The Human Bone Manual

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ISBN: 9780120884674 | 0120884674
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 9/29/2005

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Tim White and Pieter Folkens, the team behind the bestselling text, Human Osteology, Second Edition, have created the ideal concise guide for professional anthropologists, osteologists, law enforcement officers, and forensic specialists working with human bones in the field or laboratory. In addition to essential text information, hundreds of photographs are included, showing a maximum amount of anatomical information and providing a valuable tool in comparing specimens for rapid identification across the broad landscapes of law enforcement, forensics, anatomy, archaeology, and paleontology. Book jacket.

Preface

(1)

Chapter 1 Introduction

(6)

1.1 Human Osteology

(1)

1.2 A Guide to the Manual

(3)

1.3 Resources for the Osteologist

(1)

1.4 Identifying Bones

(2)

Chapter 2 Field Procedures for Skeletal Remains

(14)

2.1 Search

(1)

2.2 Discovery

(1)

2.3 Excavation and Retrieval

(11)

2.4 Transport

(1)

Chapter 3 Ethics in Osteology

(10)

3.1 Ethics in Forensic Osteology

(3)

3.1.1 Boundaries of Evidence

(1)

3.1.2 The Expert Witness

(1)

3.2 Ethics in Archeological Osteology

(7)

3.2.1 Ethics in Collision

(3)

3.2.2 NAGPRA and Its Effects

(1)

3.2.3 The Future

(3)

Chapter 4 Bone Biology & Variation

(18)

4.1 Variation

(2)

4.2 A Few Facts about Bone

(1)

4.3 Bones as Elements of the Musculoskeletal System

(7)

4.4 Gross Anatomy of Bones

(2)

4.5 Molecular Structure of Bone

(1)

4.6 Histology and Metabolism of Bone

(4)

4.7 Bone Growth

(2)

4.8 Bone Repair

(1)

Chapter 5 Postmortem Skeletal Modification

(18)

5.1 Bone Fracture

(2)

5.2 Bone Modification by Physical Agents

(3)

5.2.1 Chemistry

(2)

5.2.2 Rock, Earth, and Ice

(1)

5.2.3 Abrasion

(1)

5.2.4 Fire

(1)

5.3 Bone Modification by Nonhuman Biological Agents

(2)

5.3.1 Nonhuman Animal

(2)

5.3.2 Plant

(1)

5.4 Bone Modification by Humans

(10)

5.4.1 Cut marks, Chop marks, and Scrape marks

(2)

5.4.2 Percussion Marks

(1)

5.4.3 Projectiles

(5)

Chapter 6 Anatomical Terminology

(8)

6.1 Planes of Reference

(1)

6.2 Directional Terms

(1)

6.2.1 General

(1)

6.2.2 Teeth

(1)

6.2.3 Hands and Feet

(1)

6.3 Motions of the Body

(3)

6.3.1 General

(1)

6.3.2 Hands and Feet

(1)

6.4 General Bone Features

(3)

6.4.1 Projections and Parts

(1)

6.4.2 Depressions

(1)

Chapter 7 Skull

(52)

7.1 Handling the Skull

(2)

7.2 Elements of the Skull

(7)

7.3 Growth and Architecture, Sutures and Sinuses

(2)

7.4 Skull Orientation

(1)

7.5 Learning Cranial Skeletal Anatomy

(1)

7.6 Frontal

(5)

7.6.1 Anatomy

(4)

7.6.2 Growth

(1)

7.6.3 Possible Confusion

(1)

7.6.4 Siding

(1)

7.7 Parietals

(3)

7.7.1 Anatomy

(2)

7.7.2 Growth

(1)

7.7.3 Possible Confusion

(1)

7.7.4 Siding

(1)

7.8 Temporals

(5)

7.8.1 Anatomy

(3)

7.8.2 Growth

(1)

7.8.3 Possible Confusion

(1)

7.8.4 Siding

(1)

7.9 Auditory Ossicles

100

(1)

7.10 Occipital

100

(4)

7.10.1 Anatomy

100

(3)

7.10.2 Growth

103

(1)

7.10.3 Possible Confusion

104

(1)

7.10.4 Siding

104

(1)

7.11 Maxillae

104

(3)

7.11.1 Anatomy

104

(2)

7.11.2 Growth

106

(1)

7.11.3 Possible Confusion

107

(1)

7.11.4 Siding

107

(1)

7.12 Palatines

107

(2)

7.12.1 Anatomy

107

(2)

7.12.2 Growth

109

(1)

7.12.3 Possible Confusion

109

(1)

7.12.4 Siding

109

(1)

7.13 Vomer

109

(2)

7.13.1 Anatomy

109

(1)

7.13.2 Growth

110

(1)

7.13.3 Possible Confusion

110

(1)

7.13.4 Siding

110

(1)

7.14 Inferior Nasal Conchae

111

(1)

7.14.1 Anatomy

111

(1)

7.14.2 Growth

111

(1)

7.14.3 Possible Confusion

111

(1)

7.14.4 Siding

111

(1)

7.15 Ethmoid

112

(1)

7.15.1 Anatomy

112

(1)

7.15.2 Growth

113

(1)

7.15.3 Possible Confusion

113

(1)

7.15.4 Siding

113

(1)

7.16 Lacrimals

113

(1)

7.16.1 Anatomy

113

(1)

7.16.2 Growth

114

(1)

7.16.3 Possible Confusion

114

(1)

7.16.4 Siding

114

(1)

7.17 Nasals

114

(1)

7.17.1 Anatomy

114

(1)

7.17.2 Growth

115

(1)

7.17.3 Possible Confusion

115

(1)

7.17.4 Siding

115

(1)

7.18 Zygomatics

115

(2)

7.18.1 Anatomy

115

(1)

7.18.2 Growth

116

(1)

7.18.3 Possible Confusion

116

(1)

7.18.4 Siding

116

(1)

7.19 Sphenoid

117

(5)

7.19.1 Anatomy

117

(4)

7.19.2 Growth

121

(1)

7.19.3 Possible Confusion

121

(1)

7.19.4 Siding

121

(1)

7.20 Mandible

122

(5)

7.20.1 Anatomy

122

(4)

7.20.2 Growth

126

(1)

7.20.3 Possible Confusion

126

(1)

7.20.4 Siding

126

(1)

Chapter 8 Dentition

127

(28)

8.1 Dental Form and Function

127

(1)

8.2 Dental Terminology

128

(2)

8.3 Anatomy of a Tooth

130

(1)

8.4 Tooth Identification

131

(3)

8.5 To Which Category (Class) Does the Tooth Belong?

134

(2)

8.5.1 Incisors

134

(1)

8.5.2 Canines

134

(2)

8.5.3 Premolars

136

(1)

8.5.4 Molars

136

(1)

8.6 Is the Tooth Permanent or Deciduous?

136

(2)

8.6.1 Diagnostic Criteria

136

(1)

8.6.2 Special Cases

136

(2)

8.7 Is the Tooth an Upper or a Lower?

138

(4)

8.7.1 Upper versus Lower Incisors

139

(1)

8.7.2 Upper versus Lower Canines

139

(1)

8.7.3 Upper versus Lower Premolars

140

(1)

8.7.4 Upper versus Lower Molars

141

(1)

8.8 Where in the Arch Is the Tooth Located?

142

(6)

8.8.1 Upper Incisors: I¹ versus I²

142

(1)

8.8.2 Lower Incisors: I¹ versus I²

142

(2)

8.8.3 Upper Premolars: P³ versus P4

144

(1)

8.8.4 Lower Premolars: P3 versus P4

144

(2)

8.8.5 Upper Molars: M¹ versus M² versus M³

146

(1)

8.8.6 Lower Molars: M¹ versus M² versus M³

147

(1)

8.9 Is the Tooth from the Right or the Left Side?

148

(7)

8.9.1 Upper Incisors

148

(1)

8.9.2 Lower Incisors

148

(1)

8.9.3 Upper Canines

148

(1)

8.9.4 Lower Canines

149

(1)

8.9.5 Upper Premolars

149

(1)

8.9.6 Lower Premolars

150

(2)

8.9.7 Upper Molars

152

(1)

8.9.8 Lower Molars

152

(3)

Chapter 9 Hyoid & Vertebrae

155

(26)

9.1 Hyoid

155

(1)

9.1.1 Anatomy

155

(1)

9.1.2 Growth

156

(1)

9.1.3 Possible Confusion

156

(1)

9.1.4 Siding

156

(1)

9.2 General Characteristics of Vertebrae

156

(7)

9.2.1 Anatomy

157

(5)

9.2.2 Growth

162

(1)

9.3 Cervical Vertebrae

163

(7)

9.3.1 Identification

163

(1)

9.3.2 Special Cervical Vertebrae

163

(6)

9.3.3 Siding

169

(1)

9.4 Thoracic Vertebrae

170

(6)

9.4.1 Identification

170

(1)

9.4.2 Special Thoracic Vertebrae

170

(6)

9.4.3 Siding

176

(1)

9.5 Lumbar Vertebrae

176

(5)

9.5.1 Identification

176

(4)

9.5.2 Identifying Lumbar Position

180

(1)

9.5.3 Siding

180

(1)

Chapter 10 Thorax: Sternum & Ribs

181

(12)

10.1 Sternum

181

(4)

10.1.1 Anatomy

181

(3)

10.1.2 Growth

184

(1)

10.1.3 Possible Confusion

184

(1)

10.1.4 Siding

185

(1)

10.2 Ribs

185

(8)

10.2.1 Anatomy

185

(2)

10.2.2 Special Ribs

187

(1)

10.2.3 Growth

187

(1)

10.2.4 Possible Confusion

187

(5)

10.2.5 Siding

192

(1)

Chapter 11 Shoulder Girdle: Clavicle & Scapula

193

(10)

11.1 Clavicle

193

(2)

11.1.1 Anatomy

193

(2)

11.1.2 Growth

195

(1)

11.1.3 Possible Confusion

195

(1)

11.1.4 Siding

195

(1)

11.2 Scapula

195

(8)

11.2.1 Anatomy

195

(6)

11.2.2 Growth

201

(1)

11.2.3 Possible Confusion

201

(1)

11.2.4 Siding

202

(1)

Chapter 12 Arm: Humerus, Radius, & Ulna

203

(22)

12.1 Humerus

208

(6)

12.1.1 Anatomy

208

(4)

12.1.2 Growth

212

(2)

12.1.3 Possible Confusion

214

(1)

12.1.4 Siding

214

(1)

12.2 Radius

214

(5)

12.2.1 Anatomy

214

(1)

12.2.2 Growth

215

(1)

12.2.3 Possible Confusion

215

(1)

12.2.4 Siding

216

(3)

12.3 Ulna

219

(6)

12.3.1 Anatomy

219

(1)

12.3.2 Growth

220

(1)

12.3.3 Possible Confusion

220

(2)

12.3.4 Siding

222

(3)

Chapter 13 Hand: Carpals, Metacarpals, & Phalanges

225

(16)

13.1 Carpals

228

(5)

13.1.1 Scaphoid

229

(1)

13.1.2 Lunate

229

(1)

13.1.3 Triquetral

230

(1)

13.1.4 Pisiform

230

(1)

13.1.5 Trapezium (Greater Multangular)

231

(1)

13.1.6 Trapezoid (Lesser Multangular)

231

(1)

13.1.7 Capitate

232

(1)

13.1.8 Hamate

232

(1)

13.1.9 Growth

233

(1)

13.1.10 Possible Confusion

233

(1)

13.2 Metacarpals

233

(6)

13.2.1 First Metacarpal (Thumb)

236

(1)

13.2.2 Second Metacarpal

236

(1)

13.2.3 Third Metacarpal

236

(1)

13.2.4 Fourth Metacarpal

236

(2)

13.2.5 Fifth Metacarpal

238

(1)

13.2.6 Growth

238

(1)

13.2.7 Possible Confusion

239

(1)

13.2.8 Siding

239

(1)

13.3 Hand Phalanges

239

(2)

13.3.1 Proximal Hand Phalanges

240

(1)

13.3.2 Intermediate Hand Phalanges

240

(1)

13.3.3 Distal Hand Phalanges

240

(1)

13.3.4 Growth

240

(1)

13.3.5 Possible Confusion

240

(1)

13.3.6 Siding

240

(1)

Chapter 14 Pelvic Girdle: Sacrum, Coccyx, & Os Coxae

241

(14)

14.1 Sacrum

241

(4)

14.1.1 Anatomy

241

(3)

14.1.2 Growth

244

(1)

14.1.3 Possible Confusion

244

(1)

14.1.4 Siding

245

(1)

14.2 Coccyx

245

(1)

14.3 Os Coxae

246

(9)

14.3.1 Anatomy

246

(6)

14.3.2 Growth

252

(1)

14.3.3 Possible Confusion

252

(1)

14.3.4 Siding

252

(3)

Chapter 15 Leg: Femur, Patella, Tibia, & Fibula

255

(32)

15.1 Femur

255

(15)

15.1.1 Anatomy

255

(12)

15.1.2 Growth

267

(1)

15.1.3 Possible Confusion

267

(1)

15.1.4 Siding

267

(3)

15.2 Patella

270

(1)

15.2.1 Anatomy

270

(1)

15.2.2 Growth

270

(1)

15.2.3 Possible Confusion

270

(1)

15.2.4 Siding

271

(1)

15.3 Tibia

271

(9)

15.3.1 Anatomy

271

(8)

15.3.2 Growth

279

(1)

15.3.3 Possible Confusion

279

(1)

15.3.4 Siding

279

(1)

15.4 Fibula

280

(7)

15.4.1 Anatomy

280

(1)

15.4.2 Growth

281

(1)

15.4.3 Possible Confusion

281

(1)

15.4.4 Siding

281

(6)

Chapter 16 Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals, & Phalanges

287

(22)

16.1 Tarsals

292

(8)

16.1.1 Talus

292

(2)

16.1.2 Calcaneus

294

(2)

16.1.3 Cuboid

296

(1)

16.1.4 Navicular

297

(1)

16.1.5 Medial (First) Cuneiform

298

(1)

16.1.6 Intermediate (Second) Cuneiform

298

(1)

16.1.7 Lateral (Third) Cuneiform

298

(2)

16.1.8 Growth

300

(1)

16.1.9 Possible Confusion

300

(1)

16.2 Metatarsals

300

(6)

16.2.1 First Metatarsal

300

(5)

16.2.2 Second Metatarsal

305

(1)

16.2.3 Third Metatarsal

305

(1)

16.2.4 Fourth Metatarsal

305

(1)

16.2.5 Fifth Metatarsal

305

(1)

16.2.6 Growth

306

(1)

16.2.7 Possible Confusion

306

(1)

16.2.8 Siding

306

(1)

16.3 Foot Phalanges

306

(3)

16.3.1 Proximal Foot Phalanges

306

(1)

16.3.2 Intermediate Foot Phalanges

306

(1)

16.3.3 Distal Foot Phalanges

306

(1)

16.3.4 Growth

307

(1)

16.3.5 Possible Confusion

307

(1)

16.3.6 Siding

308

(1)

Chapter 17 Osteological & Dental Pathology

309

(24)

17.1 Trauma

312

(5)

17.1.1 Fracture

312

(2)

17.1.2 Dislocation

314

(1)

17.1.3 Artificial Deformation

314

(1)

17.1.4 Trephination and Amputation

315

(2)

17.2 Infectious Diseases and Associated Manifestations

317

(3)

17.2.1 Osteomyelitis

318

(1)

17.2.2 Periostitis

318

(1)

17.2.3 Tuberculosis

318

(2)

17.2.4 Treponemal Infections

320

(1)

17.3 Circulatory Disturbances and Hematopoietic Disorders

320

(3)

17.4 Metabolic and Hormonal Imbalance

323

(2)

17.4.1 Scurvy

323

(1)

17.4.2 Rickets

323

(1)

17.4.3 Osteoporosis

323

(1)

17.4.4 Endocrine Disturbances and Dysplasias

324

(1)

17.5 Tumors

325

(1)

17.6 Arthritis

325

(3)

17.6.1 Osteoarthritis

325

(2)

17.6.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis

327

(1)

17.6.3 Ankylosing Spondylitis

328

(1)

17.7 Dental Pathology

328

(3)

17.7.1 Caries

329

(1)

17.7.2 Dental Hypoplasia

329

(1)

17.7.3 Periodontal Disease

330

(1)

17.7.4 Dental Calculus

330

(1)

17.7.5 Artificial Dental Modification

331

(1)

17.8 Occupation

331

(2)

Chapter 18 Laboratory Procedures & Reporting

333

(27)

18.1 Setting

333

(1)

18.2 Preservation

334

(1)

18.3 Preparation

335

(3)

18.4 Restoration

338

(1)

18.5 Sorting

339

(1)

18.6 Metric Acquisition and Analysis

340

(4)

18.7 Molecular Osteology

344

(4)

18.7.1 Sampling

345

(1)

18.7.2 DNA and PCR

346

(1)

18.7.3 Contamination

347

(1)

18.7.4 Taphonomy of DNA

347

(1)

18.8 Molding and Casting

348

(1)

18.9 Photography

348

(5)

18.9.1 Equipment

349

(1)

18.9.2 Exposure and Film (or other recording media)

350

(1)

18.9.3 Lighting and Setup

351

(1)

18.9.4 Legal Considerations

352

(1)

18.10 Radiography

353

(1)

18.11 Microscopy

353

(1)

18.12 Computing

354

(1)

18.13 Reporting

355

(3)

18.14 Curation

358

(2)

Chapter 19 The Skeletal Biology of Individuals & Populations

19.1 Accuracy and Precision of Estimation

360

(2)

19.2 From Known to Unknown

362

(1)

19.3 Estimation of Age

363

(22)

19.3.1 Estimating Subadult Age from Dentition

364

(1)

19.3.2 Estimating Adult Age from Dentition

365

(4)

19.3.3 Estimating Adult Age from Cranial Suture Closure

369

(4)

19.3.4 Estimating Subadult Age from Long-Bone Length

373

(1)

19.3.5 Estimating Subadult Age from Epiphyseal Closure

373

(1)

19.3.6 Estimating Adult Age from the Pubic Symphysis Surface

374

(6)

19.3.7 Parturition Changes at the Pubic Symphysis

380

(1)

19.3.8 Estimating Adult Age from the Auricular Surface of the Ilium

380

(1)

19.3.9 Estimating Adult Age from the Sternal Rib End

381

(1)

19.3.10 Estimating Adult Age by Radiographic Analysis

381

(1)

19.3.11 Estimating Adult Age from Bone Microstructure

381

(3)

19.3.12 Multifactorial Age Estimation

384

(1)

19.4 Determination of Sex

385

(13)

19.4.1 Sexing the Skull and Dentition

386

(1)

19.4.2 Sexing the Postcranial Skeleton

387

(11)

19.5 Estimation of Stature

398

(2)

19.6 Estimation of Ancestry

400

(4)

19.7 Identifying the Individual

404

(2)

19.8 Discrete Traits

406

(4)

19.8.1 Dental Nonmetric Variation

407

(1)

19.8.2 Cranial Nonmetric Variation

407

(3)

19.8.3 Postcranial Nonmetric Variation

410

(1)

19.9 Estimating Biological Distance

410

(1)

19.10 Diet

411

(3)

19.11 Disease and Demography

414

(5)

Glossary

419

(8)

Appendix Web Review

427

(2)

Bibliography

429

(24)

Index

453

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The Human Bone Manual

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials