Human Motivation (with InfoTrac 1-Semester Printed Access Card)

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ISBN: 9780495090816 | 0495090816
Cover: Hardcover w/ Access Card
Copyright: 5/22/2006

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This Sixth Edition provides a thorough introduction to the basic facts and major theories of human motivation. Throughout the book, the author addresses the types of questions that often arise, such as "Why are some people more organized than others?" and "Why do people dream?" In his exploration of day-to-day human motivation, Franken provides a topical organization that shows students how biology, learning, and cognition interact with individual differences to produce human behavior.

Part One Issues and Organizing Principles in Motivation

Themes in the Study of Motivation

(25)

Practical Application 1-1 A Hot/Cool Theory of Delay of Gratification

(1)

Plan of This Chapter

(1)

What Causes Behavior?

(1)

Approach and Avoidant Causes

(1)

Basic Themes of Contemporary Motivation Theories

(4)

Behavior Represents an Attempt to Adapt

(1)

The Importance of Determining What Arouses and Energizes Behavior

(1)

Understanding What Governs the Direction of Behavior

(1)

Understanding Persistence

(1)

Understanding the Role of Emotions

(1)

Accounting for Individual Differences

(1)

The Self-Regulation of Behavior

(1)

Motivation and Positive Psychology

(1)

Do Humans Have a Will?

(1)

Theories of Motivation: A Historical Survey

(4)

Instinct Theories

(4)

Summary and Comment

(4)

Need Theories

(3)

Summary

(3)

Learning Theories

(3)

Summary and Comment

(2)

Growth and Mastery Motivation Theories

(2)

Humanistic Theories

(1)

Summary and Comment

(2)

Cognitive Theories

(1)

Summary

(1)

Biological, Learned, and Cognitive Forces

(1)

Learning to Make Use of the Internet

(1)

Main Points

(1)

Components of Motivation

(30)

The Biological Component

(8)

Origins of Human Brain Design

(1)

The Example of Temperament

(1)

Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins

(1)

Brain Design and Motivation

(1)

Some Important Brain Circuits in Motivation

(1)

The Disposition to Experience Pleasure and Punishment

(2)

The Role of Neurotransmitters in Information Processing

(2)

Summary

(2)

Practical Application 2-1 Becoming Aware of Your Biological Processes

(1)

The Learned Component

(5)

Attention and Learning

(2)

Classical Conditioning

(1)

Instrumental Learning

(1)

Social Incentive Theory

(1)

Practical Application 2-2 The Need for Intention and Planning When Changing Unwanted Habits---Taking Charge Through Self-Regulation

(1)

Summary

(1)

The Cognitive Component

(6)

Cognitive Theories

(1)

The Nature of Cognitions

(1)

Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values

(1)

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

(1)

Implicit Theories

(1)

Habits, Automatic Behavior, and Cognition

(1)

An Example: What Causes Happiness?

(1)

Practical Application 2-3 Becoming Mindful of Your Cognitive Processes

(2)

Individual Differences

(2)

Summary

(3)

An Example of a Components Approach

(2)

Summary

(1)

Main Points

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

(1)

Part Two Analyzing Some Basic Motivational Systems

Hunger and Eating

(27)

How Do Humans Avoid Toxins?

(2)

The Biological Component

(1)

The Learned Component

(1)

The Cognitive Component

(1)

Summary

(1)

Food Selection

(6)

Food and Energy: Fats, Carbohydrates, and Proteins

(1)

Food and Nutrients

(1)

Humans Evolved as Meat Eaters

(1)

The Biological Component

(1)

The Learned Component

(1)

The Cognitive Component

(1)

Summary

(1)

Distinguishing Between Hunger and Eating

(1)

Eating as a Sensory Experience

(1)

The Question of Overweight and Obesity

(4)

The Biological Component

(1)

Set-Point Theory

(1)

Positive-Incentive Theory

(1)

The Learned Component

(1)

The Cognitive Component

(1)

Summary

(1)

Theories of Overweight and Obesity

(5)

The Internal--External Theory of Hunger and Eating

(2)

