Hungarian

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ISBN: 9780415021395 | 0415021391
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/24/1997

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Hungarian is a unique language, completely unrelated to the languages of its neighboring countries. Its grammar is full of complex features and a vocabulary deriving largely from Asia.Hungarian, the first comprehensive descriptive grammar of the language available in English, covers the morphology, syntax and basic lexicon of Hungarian. A much needed resource for specialists in Hungarian, this volume addresses current issues in language description and applies up-to-date research techniques to the language.

Symbols and abbreviations

xxvii

(3)

Orthographic and phonemic correspondences

xxx

(2)

INTRODUCTION

xxxii

CHAPTER 1. SYNTAX

(190)

1.1. General questions

(57)

1.1.1. Sentence-types

(26)

1.1.1.1. Direct and quoted speech

(18)

1.1.1.2. Interrogative sentences

(19)

1.1.1.2.1. Yes-no questions

(4)

1.1.1.2.1.1. Neutral

(1)

1.1.1.2.1.2. Leading

(1)

1.1.1.2.1.3. Alternative

(1)

1.1.1.2.2. Question-word questions

(6)

1.1.1.2.2.1. Elements questioned

(5)

1.1.1.2.2.1.1. Constituents of the main clause

(1)

1.1.1.2.2.1.2. Constituents of the subordinate clause

(1)

1.1.1.2.2.1.3. Constituents of the noun phrase

(1)

1.1.1.2.2.1.4. Constituents of the postpositional phrase

(1)

1.1.1.2.2.1.5. Constituents of coordinate structures

(1)

1.1.1.2.2.1.6. Multiple question-words

(1)

1.1.1.2.2.2. The position of question-words

(1)

1.1.1.2.3. Echo-questions

(4)

1.1.1.2.3.1. Yes-no echo-questions

(1)

1.1.1.2.3.2. Question-word echo-questions

(1)

1.1.1.2.3.3. Yes-no question echo-questions

(1)

1.1.1.2.3.4. Question-word question echo-questions

(1)

1.1.1.2.3.5. Restrictions on echo-questions

(1)

1.1.1.2.3.6. Multiple echo-questions

(1)

1.1.1.2.3.7. The behavior of different questioned elements

(1)

1.1.1.2.4. Answers

(5)

1.1.1.2.4.1. Answers and speech acts

(4)

1.1.1.2.4.1.1. Answers to yes-no questions

(2)

1.1.1.2.4.1.2. Answers to question-word questions

(2)

1.1.1.2.4.1.3. Answers to echo-questions

(1)

1.1.1.2.4.2. Minimal answers to yes-no questions

(1)

1.1.1.3. Imperative sentences

(4)

1.1.1.3.1. The form of the imperative

(3)

1.1.1.3.1.1. The uses of the imperative

(1)

1.1.1.3.1.2. Degrees of the imperative

(1)

1.1.1.3.2.1. Negative imperatives

(1)

1.1.1.3.2.2. Degrees of negative imperative

(1)

1.1.1.3.3. Further devices of expressing imperative

(1)

1.1.1.3.4. Focus in imperative sentences

(1)

1.1.1.4. Other sentence-types

(3)

1.1.1.4.1. Desideratives

(1)

1.1.1.4.2. Exclamations

(2)

1.1.1.5. Indirect speech acts

(1)

1.1.2. Subordination

(31)

1.1.2.1. The marking of subordination

(1)

1.1.2.2. Noun clauses

(9)

1.1.2.2.1. The marking and positions of noun clauses

(1)

1.1.2.2.2. Types of noun clauses

(1)

1.1.2.2.3. Indirect statements

(1)

1.1.2.2.4. Indirect questions

(1)

1.1.2.2.5. Indirect commands

(1)

1.1.2.2.6. Infinitival clauses

(4)

1.1.2.2.6.1-7. Properties of infinitival clauses

(2)

1.1.2.2.6.8. Clause union

(1)

1.1.2.3. Adjective clauses (relative clauses)

(10)

1.1.2.3.1. The marking of relative clauses

(1)

1.1.2.3.2. Restrictive and nonrestrictive

(2)

1.1.2.3.3. The position of the head noun

(1)

1.1.2.3.4.-5. Relative pronouns

(1)

1.1.2.3.6. Headless relative clauses

(1)

1.1.2.3.7. Elements relativized

(2)

1.1.2.3.8. Movement of phrases containing a relative pronoun

(1)

1.1.2.3.9. Nonfinite relative clauses

(2)

1.1.2.3.9.1. Active (present) participles

(1)

1.1.2.3.9.2. Passive (past) participles

(1)

1.1.2.4. Adverbial clauses

(9)

1.1.2.4.1. The marking and positions of adverbial clauses

(1)

1.1.2.4.2. Types of adverbial clauses

(7)

1.1.2.4.2.1. Time adverbial clauses

(2)

1.1.2.4.2.2. Manner adverbial clauses

(1)

1.1.2.4.2.3. Clauses of purpose

(1)

1.1.2.4.2.4. Clauses of cause

(1)

1.1.2.4.2.5. Conditional clauses

(1)

1.1.2.4.2.6. Result clauses

(1)

1.1.2.4.2.7. Degree clauses

(1)

1.1.2.4.2.8. Concessive clauses

(1)

1.1.2.4.2.9. Place adverb clauses

(1)

1.1.2.4.3. Nonfinite adverbial clauses

(1)

1.1.2.4.3.1. Nonfinite clauses of time

(1)

1.1.2.4.3.2. Nonfinite clauses of manner

(1)

1.1.2.4.3.3. Nonfinite clauses of purpose

(1)

1.1.2.5. Sequence of tenses

(2)

1.2. Structural questions

(44)

1.2.1. Internal structure of the sentence

(20)

1.2.1.1. Copular sentences

(8)

1.2.1.1.1-2. Copular sentences with nominal and adjectival complement

(3)

1.2.1.1.3. Copular sentences with adverbial complement

(1)

1.2.1.1.4-5. Copular sentences without overt copula

(1)

1.2.1.1.6. Types of copula

(3)

1.2.1.1.6.1. The suppletive forms of the copula

(1)

1.2.1.1.6.2. Existential sentences

(1)

1.2.1.1.6.3. Possessional sentences with copula

(1)

1.2.1.1.6.4. Another possible copula

(1)

1.2.1.2. Verbal sentences

(8)

1.2.1.2.1. Verbal sentences without subjects

(2)

1.2.1.2.2. Transitive and intransitive verbs

(2)

1.2.1.2.3. Indirect objects

(1)

1.2.1.2.4. Other arguments

(2)

1.2.1.2.5. Combinations of arguments

(1)

1.2.1.2.6. Order of constituents

(1)

1.2.1.3. Adverbials

(4)

1.2.1.3.1. Types of adverbials

(2)

1.2.1.3.1.1. Adverbs

(1)

1.2.1.3.1.2. Postpositional phrases

(1)

1.2.1.3.1.3. Cases

(1)

1.2.1.3.1.4. Adverbial clauses

(1)

1.2.1.3.2. Positions of adverbials

(2)

1.2.1.3.3. Obligatory adverbials

(1)

1.2.2. Adjective phrases

(6)

1.2.2.1. Operational definition

(2)

1.2.2.2. Arguments in adjective phrases

(2)

1.2.2.2.1. Adjectives in subjectless sentences

(1)

1.2.2.2.2-4 Arguments of adjectives

(1)

1.2.2.3. Modification of adjectives

(2)

1.2.3. Adverbial phrases

(2)

1.2.3.1. Operational definition

(1)

1.2.3.2-4. Modification of adverbials

(2)

1.2.4. Postpositional phrases

(6)

1.2.4.1. Operational definition

(2)

1.2.4.2-3. Arguments and modification of postpositional phrases

(1)

1.2.4.4. Cases governed by postpositions

(3)

1.2.5. Noun phrases

(10)

1.2.5.1. Operational definition

(1)

1.2.5.2. Modification

(9)

1.2.5.2.1. Modification by adjective

(2)

1.2.5.2.2. Relative clause

(1)

1.2.5.2.3. Possessive adjectives

(1)

1.2.5.2.4. Articles

(1)

1.2.5.2.5. Demonstratives

(1)

1.2.5.2.6. Numerals and quantifiers

(1)

1.2.5.2.7. Adverbials

(1)

1.2.5.2.8. Emphatic words

(1)

1.2.5.2.9. Comparative, superlative, and equative structures

(1)

1.2.5.2.10. Noun complement clauses

100

(1)

1.2.5.3-5. Order of modifiers

101

(1)

1.3. Coordination

102

(10)

1.3.1. Types of coordination

102

(7)

1.3.1.1. Coordinating devices

102

(2)

1.3.1.1.1. And-coordination

102

(1)

1.3.1.1.2. But-coordination

103

(1)

1.3.1.1.3. Or-coordination

103

(1)

1.3.1.1.4. Other coordinators

104

(1)

1.3.1.2. Number of coordinators

104

(1)

1.3.1.3-5. Coordination of constituents

105

(4)

1.3.2. Omission of constituents

109

(3)

1.4. Negation

112

(8)

1.4.1. Sentence negation

112

(2)

1.4.2. Constituent negation

114

(1)

1.4.3. Negative concord and multiple negation

115

(2)

1.4.4. Negative in coordination

117

(1)

1.4.5. Negative raising

118

(2)

1.5. Anaphora

120

(8)

1.5.1. Means for expressing anaphora

120

(4)

1.5.1.1-2. Deletion

120

(1)

1.5.1.3. Personal pronouns

120

(1)

1.5.1.4. Reflexive pronouns

121

(1)

1.5.1.5. Demonstrative anaphoric pronouns

122

(1)

1.5.1.6. Other means

123

(1)

1.5.2. Domains of anaphora

124

(4)

1.5.2.1. Within the clause

124

(1)

1.5.2.2. Between coordinate clauses

124

(1)

1.5.2.3. Between superordinate and subordinate clauses

125

(2)

1.5.2.4. Between different subordinate clauses

127

(1)

1.5.2.5. Between different sentences

128

(1)

1.6. Reflexives

128

(13)

1.6.1. Means of expressing reflexivity

128

(1)

1.6.1.1. Reflexive pronouns

128

(1)

1.6.1.2. Verbal affix

129

(1)

1.6.2. The scope of reflexivity

129

(1)

1.6.3. Antecedents and functions of the reflexive affix

129

(1)

1.6.4. Syntactic positions of the reflexive pronoun

130

(1)

1.6.5. Antecedent-reflexive relations

130

(9)

1.6.5.1. Subject - direct object

130

(1)

1.6.5.2. Subject - modifier of direct object

130

(1)

1.6.5.3-5. Subject - indirect object

131

(1)

1.6.5.4-6. Subject - modifier of indirect object

131

(1)

1.6.5.7-8. Subject - (modifier of) copular complement

132

(1)

1.6.5.9-10. Subject - (modifier of) subject-complement

132

(1)

1.6.5.11-12. Subject - (modifier of) object-complement

132

(1)

1.6.5.13-14. Subject - (modifier of) object of adjective

132

(1)

1.6.5.17. Subject -- case-marked and adpositional phrase

133

(1)

1.6.5.18. Subject -- modifier of case-marked and adpositional phrase

133

(1)

1.6.5.19-25. Modifier of subject -- other constituents

133

(1)

1.6.5.26. Modifier of subject -- copular complement

134

(1)

1.6.5.37. Direct object -- subject

134

(1)

1.6.5.38. Direct object -- modifier of subject

134

(1)

1.6.5.39. Direct object -- indirect object

135

(1)

1.6.5.49. Direct object -- object of adjective

135

(1)

1.6.5.55-72. Modifier of direct object -- other constituents

135

(1)

1.6.5.73-74. Indirect object -- (modifier of) subject

135

(1)

1.6.5.75-76. Indirect object -- (modifier of) direct object

136

(1)

1.6.5.77-78. Indirect object -- (modifier of) case-marked or adpositional NP

136

(1)

1.6.5.89-104. Modifier of indirect object -- other constituents

137

(1)

1.6.5.173. Case-marked or adpositional phrase -- subject

137

(1)

1.6.5.175. Case-marked or adpositional phrase -- object

137

(1)

1.6.5.177. Case-marked or adpositional phrase -- indirect object

137

(1)

1.6.5.191. Case-marked or adpositional phrase -- case-marked or adpositional phrase

138

(1)

1.6.5.193-212. Modifier of case-marked or adpositional phrase -- other constituents

138

(1)

1.6.6. Reflexives in nominalized clauses

139

(1)

1.6.7. Reflexives in ordinary NPs

139

(1)

1.6.8. Reflexive pronouns without overt antecedents

140

(1)

1.6.9. Other uses of reflexives

140

(1)

