Human Physiology

Human Physiology is an integrated solution to the challenges students encounter when enrolled in a Human Physiology course. Incorporating digital and print content, this program supports students’ understanding of core physiological concepts while building the critical thinking skills that will prepare them for success in their future careers.

Critical thinking exercises help students apply their knowledge of physiology by asking them to address real-life situations and guiding them through the logical progression of thought processes needed to answer them. Making connections through Primary Literature helps students make connections to real-world applications. 3-D Physiology is a state-of-the-art animation series on the most difficult physiological concepts for you to teach and your students to learn. PowerPhys 3.0 is physiological simulation software authored by teaching lab faculty. The activities focus on core physiological concepts and reinforce techniques experienced in the lab.

1 An Introduction to Physiology 1

1.1 Physiology Defi ned 2

1.2 Levels of Organization in the Body 2

1.3 Life Processes 5

1.4 Homeostasis 5

1.5 Physiology as a Science 11

1.6 Key Themes of Physiology 14

2 Chemical Composition of the Body 19

2.1 How Matter Is Organized 20

2.2 Chemical Bonds 23

2.3 Chemical Reactions 28

2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions 28

2.5 Organic Compounds 33

3 Cells 56

3.1 Components of a Cell 57

3.2 The Plasma Membrane 58

3.3 Cytoplasm 60

3.4 Nucleus 68

3.5 Gene Expression 70

3.6 Cell Division 74

3.7 Cellular Diversity 78

3.8 Organization of Cells into Tissues 79

4 Metabolism 95

4.1 An Overview of Metabolism 96

4.2 Energy and Metabolism 96

4.3 Enzymes 98

4.4 Role of ATP in Metabolism 103

4.5 Carbohydrate Metabolism 109

4.6 Lipid Metabolism 117

4.7 Protein Metabolism 118

4.8 Nutrition and Metabolism 120

5 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 128

5.1 Selective Permeability of the Plasma Membrane 129

5.2 Gradients Across the Plasma Membrane 130

5.3 Classifi cation of Membrane Transport Processes as Passive or Active 131

5.4 Passive Transport 132

5.5 Active Transport 140

5.6 Vesicular Transport 145

5.7 Transepithelial Transport 148

6 Cell Signaling 156

6.1 Methods of Cell-to-Cell

6.2 Extracellular Chemical Messengers 158

6.3 Receptors 162

6.4 Signal Transduction Pathways 166

6.5 Comparison of the Nervous and Endocrine Systems 182

7 The Nervous System and Neuronal Excitability 187

7.1 Overview of the Nervous System 188

7.2 Cells of the Nervous System 190

7.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 196

7.4 Signal Transmission at Synapses 218

7.5 Neurotransmitters 226

7.6 Neural Circuits 231

8 The Central Nervous System 238

8.1 Spinal Cord 239

8.2 Brain 244

8.3 Integrative Functions of the Cerebrum 260

9 Sensory Systems 275

9.1 Overview of Sensation 276

9.2 The Somatic Sensory System 286

9.3 The Olfactory System 298

9.4 The Gustatory System 301

9.5 The Visual System 304

9.6 The Auditory and Vestibular Systems 322

10 Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems 341

10.1 Autonomic Nervous System 342

10.2 Somatic Nervous System 356

11 Muscle 364

11.1 Overview of Muscle 365

11.2 Organization of Skeletal Muscle 367

11.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 375

11.4 ATP Production in Skeletal Muscle 383

11.5 Skeletal Muscle Mechanics 385

11.6 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 392

11.7 Cardiac Muscle 394

11.8 Smooth Muscle 396

11.9 Regeneration of Muscle 402

12 Control of Body Movement 411

12.1 Overview of Motor Control 412

12.2 Local Level of Motor Control 413

12.3 Control of Movement by the Cerebral Cortex 419

12.4 Control of Movement by the Brain Stem 422

12.5 The Basal Nuclei and Motor Control 424

12.6 Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum 426

13 The Endocrine System 432

13.1 Overview of the Endocrine System 433

13.2 Pituitary Gland 440

13.3 Thyroid Gland 452

13.4 Parathyroid Glands 455

13.5 Adrenal Glands 457

13.6 Pineal Gland 461

13.7 Pancreas 463

13.8 Ovaries and Testes 469

13.9 Other Endocrine Organs and Tissues 469

13.10 Endocrine Control of Growth 472

13.11 The Stress Response 475

14 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 484

14.1 Basic Design of the Cardiovascular System 485

14.2 Organization of the Heart 488

14.3 Cardiac Muscle Tissue and the Cardiac Conduction System 495

14.4 The Cardiac Cycle 506

14.5 Cardiac Output 508

14.6 Exercise and the Heart 517

15 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics 524

15.1 Overview of the Vasculature 525

15.2 Capillary Exchange and Lymphatics 531

15.3 Hemodynamics 536

15.4 Control of Blood Flow 546

15.5 Regulation of Mean Arterial Pressure 552

15.6 Shock and Homeostasis 556

16 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood 565

16.1 Overview of Blood 566

16.2 Erythrocytes 570

16.3 Leukocytes 576

16.4 Platelets 577

16.5 Hemostasis 577

16.6 Blood Groups and Blood Types 584

17 The Immune System 593

17.1 Components of the Immune System 594

17.2 Innate Immunity 596

17.3 Adaptive Immunity 602

18 The Respiratory System 625

18.1 Overview of the Respiratory System 626

18.2 Ventilation 632

18.3 Lung Volumes and Capacities 640

18.4 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 643

18.5 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 646

18.6 Control of Ventilation 653

18.7 Exercise and the Respiratory System 657

19 The Urinary System 664

19.1 Overview of Kidney Functions 665

19.2 Organization of the Kidneys 665

19.3 Overview of Renal Physiology 668

19.4 Glomerular Filtration 669

19.5 Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion 675

19.6 Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine 684

19.7 Evaluation of Kidney Function 688

19.8 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination 693

19.9 Waste Management in Other Body Systems 695

20 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Homeostasis 702

20.1 Fluid Compartments and

20.2 Electrolytes in Body Fluids 708

20.3 Acid–Base Balance 710

21 The Digestive System 721

21.1 Overview of the Digestive System 722

21.2 Mouth 727

21.3 Pharynx and Esophagus 729

21.4 Stomach 732

21.5 Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder 736

21.6 Small Intestine 740

21.7 Large Intestine 750

21.8 Phases of Digestion 753

21.9 Transport of Lipids by Lipoproteins 755

22 Metabolic Adaptations, Energy Balance, and Temperature Regulation 764

22.1 Metabolic Adaptations 765

22.2 Energy Balance 769

22.3 Regulation of Body Temperature 773

23 The Reproductive Systems 781

23.1 Reproductive Cell Division 782

23.2 Male Reproductive System 784

23.3 Female Reproductive System 794

23.4 The Human Sexual Response 804

23.5 Sex Determination and Sex Differentiation 804

23.6 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 809

23.7 Pregnancy and Labor 809

23.8 Contraception and Abortion 820

23.9 Infertility 822

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