The Boundary Theory of Hunger, Eating, and Obesity

(3)

Summary

(1)

Difficulties Confronting Dieters

(2)

The Biological Component

(1)

The Learned Component

(1)

The Cognitive Component

(1)

Practical Application 3-1 Some Rules for Dieting

(1)

Health Implications of Weight Loss and Obesity

(1)

Summary

(1)

Food Sharing and Eating as a Social Event

(1)

The Biological Component

(1)

The Learned Component

(1)

The Cognitive Component

(1)

Summary

(1)

Main Points

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

(1)

Passion, Love, and Sexual Behavior

(30)

Human Sexual Arousal (Passion)

(6)

The Biological Component

(1)

The Learned Component

(5)

The Cognitive Component

(1)

Summary

(1)

Attraction, Passion, Love, and Reproduction

(6)

The Biological Component

(3)

The Learned Component

(1)

The Cognitive Component

(2)

Practical Application 4-1 Striving to Attain Consummate Love

(1)

Summary

(1)

Biological Differences Between Men and Women

(3)

Sex Hormones

(3)

Summary

101

(4)

Sexual Dimorphism in the Brain

102

(2)

The Politics of Biological Difference

104

(1)

Summary

105

(1)

Sexual Orientation

105

(6)

The Biological Component

105

(2)

The Learned Component

107

(2)

The Cognitive Component

109

(2)

Summary

111

(1)

Main Points

111

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

112

(1)

Arousal, Attention, and Peak Performance

113

(33)

Definition of Arousal

114

(1)

Cortical Arousal

114

(3)

The Reticular Activating System (RAS)

114

(1)

Measuring Cortical Activity

115

(1)

Prefrontal Cortex and Attention

116

(1)

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

117

(1)

Evolutionary Consideration

117

(1)

The Autonomic Nervous System

117

(1)

Arousal, Affect, and Performance

118

(5)

Arousal and Affect

118

(1)

Arousal and Performance

118

(5)

Arousal and Attention

123

(1)

Arousal and Selective Attention

123

(1)

Arousal and the Reorganization of Attention

123

(1)

Two Activation Systems

124

(1)

Conclusion

124

(1)

Summary

124

(1)

Challenges for Performance Theory

125

(2)

Unexplained Arousal

125

(1)

Systems Involved in Peak Performance

125

(2)

Trait Arousal (Anxiety)

127

(4)

The Biological Component

127

(2)

The Learned Social Component

129

(1)

The Cognitive Component

130

(1)

High Trait Arousal and Performance

131

(1)

Summary

131

(1)

State Arousal: Sensory Overload

132

(3)

Sources of Arousal

132

(1)

The Biological Component

133

(1)

The Learned Component

133

(1)

The Cognitive Component

134

(1)

Dealing with Sensory Overload at the Cognitive Level

134

(1)

Sensory Overload and Performance

134

(1)

Summary

135

(1)

State Arousal: Cognitive Dissonance

135

(1)

The Biological Component

135

(1)

The Learned Component

136

(1)

The Cognitive Component

136

(1)

Cognitive Dissonance and Performance

136

(1)

Summary

136

(1)

State Arousal: Evaluation Arousal

137

(1)

Test Anxiety

137

(1)

Test Anxiety and Performance

138

(1)

Summary

138

(5)

Competition Arousal

138

(5)

Evolutionary Considerations

143

(1)

Coping with Evaluation Arousal

143

(1)

Summary

143

(2)

State Arousal and Performance: Some Concluding Comments

143

(2)

Main Points

145

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

145

(1)

Wakefulness, Alertness, Sleep, and Dreams

146

(29)

Origins of Sleep: Evolutionary Considerations

147

(1)

Wakefulness, Sleep, and EEG Activity

148

(8)

Correlates of Sleep and Wakefulness

148

(1)

Hobson's Model of Sleep and Dreams

149

(1)

Origins of REM and NREM

150

(1)

Why We Fall Asleep and Why We Wake Up

150

(1)

Practical Application 6-1 Adjusting to Jet Lag

151

(1)

Individual Differences in Sleep Cycles

151

(1)

Other Sleep Rhythms

151

(1)

Effects of Sleep Loss

152

(2)

Practical Application 6-2 Shift Work, Sleepiness, and Catnaps

154

(2)

Some Paradoxical Effects of Sleep Deprivation

156

(1)

Summary

156

(1)

The Function of REM Sleep

157

(6)

Paralysis During REM

157

(1)

REM Deprivation in Humans

157

(1)

The REM Rebound Effect

157

(1)

REM Deprivation in Animals

158

(1)

Motivational Theories of REM

158

(1)

Neural Organization Theories of REM

158

(3)

Individual Differences in the Need for REM Sleep

161

(2)

Summary

163

(1)

Dreaming

163

(7)

Hobson's Activation/Synthesis Theory

163

(2)

The Meaning of Dreams

165

(2)

Status of Theories

167

(1)

Practical Application 6-3 How to Become a Lucid Dreamer

168

(1)

Hartmann's Theory of Sleep

169

(1)

Summary

170

(1)

Sleep Disorders

170

(3)

Insomnia

170

(2)

Practical Application 6-4 Some Common Reasons for Insomnia

172

(1)

Sleep Apnea

172

(1)

Summary

173

(1)

Main Points

173

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

174

(1)

Drug Use and Drug Addiction

175

(32)

Evolutionary Considerations

176

(1)

Some Basic Terms and Concepts

176

(4)

Drug Addiction: The World Health Organization Definition

176

(1)

Substance Abuse

177

(1)

Psychoactive Drugs

177

(1)

Dependency

178

(1)

Tolerance

178

(1)

Solomon's Opponent Process Model of Tolerance

178

(1)

Withdrawal

179

(1)

Craving

179

(1)

Summary

180

(1)

Why People Become Addicted

181

(1)

Approach and Avoidant Motivation

181

(1)

A Motivational Model

181

(1)

Practical Application 7-1 Factors That Influence Drug Use

182

(1)

The Initial Motivation to Use Drugs

182

(4)

The Biological Component

182

(3)

The Learned Component

185

(1)

The Cognitive Component

185

(1)

Summary

186

(1)

Why Drugs Are Addictive

186

(1)

Heroin and Morphine

187

(4)

The Biological Component

187

(1)

The Learned Component

188

(2)

The Cognitive Component

190

(1)

Summary

191

(1)

Stimulants: Cocaine and Amphetamines

191

(2)

The Biological Component

191

(1)

The Learned Component

192

(1)

The Cognitive Component

193

(1)

Summary

193

(1)

The Hallucinogenics: Cannabis and LSD

194

(1)

The Biological Component

194

(1)

The Learned Component

194

(1)

The Cognitive Component

195

(1)

Summary

195

(1)

Nicotine

196

(1)

The Biological Component

196

(1)

The Learned Component

196

(1)

The Cognitive Component

196

(1)

Summary

197

(1)

Alcohol

197

(6)

The Biological Component

197

(2)

The Learned Component

199

(1)

The Cognitive Component

200

(3)

Summary

203

(1)

Practical Application 7-2 How People Quit Addictions

204

(1)

Main Points

204

(2)

InfoTrac® College Edition

206

(1)

Aggression, Coercive Action, and Anger

207

(29)

Kinds of Aggression

208

(1)

The Traditional Definition of Aggression

209

(1)

Research on Aggression

209

(1)

Early Laboratory Research

209

(1)

Aggression in the Real World

210

(1)

New Concepts Regarding Aggression

210

(1)

The Need to Control

210

(1)

A Working Definition of Aggression

211

(1)

Anger and Aggression

211

(1)

Summary

211

(1)

Measuring Human Aggression

212

(1)

The Biological Component of Aggression

212

(4)

Genetic Processes

212

(1)

Hormones and Aggression

212

(2)

Neuromechanisms

214

(2)

Summary

216

(1)

The Learned Component of Aggression

216

(4)

The Concept of Frustration

216

(2)

Social Learning Theory

218

(2)

Summary

220

(1)

The Cognitive Component of Aggression

220

(5)

A Model of Coercive Action

220

(4)

Interpersonal Violence

224

(1)

Summary

225

(1)

Youth Violence

225

(3)

The Biological Component

226

(1)

The Learned Component

226

(2)

The Cognitive Component

228

(1)

Summary

228

(1)

Aggression and Crime

228

(6)

An Integrated Theory of Crime

229

(2)

Aggression and Self-Esteem

231

(1)

Practical Application 8-1 Learning to Manage Anger

232

(2)

Self-Regulation and Crime

234

(1)

Summary

234

(1)

Main Points

235

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

235

(1)

Part Three Emotions and Motivation

Emotions, Stress, and Health

236

(34)

Emotions and Motivation

237

(2)

The Definition of Emotions

238

(1)

The Universal Nature of Emotions

238

(1)

The Role of Appraisal in Emotions

239

(1)

Summary

239

(1)

What Is Stress?

240

(1)

The Definition of Stress

240

(1)

Stress as a Sustained Fight-or-Flight Response

240

(1)

The Biological Component of Stress

241

(5)

The Sympathetic/Adrenal and Pituitary/Adrenal Responses

241

(3)

Stress and the Immune System

244

(2)

Summary

246

(1)

The Learned Component of Stress

246

(5)

Unpredictability and Stress

247

(2)

Learning How to Respond to Stress

249

(1)

Social Factors and Stress: The Workplace Example

249

(2)

Summary

251

(1)

The Cognitive Component of Stress

251

(2)

Problem-Focused and Emotion-Focused Coping

252

(1)

Situational Factors and Personal Control

252

(1)

Summary

253

(1)

Moderators of Stress

253

(8)

The Biological Component

253

(1)

Practical Application 9-1 Pet Ownership and Health

254

(1)

The Learned Component

255

(3)

Practical Application 9-2 Becoming a Constructive Thinker

258

(2)

The Cognitive Component

260

(1)

Summary

261

(2)

Practical Application 9-3 Some Rules for Dealing with Stress

262

(1)

Stress and Health

263

(1)

The Cancer Model

264

(4)

The Biological Component

265

(1)

The Learned Component

265

(1)

The Cognitive Component

266

(2)

Religion, Spirituality, and Health

268

(1)

Summary

268

(1)

Main Points

268

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

269

(1)

Goal-Incongruent (Negative) Emotions

270

(33)

Fear and Anxiety

271

(9)

The Biological Component

272

(1)

Anti-Anxiety Drugs

272

(2)

The Learned Component

274

(3)

The Cognitive Component

277

(3)

Summary

280

(1)

Pessimism and Depression

280

(14)

Modern Individualism and the Rise of Depression

281

(1)

The Biological Component of Depression

282

(3)

The Learned Component of Depression

285

(3)

Practical Application 10-1 How to Ward Off Depression

288

(1)

The Cognitive Component of Depression

288

(4)

Practical Application 10-2 Cognitive Therapy and Depression: Learning the Art of Constructive Thinking

292

(2)

Summary

294

(1)

Guilt and Shame

295

(4)

The Biological Component

296

(1)

The Learned Component

297

(1)

The Cognitive Component

298

(1)

Negative Emotions and Goal-Directed Behavior

299

(1)

Summary

299

(4)

Practical Application 10-3 Managing Excessive Guilt and Shame

300

(1)

Main Points

301

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

302

(1)

Goal-Congruent (Positive) Emotions

303

(29)

Happiness

304

(7)

Three Myths About the Origins of Happiness

304

(1)

The Biological Component

305

(2)

The Learned and Cognitive Components

307

(1)

Practical Application 11-1 Improving Human Happiness

308

(2)

Why Did Humans Evolve a Large Prefrontal Cortex in the First Place?

310

(1)

Happiness and Coping

311

(2)

The Biological Component

312

(1)

The Learned/Cognitive Component

312

(1)

Summary

313

(1)

The Question of Uncertainty and Coping

313

(5)

Happiness from Confronting Fear and Uncertainty: Developing a Bias for Action

313

(1)

The Biological Component

314

(1)

The Learned/Cognitive Component

314

(1)

Self-Efficacy Theory and the Dual Route to Anxiety Control

315

(3)

Summary

318

(1)

Optimism and Hope

318

(5)

The Biological Component

319

(1)

The Learned/Cognitive Component

320

(1)

Optimism and Health

321

(2)

Summary

323

(1)

The Role of Early Experience: The Question of Attachment

323

(7)

Practical Application 11-2 How to Become an Optimist: The ABCDE Method

324

(2)

The Biological Component

326

(2)

The Learned/Cognitive Component

328

(2)

Summary

330

(1)

Main Points

331

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

331

(1)

Part Four Growth Motivation and Self-Regulation

From Curiosity to Creativity

332

(27)

Curiosity and Exploratory Behavior

333

(9)

Novelty, Curiosity, and Exploratory Behavior

333

(2)

Competence and Exploratory Behavior

335

(1)

What Is the Motivation to Explore?

335

(1)

The Concept of Challenge and Growth

336

(1)

Anxiety and Exploratory Behavior

337

(1)

The Biological Component

338

(1)

The Learned/Cognitive Component

339

(1)

Intrinsic Motivation

340

(1)

Self-Determination Theory

340

(2)

Summary

342

(1)

Sensation Seeking

342

(5)

The Biological Component

343

(1)

The Learned/Cognitive Component

343

(1)

Practical Application 12-1 Are You a High or a Low Sensation Seeker?

344

(3)

Summary

347

(1)

Creativity

347

(9)

The Biological Component

348

(1)

The Learned/Cognitive Component

349

(3)

The Process of Creativity

352

(4)

Practical Application 12-2 Motivating Creativity by Asking ``What If?''

356

(1)

Summary

356

(2)

Main Points

358

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

358

(1)

The Need for Control and Competence

359

(24)

The Need for Predictability and Control

360

(3)

Control and Health

361

(1)

The Biological Component

361

(1)

The Learned Component

362

(1)

The Cognitive Component

362

(1)

Summary

363

(1)

Competence and Achievement Motivation

363

(7)

Achievement Motivation

364

(1)

The Concept of Competence

364

(1)

The Biological Component

365

(1)

The Learned Component

365

(1)

The Cognitive Component

366

(3)

Practical Application 13-1 Determining Your Achievement Orientation

369

(1)

Summary

370

(1)

Self-Regulation of Competence Development

371

(10)

Some Self-Regulatory Processes That Highly Competent People Use

371

(1)

The Basic Elements of Self-Regulation

372

(1)

Theory and Principles of Goal Setting

373

(4)

A Cyclical Model of Self-Regulation

377

(4)

Summary

381

(1)

Main Points

382

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

382

(1)

The Self-Concept and Self-Esteem

383

(25)

The Biological Component

384

(1)

The Evolution of Consciousness

384

(1)

The Learned and Cognitive Components

385

(11)

Two Aspects of the Self

385

(1)

Possible Selves

386

(2)

Implicit Theories

388

(1)

Practical Application 14-1 How to Create Possible Selves

389

(6)

The Relationship Between World Theories and Self Theories

395

(1)

Growth Goals and Personality Development

395

(1)

Summary

396

(1)

Self-Esteem and the Self-Conscious Emotions

396

(10)

The Definition of Self-Esteem

397

(2)

Distinguishing Between Self-Esteem and Self-Worth

399

(1)

The Motivation for Developing the Self-System and Self-Esteem

399

(1)

Fear of Death: Terror Management Theory

400

(1)

The Question of Biology Versus Learning

401

(1)

Three Major Sources of Self-Esteem Feelings

401

(1)

Gender Differences

402

(1)

The Benefits of High Self-Esteem

402

(4)

Summary

406

(1)

Main Points

407

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

407

(1)

References

408

(37)

Author Index

445

(8)

Subject Index

453

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Human Motivation (with InfoTrac 1-Semester Printed Access Card)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials