Human Aggression and Violence: Causes,

Violence and aggression have existed as long as mankind, and the need to understand and control these forces has only continued to grow throughout history. Thanks to the advance of psychological research within the social and behavioral sciences, as well as several other scientific disciplines, we have more knowledge than ever before about the genetic, developmental, interpersonal, and cultural causes of aggression. Yet these findings have not been integrated into meaningful discussions about how to transform aggression research into practical applications. With so many answers to the question "What makes a person violent?" there is surprisingly little insight into "How do we prevent violence?" In this comprehensive book, editors Phillip R. Shaver and Mario Mikulincer have assembled chapters from international experts to provide a broad-based and multidisciplinary analysis of aggression and violence, their negative consequences, and promising interventions. Five sections examine major theoretical perspectives, genetic and environmental determinants, and the psychological and relational processes underlying human violence and aggression. The tone of the book is realistic in its investigation of violence as an inherent part of human genetics and interaction, but hopeful in its exploration of researched-based interventions aimed at reducing violence in future generations. In its assessment of aggression and violence across individual, relational and societal levels, this book will engage a broad audience.

Phillip R. Shaver, PhD, a social and personality psychologist, is Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the University of California, Davis. Before moving there, he served on the faculties of Columbia University, New York University, University of Denver, and State University of New York at Buffalo.

He has coauthored and coedited numerous books, including In Search of Intimacy; Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes; Measures of Political Attitudes; Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, and Attachment in Adulthood: Structure, Dynamics, and Change, and has published over 200 scholarly journal articles and book chapters.

Dr. Shaver's research focuses on attachment, human motivation and emotion, close relationships, personality development, and the effects of meditation on behavior and the brain.

He is a member of the editorial boards of Attachment and Human Development, Personal Relationships, the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, and Emotion, and has served on grant review panels for the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation.

He has been executive officer of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology and is a fellow of both APA and the Association for Psychological Science. Dr. Shaver received a Distinguished Career Award from the International Association for Relationship Research and has served as president of that organization.

Mario Mikulincer, PhD, is professor of psychology and dean of the New School of Psychology at the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya, Israel. He has published three books—Human Helplessness: A Coping Perspective; Dynamics of Romantic Love: Attachment, Caregiving, and Sex; and Attachment in Adulthood: Structure, Dynamics, and Change—and over 280 scholarly journal articles and book chapters.

Dr. Mikulincer's main research interests are attachment theory, terror management theory, personality processes in interpersonal relationships, coping with stress and trauma, grief-related processes, and prosocial motives and behavior.

He is a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals, including the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Psychological Inquiry, and Personality and Social Psychology Review, and has served as associate editor of two journals, the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology and Personal Relationships. Recently, he was elected to serve as chief editor of the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships.

He is a fellow of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology and the Association for Psychological Sciences. He received the EMET Prize in Social Science for his contributions to psychology and the Berscheid–Hatfield Award for Distinguished Mid-Career Achievement from the International Association for Relationship Research.

Contributors

Preface

Introduction
—Phillip R. Shaver and Mario Mikulincer

I. Major Theoretical Perspectives

The General Aggression Model
—C. Nathan DeWall and Craig A. Anderson
I3 Theory: Instigating, Impelling, and Inhibiting Factors in Aggression
—Erica B. Slotter and Eli J. Finkel
Applying Adaptationism to Human Anger: The Recalibrational Theory
—Aaron Sell
A Behavioral Systems Perspective on Power and Aggression
—Phillip R. Shaver, Michal Segev, and Mario Mikulincer
Dispositional Influences on Human Aggression
—Jennifer L. Tackett and Robert F. Krueger
A Social Neuroscience Perspective on the Neurobiological Bases of Aggression
—Thomas F. Denson

II. Genetic and Environmental Determinants

The Transmission of Aggressiveness Across Generations: Biological, Contextual, and Social Learning Processes
—L. Rowell Huesmann, Eric F. Dubow, and Paul Boxer
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Aggression
—Soo Hyun Rhee and Irwin D. Waldman
Social Information Processing Patterns as Mediators of the Interaction Between Genetic Factors and Life Experiences in the Development of Aggressive Behavior
—Kenneth A. Dodge
Violence and Character: A CuPS (Culture × Person × Situation) Perspective
—Dov Cohen and Angela K.-y. Leung

III. Psychological and Relational Processes

Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall, Who's the Most Aggressive of Them All? Narcissism, Self-Esteem, and Aggression
—Sander Thomaes and Brad J. Bushman
Evolved Mechanisms for Revenge and Forgiveness
—Michael McCullough, Robert Kurzban, and Benjamin A. Tabak
Attachment, Anger, and Aggression
—Mario Mikulincer and Phillip R. Shaver
Attachment and Violence: An Anger Born of Fear
—Donald G. Dutton
Respecting Others and Being Respected Can Reduce Aggression in Parent–Child Relations and in Schools
—Ofra Mayseless and Miri Scharf

IV. Aggression at the Societal Level

An Existential Perspective on Violent Solutions to Ethno–Political Conflict
—Gilad Hirschberger and Tom Pyszczynski
The Emotional Roots of Intergroup Aggression: The Distinct Role of Anger and Hatred
—Eran Halperin
Tension and Harmony in Intergroup Relations
—Tamar Saguy, Nicole Tausch, John F. Dovidio, Felicia Pratto, and Purnima Singh

V. Consequences of Aggression: The Victim Perspective

Influence of Violence and Aggression on Children's Psychological Development: Trauma, Attachment, and Memory
—Sheree L. Toth, LaTonya S. Harris, Gail S. Goodman, and Dante Cicchetti
The Paradox of Partner Aggression: Being Committed to an Aggressive Partner
—Ximena B. Arriaga and Nicole M. Capezza
The Psychological Toll of Exposure to Political Violence: The Israeli Experience
—Zahava Solomon and Karni Ginzburg

Index

About the Editors

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Human Aggression and Violence: Causes, Manifestations, and Consequences

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials