Human Embryonic Stem Cells

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ISBN: 9781859962787 | 1859962785
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/11/2005

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Since the first successful isolation and cultivation of human embryonic stem cells at the University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1998, there has been high levels of both interest and controversy in this area of research. This book provides a concise overview of an exciting field, covering the characteristics of both human embryonic stem cells and pluripotent stem cells from other human cell lineages. The following chapters describe state-of-the-art differentiation and characterization of specific ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm-derived lineages from human embryonic stem cells, emphasizing how these can be used to study human developmental mechanisms. A further chapter discusses genetic manipulation of human ES cells. The concluding section covers therapeutic applications of human ES cells, as well as addressing the ethical and legal issues that this research have raised.

Contributors

Abbreviations

xiii

Foreword

xvii

Preface

1. Biology of embryonic stem cells 1

M.B. Morris, J. Rathjen, R.A. Keough and P.D. Rathjen

Introduction

(1)

Derivation and definition of mouse ES cells

(2)

The molecular basis of ES cell pluripotency

(7)

Differentiation of ES cells

(5)

Applications of ES cell technology

(14)

2. Characteristics of human embryonic stem cells, embryonal carcinoma cells and embryonic germ cells

(16)

M.J. Shamblott and J.L. Sterneckert

Introduction

(1)

Sources of stem cells

(8)

Embryoid body-derived (EBD) cells

(2)

Markers of pluripotency

(6)

3. Adult stem cell plasticity

(16)

R.E. Schwartz and C.M. Verfaillie

Introduction

(1)

Stem cells - definition

(1)

Adult stem cells

(1)

Adult stem cells - plasticity

(1)

Plasticity of hematopoietic bone marrow cells

(2)

Plasticity of mesenchymal stem cells

(1)

Mulitpotent adult progenitor cells

(1)

Plasticity of skeletal muscle cells

(1)

Plasticity of neural cells

(1)

Mechanisms of plasticity

(3)

Potential uses of adult stem cells

(6)

4. Human and murine embryonic stem cell lines: windows to early mammalian development

(22)

J.S. Odorico and S.-C. Zhang

Introduction

(1)

Derivation, growth and morphology of murine and human ES cells

(7)

ES cells as an in vitro model of early mammalian development

(4)

ES cells: a renewable source of functional cells

(2)

Summary

(8)

5. Human mesenchymal stem cells and multilineage differentiation to mesoderm lineages

(18)

V. Sottile and J. McWhir

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in culture

(5)

Differentiation towards mesenchymal lineages: lessons from hMSCs

(3)

Synergy of hMSC and hES research

(1)

Conclusion

(9)

6. Trophoblast differentiation from embryonic stem cells

101

(20)

T.G. Golos and R.-H. Xu

Origin and development of the placenta: introduction

101

(7)

Bridging the mouse-human gap in placental biology

108

(6)

Summary and future prospects

114

(7)

7. Current and future prospects for hematopoiesis studies using human embryonic stem cells

121

(16)

D.S. Kaufman

Introduction

121

(2)

Lessons from mouse ES cell-based hematopoiesis

123

(1)

Hematopoiesis from human ES cells: studies to date

124

(2)

Hematopoiesis from human ES cells: the next stage

126

(3)

Human embryonic stem cells, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, and hematopoiesis

129

(3)

Summary

132

(5)

8. Derivation of endothelial cells from human embryonic stem cells

137

(16)

S. Levenberg, N.F. Huang and R. Langer

Introduction

137

(1)

Development of endothelial cell progenitors

137

(3)

Isolation of endothelial cells and their progenitors

140

(2)

Characterization techniques for isolated endothelial cells

142

(2)

Therapeutic applications of endothelial cell progenitors

144

(4)

Challenges today and hopes for tomorrow

148

(5)

9. Neural specification from human embryonic stem cells

153

(20)

S.-C. Zhang

Introduction

153

(1)

Neural induction in vertebrates

154

(1)

Embryonic stem cells as a window to mammalian neural development

155

(1)

Neural differentiation from mouse ES cells

156

(3)

Neural differentiation from human ES cells

159

(7)

Outstanding questions

166

(7)

10. Modeling islet development through embryonic stem cell differentiation

173

(26)

J.S. Odorico, B. Kahan, D.A. Hullett, L.M. Jacobson and V.L. Browning

Introduction

173

(1)

Development of the pancreas and islets of Langerhans in vertebrates

174

(8)

Islet differentiation from embryonic stem cells

182

(5)

Recapitulating developmental pathways of islet differentiation in ES cells

187

(1)

Remaining questions

188

(1)

Summary

189

(10)

11. Cardiomyocyte differentiation in human embryonic stem cell progeny

199

(16)

I. Kehat, J. Itskovitz-Eldor and L. Gepstein

Introduction

199

(1)

Early signals in cardiac development

200

(1)

In vitro differentiation of mouse and human ES cells to cardiomyocytes

201

(3)

Prospects for myocardial regeneration

204

(5)

Summary

209

(6)

12. Genetic engineering of human embryonic stem cells

215

(16)

M. Drukker, S.K. Dhara and N. Benvenisty

Introduction

215

(1)

Methods for introduction of DNA into human ES cells

216

(4)

Alteration of gene expression in human ES cells

220

(4)

The potential clinical applications of genetically modified human ES cells

224

(2)

Conclusions

226

(5)

13. ES cells for transplantation: coping with immunity

231

(26)

J.A. Bradley, E.M. Bolton and R.A. Pedersen

Introduction

231

(1)

Immune profile

232

(5)

Strategies for matching donor and recipient

237

(8)

Strategies for preventing allograft rejection

245

(5)

Concluding comments

250

(7)

14. Clinical applications for human ES cells

257

(32)

T.J. Kamp and J.S. Odorico

Introduction

257

(1)

Goals for bringing hES cell-based therapy to clinical practice

258

(11)

Tissue engineering with hES cells

269

(1)

Cell-based therapy for delivery of bioactive molecules

270

(3)

Somatic cell nuclear transfer and hES cells

273

(2)

Progress and promise in disease-specific cell therapies

275

(5)

Future

280

(9)

15. Production of human embryonic stem cell-derived cellular product for therapeutic use

289

(12)

R. Mandalam, Y. Li, S. Powell, E. Brunette and J. Lebkowski

Introduction

289

(1)

Required properties for a hESC-based cell therapy

290

(1)

Qualification of hESCs and raw materials

290

(2)

Cell production

292

(5)

Conclusions

297

(4)

16. Ethical and policy considerations in embryonic stem cell research

301

(14)

R. Alta Charo

Federal regulation of embryo research

301

(1)

The origins of the de facto ban on federal funding for embryo research

302

(1)

Origins of the de jure ban on federal funding for embryo research

303

(1)

Origins of the decision to permit general federal funding of research on embryonic stem cell lines

304

(2)

The decision to narrow the eligibility requirements for federal funding of research with human embryonic stem cells

306

(1)

The intersection of embryo research funding and the abortion debate

307

(5)

Summary

312

(3)

17. Legal framework pertaining to research creating or using human embryonic stem cells

315

(24)

C.E. Gulbrandsen, M. Falk, E. Donley, D. Kettner and L. Koop

Introduction

315

(1)

Federal statute

315

(5)

Patent rights, licensing programs and agreements

320

(6)

State regulation of research involving embryos

326

(2)

International legal framework

328

(1)

Summary

329

(10)

18. Genomic approaches to stem cell biology

339

(24)

T.S. Tanaka, M.G. Carter, K. Aiba, S.A. Jaradat, and Minoru S.H. Ko

Introduction

339

(1)

Large-scale isolation of new genes from early embryos and stem cells

340

(1)

Methods for gene expression profiling

341

(3)

Data analysis and bioinformatics

344

(2)

Expression profiling of stem cells

346

(4)

Follow-up study of cDNA microarrays

350

(1)

cDNA microarray analysis of cloned animals

351

(2)

Large-scale functional studies of genes

353

(1)

Future perspectives

354

(9)

19. Proteomics and embryonic stem cells

363

(16)

M.R. Sussman, A.D. Hegeman, A.C. Harms and C.J. Nelson

Introduction

363

(1)

Making elephants fly

364

(3)

Mass spectrometry instrumentation

367

(1)

Protein and peptide chemistry

368

(3)

Better proteomics through chemistry

371

(2)

Baby steps

373

(6)

Appendix: Human embryonic stem cell resources

379

(4)

Index

383

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Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials