mediate In Vivo Cholinergic-Induced Synaptic Plasticity."
[academic writing] Mike Duncan, "Polemical Ambiguity and the Composite Audience: Bush's 20 September 2001 Speech to Congress and the Epistle of 1 John"
[academic writing] Jessica Ross, "Closing Guantanamo Bay: The Future of Detainees"
B. Annotated Bibliography
[academic writing] Chris Clayman, "Annotated Bibliography"
[academic writing] Lisa Garmire, "Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography of American AIDS Novels, 1982-1992"
C. Literature Review
[academic writing] Kirby Diamaduros, "Tropical Rainforest Deforestation: Effects, Mitigation, and Solutions"
[academic writing] Marleen H van den Berg, PhD, Johannes W Schoones, BA, and Theodora PM Vliet Vlieland, MD, PhD, " Internet-Based Physical Activity Interventions: A Systematic Review of the Literature"
[academic writing] Agustín Fuentes, "Get over It: Men and Women Are from the Same Planet"
D. Research Paper
[academic writing] Kristine Thompson, " Wait, You Stormed Franklin Street? The Social and Psychological Motivations of UNC Sports Fans"
[academic writing] Rick Ingram, "Gender Discrimination and the Movement towards Equality in the Workforce"
Penelope Edwards, "Purity and Corruption: Reading Harriet Jacobs Through the Lens of the Bathsheba Tale"
E. Strategies for Academic Research Genres
F. Chapter Project: Write a Research Paper
12. Workplace Genres
A. Workplace Mini-Genre: Company Slogan
B. Email
Joe Smith, "Reference Request"
Maria B. Hernandez, "Agenda for Biology Majors Club Meeting"
Editorial Staff of Undergraduate Research Journal, "Journal decision declining to publish your article"
C. Business Letter
Jessica Wang, Cover Letter
Gerry A. Sampson, Acceptance Letter
Joe A. Smith, Thank You Letter
D. Resume
Jaelyn Garcia Johnson, Resume
Jonathan Marcus Stone, Resume
Phillip C. Beckett, Resume
E. Strategies for Workplace Genres
F. Chapter Project: Write a Resume
13. Proposals
A. Proposal Mini-Genre: Elevator Pitch
B. T.V., Book, or Film Pitch
T.V. pitch: "Mixed in America"
Book pitch: "Rules of Entanglement"
Film pitch: "Pushover"
C. Student Proposal
John Egbukichi, Student event proposal
Suri Rodriguez, Campus Community Garden
Tyler Williamson, Independent study proposal
D. Grant Proposal
[academic writing] Vincent Abiona, "Technology Education in Nigerian Hospitals"
[academic writing] Janelle Markham, "Closing the Gap in Dental Care: Dental Anxiety in Children in Bertie County"
[academic writing] Grace McDermott, "Nutritional Access and Awareness for the Children of Burmese Migrant Workers in Mae Sot, Thailand"
E. Strategies for Proposals
F. Chapter Project: Write a Research or Grant Proposal
14. Reports
A. Report Mini-Genre: Social Networking Status Update
B. News Report
Chris Eckard, "College Sports News Report"
Daniel Wheaton, "UNL Psychology Study Find College-Aged Men Struggle With Image, Objectification"
Esteban Cortez, "Grad Student Explores African-American Culture in Art"
C. Progress Report
Marshall McLaughlin, "Update on my poetry collection"
Mary Wu, "Progress on War on Terror research"
Lily Pearson, John Chao, Carolyn Wax, Anita Simmons, "Student Health Gets Real: Student Opinions of Student Health Services Progress Report"
D. Recommendation Report
Iris Chen, "MP3 Players and Hearing Loss"
Bradley Kinnison, "The Health Risks and Cost Effectiveness of Chlorine as a Pool"
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Prevention and Control of Meningococcal Disease: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)"
E. Strategies for Reports
F. Chapter Project: Write a Recommendation Report
Part 3. Writing Process
15. Developing a Topic
A. Genre Toolkit: What Are You Writing?
B. Browse for Topics
C. Narrow Topics with Initial Research
16. Prewriting
A. Freewriting
B. Question-Dialogue
C. Audio-Brainstorming
D. Concept-Mapping
17. Drafting
A. Try Out Different Drafting Strategies
B. Digital Composing: Find Tools that Work for You
C. Writing Collaboratively
18. Generating Arguments
A. What is an Argument?
B. Examining the Topic
C. Researching Arguments
D. Developing a Thesis (or Claim)
E. Finding Good Reasons
F. Finding Evidence
19. Using Rhetorical Modes
A. What Happened? Narration
B. What Is It Like? Description
C. What Is It? Definition
D. What Kind Is It? Classification
E. How Is It Similar/Different? Comparison/Contrast
F. What Causes It? What Are Its Effects? Cause/Effect
20. Organization
A. Discovering Organization through Genre
B. Outlining Before Writing
C. Using Outlines as You Write
D. Paragraphing
E. Ordering Sections or Topics
F. Introductions
G. Conclusions
21. Developing Style
A. Matching Style to Genre, Audience and Purpose
Maya Schenwar, "The Prison System Welcomes My Newborn Niece to This World"
Ann Booker Loper and Elena Hontoria Tuerk, "Improving the Emotional Adjustment and Communication Patterns of Incarcerated Mothers: Effectiveness of a Prison Parenting Intervention"
Ashley McAlarney, "Access for All: Federal Funding and Regulation of For-Profit Higher Education"
B. Choosing a Persona
C. Choosing Tone
D. Making Vocabulary Choices
E. Choosing a Level of Formality
F. Using Rhetorical Figures
G. Tips for Developing Style
22. Polishing It Up
A. Revising
B. Self-Editing: Creating Fresh Eyes
C. Conducting Peer Review
Part 4. Research
23. Getting Started with Research
A. Considering Your Genre
B. Finding a Good Research Topic
C. Identifying a Gap
D. Developing a Research Question
E. Developing a Research Plan
24. Conducting Research
A. Conducting Empirical Research
B. Conducting Database Research
C. Managing Database Research
25. Evaluating Sources
A. Identifying Credible Sources
B. Finding Authoritative Sources for Your Field
C. Finding Authoritative Sources for Your Genre
26. Integrating Sources
A. Using Sources Strategically
Ray M. Marín and Jií Vaníek, "Optimal Use of Conservation and Accessibility Filters in MicroRNA Target Prediction"
Shulman, J. L., Gotta, G., & Green, R., "Will Marriage Matter? Effects of Marriage Anticipated by Same-Sex Couples"
B. Integrating Sources into Your Work
C. Conveying the Ideas of Others Your Work
27. Avoiding Plagiarism
A. What Is Plagiarism
B. Types of Plagiarism
C. Keeping Track of Sources
28. Citing Sources
A. When to Cite
B. Discovering Citation Styles: MLA and APA
C. Discovering Citation Guides for Other Styles
D. MLA Citation Guide
E. Formatting a Paper in MLA Style
Jay Zhang, "McDonald's Limited Response to Increased Health Consciousness"
F. APA Citation Guide
G. Formatting a Paper in APA Style
Terence Bogans, "Being Mommy Behind Bars: The Psychological Benefits of Child Visitation with Incarcerated Mothers"
Part 5. Presentation
29. Choosing Visual Elements, Layout, and Design
A. Matching Design to Genre
B. Matching Design to Audience, Purpose, and Situation
C. Putting Things in Place: Layout
D. Types of Visual Elements
E. Principles for Visual Elements
F. Using Electronic Tools
30. Getting It Out There
A. Delivering Oral Presentations
B. Developing Multimedia Presentations
C. Creating a Portfolio
D. Submitting Your Work for Publication
E. Self-publishing Your Work
STYLE AND USAGE GUIDE
S1. How Verbs Work
A. What is a verb?
B. Common Problems
S2. How Nouns & Pronouns Work
A. What is a Noun?
B. What is a Pronoun?
C. Common Problems
S3. How Modifiers Work
A. What is a Modifier?
B. Common Problems
S4. How Sentences Work
A. What is a Sentence?
B. Common Problems
S5. How Punctuation Works
A. What is Punctuation?
B. Common Problems
S6. How Usage Conventions Work
A. What are Usage Conventions?
B. Common Problems
READINGS
R1. Reading Personal Essays
Juan Garcia. "Spring Broken." [Topic: College Life]
Jacque Weber. "Love and Loss."[Topic: Modern Families]
Andrea Viejo. "Mexican in New York." [Topic: Immigration]
Jane Kramer. "The Food at Our Feet: Why Is Foraging All the Rage?" (excerpt) [Topic: Sustainable Food]
Tami. "Nappy LoveDEL" [Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture]
R2. Reading Profiles
Audrey Watters. "A College Student and a CEO: A Profile of 21 Year Old Entrepreneur Jay Rodrigues." [Profile Essay. Topic: College Life]
Linda Wasmer Andrews. "Adoptive Mothers Share Stories." [Profile Essay. Topic: Modern Families]
"Illegal Immigrant Becomes World-Renowned Brain Surgeon." [Profile Essay. Topic: Immigration]
Yale Sustainable Food Project. "History." [Program Profile. Topic: Sustainable Food]
Julie Slaymaker. "Door Opener." [Profile Essay. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture]
R3. Reading Informative Genres
National Institutes of Health. "Fall Semester-A Time for Parents to Revisit Discussions About College Drinking." [Factsheet. Topic: College Life]
National Conference of State Legislatures. "How the Child Support System Affects Low-Income Fathers." [Factsheet. Topic: Modern Families]
Futures Without Violence. "The Facts on Immigrant Women and Domestic Violence." [Factsheet. Topic: Immigration]
Sarah Starkey. "How to Make Your Own Indoor Compost Bin." [Tutorial. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
WikiHow.com. "How to Fight Racism in Your School." [Tutorial. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture.]
R4. Reading Inquiries
"Strange Observations." [Observation notes. Topic: College Life.]
Army Wife, Army Life. ". . . And He's Gone." [Blog Entry. Topic: Modern Families.]
Ruth Brown. "Diary of An Immigrant." [Blog Entry. Topic: Immigration]
Stefanie Hollmichel. "Eating Animals." [Reading notes. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
Steve Blank. "11 Observations on Workplace Gender Wars." [Observation notes. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture.]
R5. Reading Analyses
Max Abrams. "Immigrants and Galactus: Junot Diaz's World in The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao." (excerpt) [Literary Analysis. Topic: College Life.]
Christina M. LaVecchia. "Of Peerenting, Trophy Wives, and Effeminate Men: Modern Family's Surprisingly
Debarati Bandyopadhyay. "Negotiating Borders of Culture: Jhumpa Lahiri's Fiction." (excerpt) [Literary Analysis. Topic: Immigration.]
Greg Boone. "Globalizing Korea: A Rhetoric of Food." (excerpt) [Rhetorical Analysis. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
Roy Peter Clark. "Why It Worked: A Rhetorical Analysis of Obama's Speech on Race." [Rhetorical Analysis. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture.]
R6. Reading Reviews
Lauren Honeycutt. "A Midsummer Night's Dream at Howard Community College's Theatre Program and Student Arts Collective." [Performance Review. Topic: College Life.]
Chris Benderev. "In Childhood, When 'I Wish' Equals An Action Plan." [Film Review. Topic: Modern Families.]
Andy Webster. "Living Along a Contentious Border." [Film Review. Topic: Immigration.]
Andy Francis, "Book Review: The Omnivores Dilemma" [Book Review. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
Susan Yudt. "Smart Girls at the Party." [Website Review. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture.]
R7. Reading Arguments
Rui Dai. "Americanese: In Between the Gaps." [Op-Ed. Topic: College Life.]
Kelly Huston. "Did I Vote on Your Marriage?" [Photograph. Topic: Modern Families.]
Kristian Dougherty. "Aliens, Get Out! The Aliens Are Sucking The Life Out Of Humans...Literally." [Satire. Topic: Immigration.]
Will Levitt. "Food 101: Why College Students Should Learn How to Cook." [Op-Ed. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
Kaitlyn Valor Bourque. "Feminism: How Our Ideas Have Evolved With Us" [Op-Ed. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture]
R8. Reading Academic Research
George W. Dowdall and Henry Wechsler. "Studying College Alcohol Use: Widening the Lens, Sharpening the Focus." [Literature Review. Topic: College Life]
Nansook Park. "Military Children and Families." (excerpt) [Literature Review. Topic: Modern Families.]
Kristin Anderson. "Coming to America." [Annotated Bibliography. Topic: Immigration.]
Ryan Babich and Sylvia Smith. "'Cradle to Grave': An Analysis of Sustainable Food Systems in a University Setting," (excerpt). [Research Paper. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
Elaine Chun, "Reading Race Beyond Black and White." [Research Paper. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture.]
R9. Reading Workplace Genres
Anonymous. "Open Letter to Interim Dean Brown" [Topic: College Life.]
TigerMom. "An Open Letter to the Catholic League From An Adopted Child." [Business Letter. Topic: Modern Families.]
Catholic Bishops of Wisconsin. "Traveling Together in Hope: A Pastoral Letter on Immigration." [Business Letter. Topic: Immigration.]
Ethan Grenauer. "Sustainable Food Systems Resume." [Resume. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
Martin Luther King, Jr. "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" (excerpt). [Business Letter. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture.]
R10. Reading Proposals
Vincent Casmirri and Victor Arcelus. "Gender-Neutral Housing Proposal." [Student Life Proposal. Topic: College Life.]
Alka Vaid Menon, "Pauline Irving and Tanner Dean's Scholar Grant Proposal." [Grant Proposal. Topic: Modern Families]
Jing Wang. "Jinglish Documentary Proposal." [Film Pitch. Topic: Immigration.]
The Muslim Students' Association of Texas A&M University, "A Taste of Culture: Proposal to Establish Halal Food Program." [Student Life Proposal. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
Alfonso Josia Samm. "Summer Research Proposal: Education Policy Impact: Perceptions of High School Educators." [Grant Proposal. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture.]
R11. Reading Reports
The College Board. "Progress Report 2011: The College Completion Agenda" (excerpt) [Progress Report. Topic: College Life.]
Scott D. Ryan, Sue Pearlmutter, and Victor Groza. "Coming Out of the Closet: Opening Agencies to Gay and Lesbian Adoptive Parents" (excerpt). [Recommendation Report. Topic: Modern Families.]
Wendy Cervantes and Yali Lincroft. "The Impact of Immigration Enforcement on Child Welfare." [Recommendation Report. Topic: Immigration.]
Scott Stringer. "FoodNYC: A Blueprint for a Sustainable Food System." [Recommendation Report. Topic: Sustainable Food.]
Michaela Krauser. "Segregation Continues in Urban Schools." [News Report. Topic: Gender, Race, & Culture.]