1.7. Reciprocity

141

(10)

1.7.1. Means of expressing reciprocity

141

(1)

1.7.2. The scope of reciprocity

141

(1)

1.7.4. The syntactic positions of the reciprocal

142

(1)

1.7.5. Antecedent-reciprocal relations

142

(8)

1.7.5.1. Subject -- direct object

142

(1)

1.7.5.2. Subject -- modifier of direct object

142

(1)

1.7.5.3. and 1.7.5. Subject -- indirect object

142

(1)

1.7.5.4. and 1.7.5. Subject -- modifier of indirect object

143

(1)

1.7.5.7-8. Subject -- (modifier of) copular complement

143

(1)

1.7.5.9-10. Subject -- (modifier of) subject complement

143

(1)

1.7.5.11-12. Subject -- (modifier of) object complement

144

(1)

1.7.5.13-14. Subject -- (modifier of) object of adjective

144

(1)

1.7.5.17. Subject -- case-marked and adpositional phrase

144

(1)

1.7.5.18. Subject -- modifier of case-marked and adpositional phrase

145

(1)

1.7.5.19-36. Modifier of subject -- other constituents

145

(1)

1.7.5.37. Direct object -- subject

145

(1)

1.7.5.38. Direct object -- modifier of subject

145

(1)

1.7.5.39-40. Direct object -- (modifier of) indirect object

146

(1)

1.7.5.49. Direct object -- object of adjective

146

(1)

1.7.5.55-72. Modifier of direct object -- other constituents

146

(1)

1.7.5.73. Indirect object -- subject

147

(1)

1.7.5.74. Indirect object -- modifier of subject

147

(1)

1.7.5.75-76. Indirect object -- (modifier of) direct object

147

(1)

1.7.5.77-78. Indirect object -- (modifier of) case-marked or adpositional NP

147

(1)

1.7.5.89-104. Modifier of indirect object -- other constituents

148

(1)

1.7.5.173-175. Case-marked or adpositional phrase - subject/object

148

(1)

1.7.5.177. Case-marked or adpositional phrase -- indirect object

148

(1)

1.7.5.191. Case-marked or adpositional phrase -- case-marked or adpositional phrase

149

(1)

1.7.5.193-212. Modifier of case-marked or adpositional phrase -- other constituents

149

(1)

1.7.6. Reciprocals in nominalized clauses

150

(1)

1.7.7. Reciprocals in ordinary NPs

150

(1)

1.7.8. Reciprocals without overt antecedents

150

(1)

1.8. Comparison

151

(4)

1.8.1. Means of expressing comparison

151

(3)

1.8.1.1. Clausal comparative

151

(2)

1.8.1.2. Case-marked comparative

153

(1)

1.8.2-5. Ellipsis in comparative constructions

153

(1)

1.8.6. Correlative comparison

154

(1)

1.9. Equatives

155

(1)

1.9.1. Means of expressing equation

155

(1)

1.9.2. Ellipsis in equatives

155

(1)

1.9.3. Expression of identity

156

(1)

1.10. Possession

156

(5)

1.10.1. Sentences expressing possession

156

(3)

1.10.2-5. Restrictions in possessional sentences

159

(2)

1.11. Emphasis

161

(11)

1.11.1. Sentence emphasis

161

(2)

1.11.1.1. Noncontradictory emphasis

161

(1)

1.11.1.2. Contradictory emphasis

162

(1)

1.11.2. Constituent emphasis

163

(9)

1.11.2.1. Noncontrastive emphasis

163

(1)

1.11.2.2. Contrastive emphasis

163

(9)

1.11.2.2.1. Elements emphasized

165

(6)

1.11.2.2.1.1. Noun phrase

165

(1)

1.11.2.2.1.2. Adjective

165

(1)

1.11.2.2.1.3. Verb

165

(2)

1.11.2.2.1.4. Adverbial

167

(1)

1.11.2.2.2.1. Constituents of the main clause

168

(1)

1.11.2.2.2.2. Constituents of the subordinate clause

168

(2)

1.11.2.2.2.3. Noun phrase

170

(1)

1.11.2.2.2.4. Coordinate construction

171

(1)

1.11.2.2.2.5. Multiple emphasis

171

(1)

1.11.2.2.3. Properties of movement

171

(1)

1.12. Topic

172

(10)

1.12.1. Means to indicate the topic

172

(2)

1.12.1.1. Movement to topic position

172

(1)

1.12.1.2. Left-dislocation

173

(1)

1.12.2. Elements topicalized

174

(7)

1.12.2.1.1. Noun phrase

174

(1)

1.12.2.1.2. Adjective

174

(1)

1.12.2.1.3. Verb

175

(1)

1.12.2.1.4. Adverbial

176

(4)

1.12.2.2.2.1. Constituents of the main clause

176

(1)

1.12.2.2.2. Constituents of the subordinate clause

177

(2)

1.12.2.2.3. Constituents of noun phrases

179

(1)

1.12.2.2.4. Constituents of coordinate construction

179

(1)

1.12.2.2.5. More than one constituent

180

(1)

1.12.2.3. Properties of movement

180

(1)

1.12.3. The optionality / obligatoriness of topicalization

181

(1)

1.13. Heavy Shift

182

(2)

1.13.1. Elements affected by Heavy Shift

182

(1)

1.13.2. Structures subject to Heavy Shift

182

(1)

1.13.2.1. Finite subordinate clauses

182

(1)

1.13.2.2. Adverbials in NPs

183

(1)

1.13.3. The target position of Heavy Shift

183

(1)

1.13.4. More than one phrase moved

183

(1)

1.13.5. Heavy Shift with elements next to complementizers

184

(1)

1.14. Other movement processes

184

(2)

1.14.1. Scrambling

184

(1)

1.14.2. Short verb and verbal prefix movement

185

(1)

1.14.3. Focus left-dislocation

186

(1)

1.15. Minor sentence types

186

(1)

1.16. Operational definitions for wordclasses

187

(4)

1.16.1. Noun

187

(1)

1.16.2. Pronoun

188

(1)

1.16.2.1. Personal pronouns

188

(1)

1.16.2.2. Reflexive pronouns

188

(1)

1.16.2.3. Demonstrative pronouns

188

(1)

1.16.2.4. Possessive pronouns

189

(1)

1.16.2.5. Relative pronouns

189

(1)

1.16.3. Verb

189

(1)

1.16.4. Adjective

189

(1)

1.16.5. Postposition

189

(1)

1.16.6. Numeral and quantifier

190

(1)

CHAPTER 2. MORPHOLOGY

191

(191)

2.1. Inflection

191

(160)

2.1.1. Noun inflection

191

(69)

2.1.1.1. Means of expressing the functions of noun phrases

191

(4)

2.1.1.1.1. Bound affixes

191

(2)

2.1.1.1.4. Postpositions

193

(1)

2.1.1.1.8. Combination of different ways

193

(2)

2.1.1.2. Marking syntactic functions

195

(9)

2.1.1.2.1. Subject of intransitive verb

195

(1)

2.1.1.2.2. Subject of transitive verb

195

(1)

2.1.1.2.3. Subject of copular construction

195

(2)

2.1.1.2.4. Direct object

197

(1)

2.1.1.2.5. Indirect object

197

(1)

2.1.1.2.6. Object of comparison

198

(1)

2.1.1.2.7. Object of equation

198

(1)

2.1.1.2.8. Other objects governed by verbs

198

(3)

2.1.1.2.9. Complement of copular construction

201

(1)

2.1.1.2.9.1-3. Copular constructions involving `be'

201

(1)

2.1.1.2.9.4. Other copular verbs

201

(1)

2.1.1.2.10. Subject-complement

201

(1)

2.1.1.2.11. Object-complement

202

(1)

2.1.1.2.12. Object governed by adjectives

203

(1)

2.1.1.2.13. Agent in passive/impersonal constructions

203

(1)

2.1.1.2.14. Topic

204

(1)

2.1.1.3. Expressing functions with nonfinite and nominalized verbs

204

(4)

2.1.1.3.1. Absolute construction

204

(1)

2.1.1.3.2. Infinitive

204

(2)

2.1.1.3.4. Nominalization

206

(2)

2.1.1.4. Expressing nonlocal semantic functions

208

(27)

2.1.1.4.1. Benefactive

208

(1)

2.1.1.4.2. Source

209

(1)

2.1.1.4.3. Instrumental

210

(2)

2.1.1.4.4. Comitative

212

(1)

2.1.1.4.5. Circumstance

213

(1)

2.1.1.4.6. Possessive

214

(2)

2.1.1.4.7. Possessed

216

(2)

2.1.1.4.8. Quality

218

(1)

2.1.1.4.9. Quantity

219

(1)

2.1.1.4.10. Material

220

(3)

2.1.1.4.11. Manner

220

(3)

2.1.1.4.12. Cause

223

(1)

2.1.1.4.13. Purpose

224

(2)

2.1.1.4.14. Function

226

(1)

2.1.1.4.15. Reference

226

(1)

2.1.1.4.16. Essive

227

(1)

2.1.1.4.17. Translative

228

(1)

2.1.1.4.18. Part-whole

228

(1)

2.1.1.4.19. Partitive

229

(2)

2.1.1.4.19.1. Partitive numeral

229

(1)

2.1.1.4.19.2. Nonpartitive numeral

229

(1)

2.1.1.4.19.3. Partitive quantifier

229

(1)

2.1.1.4.19.4. Nonpartitive quantifier

230

(1)

2.1.1.4.19.5. Partitive negative quantifier

230

(1)

2.1.1.4.19.6. Nonpartitive negative quantifier

231

(1)

2.1.1.4.20. Price

231

(1)

2.1.1.4.21. Value

231

(1)

2.1.1.4.22. Distance

232

(1)

2.1.1.4.23. Extent

233

(1)

2.1.1.4.24. Concessive

234

(1)

2.1.1.4.25. Inclusion

234

(1)

2.1.1.4.26. Exclusion

234

(1)

2.1.1.4.27. Addition

234

(1)

2.1.1.4.28. Vocative

235

(1)

2.1.1.4.29-30. Citation and label forms

235

(1)

2.1.1.5. Local semantic functions

235

(12)

2.1.1.5.1. General location

237

(1)

2.1.1.5.2. Proximate location

238

(1)

2.1.1.5.3. Interior location

239

(3)

2.1.1.5.4. Exterior location

242

(1)

2.1.1.5.5. Anterior location

242

(1)

2.1.1.5.6. Posterior location

243

(1)

2.1.1.5.7. Superior location

243

(1)

2.1.1.5.8. Superior-contact and surface location

244

(1)

2.1.1.5.9. Inferior location

244

(1)

2.1.1.5.11. Lateral location

245

(1)

2.1.1.5.13. Citerior location

245

(1)

2.1.1.5.15. Ulterior location

245

(1)

2.1.1.5.17. Medial location

245

(1)

2.1.1.5.19. Circumferential location

246

(1)

2.1.1.5.20. Citerior-anterior location

246

(1)

2.1.1.6. Location in time

247

(7)

2.1.1.6.1. General

247

(3)

2.1.1.6.1.1. Time of day

247

(1)

2.1.1.6.1.2. Period of day

248

(1)

2.1.1.6.1.3. Day of the week

248

(1)

2.1.1.6.1.4. Month of the year

249

(1)

2.1.1.6.1.5. Year

250

(1)

2.1.1.6.1.6. Festivals

250

(1)

2.1.1.6.1.7. Seasons

250

(1)

2.1.1.6.2. Frequentative

250

(1)

2.1.1.6.3. Punctual-future

251

(1)

2.1.1.6.4. Punctual-past

251

(1)

2.1.1.6.5. Duration

251

(1)

2.1.1.6.6-7. Anterior-duration

252

(1)

2.1.1.6.8. Posterior-duration-past

252

(1)

2.1.1.6.9. Posterior-duration-future

253

(1)

2.1.1.6.10. Anterior-general

253

(1)

2.1.1.6.12. Point in period-past

253

(1)

2.1.1.6.13. Point in period-future

254

(1)

2.1.1.7. Double case-marking

254

(1)

2.1.1.8. Number marking

254

(2)

2.1.1.8.1. Number marking in nouns

254

(1)

2.1.1.8.1.1. Singular-plural

254

(1)

2.1.1.8.2. Obligatoriness of number marking

255

(1)

2.1.1.8.5. Collective nouns

255

(1)

2.1.1.8.6. Means of number marking

255

(1)

2.1.1.8.7. Number marking of foreign words

256

(1)

2.1.1.9. Noun classes

256

(1)

2.1.1.10. Definiteness in noun phrases

256

(2)

2.1.1.11. Indefiniteness in noun phrases

258

(1)

2.1.1.12. Referential and nonreferential indefiniteness

259

(1)

2.1.1.13. Genericness in noun phrases

259

(1)

2.1.1.15. Unique identification

260

(1)

2.1.2. Pronouns

260

(22)

2.1.2.1. Personal pronouns

260

(11)

2.1.2.1.1. Free pronouns

260

(5)

2.1.2.1.1.3. Occurence of free pronouns

261

(4)

2.1.2.1.1.3.1. Noncontrastive nonemphatic contexts

261

(2)

2.1.2.1.1.3.2. Emphatic and contrastive contexts

263

(1)

2.1.2.1.1.3.3. Unemphatic contexts with imperative verbs

263

(1)

2.1.2.1.1.3.4. Emphatic and contrastive contexts with imperative verbs

263

(1)

2.1.2.1.1.3.5. Answer to `Who is that?' question-type

264

(1)

2.1.2.1.1.3.6. Cleft and pseudo-cleft constructions

264

(1)

2.1.2.1.1.4. Suprasegmental characteristics of free pronouns

265

(1)

2.1.2.1.2-3. Person distinctions in pronouns

265

(1)

2.1.2.1.4. Number marking in pronouns

265

(1)

2.1.2.1.12. Status distinction

266

(2)

2.1.2.1.13.2. Nonspecific indefinite pronouns

268

(1)

2.1.2.1.13.3. Nouns in nonspecific indefinite usage

268

(1)

2.1.2.1.14. Specific indefinite pronouns

268

(1)

2.1.2.1.15. Emphatic pronouns

269

(1)

2.1.2.1.17. Pronoun-noun constructions with the same reference

269

(1)

2.1.2.1.18. Coordination with first plural pronoun

269

(1)

2.1.2.1.20. Case system in pronouns

270

(1)

2.1.2.1.20.5. Irregular forms of cases

270

(1)

2.1.2.2. Reflexive pronouns

271

(1)

2.1.2.2.4. Case-marking of reflexive pronouns

271

(1)

2.1.2.2.7. Other uses of reflexive pronouns

272

(1)

2.1.2.3. Reciprocal pronoun

272

(1)

2.1.2.4. Possessive pronouns

273

(2)

2.1.2.4.4. Case-marking in predicative possessive pronouns

274

(1)

2.1.2.4.7. Reflexive possessive pronouns

274

(1)

2.1.2.4.8. Reciprocal possessive pronouns

274

(1)

2.1.2.5. Demonstrative pronouns

275

(3)

2.1.2.5.1. Parameters involved in the demonstrative pronouns

276

(1)

2.1.2.5.1.1. Relative distance from speaker

276

(1)

2.1.2.5.1.25. Other parameters

276

(1)

2.1.2.5.1.25.1. Constrastive emphasis

276

(1)

2.1.2.5.1.25.2. Identity

276

(1)

2.1.2.5.4. Number marking in demonstrative pronouns

277

(1)

2.1.2.5.6. Case-marking in demonstrative pronouns

277

(1)

2.1.2.6. Interrogative pronouns and other question-words

278

(3)

2.1.2.6.1. Interrogative pronouns

278

(3)

2.1.2.6.1.1. General interrogative pronouns

278

(1)

2.1.2.6.1.2. Selective interrogative pronouns

279

(1)

2.1.2.6.1.3. Other interrogative pronouns

280

(1)

2.1.2.6.2. Other question phrases

281

(1)

2.1.2.7. Relative pronouns

281

(1)

2.1.3. Verb morphology

282

(48)

2.1.3.1. Voice

282

(7)

2.1.3.1.1. Passive

282

(2)

2.1.3.1.1.1. Direct object of the active as subject of passive

283

(1)

2.1.3.1.1.3. Subject of active as subject of passive

283

(1)

2.1.3.1.2. Means of decreasing valency

284

(2)

2.1.3.1.2.1. Nonagentive verbs

284

(1)

2.1.3.1.2.2. Verbs not specifying direct object

285

(1)

2.1.3.1.2.3. Reciprocal intransitive verbs

286

(1)

2.1.3.1.3. Means of increasing valency

286

(2)

2.1.3.1.3.1.1. Intransitives made causative

287

(1)

2.1.3.1.3.1.2. Transitives made causative

287

(1)

2.1.3.1.3.1.3. Ditransitives made causative

288

(1)

2.1.3.1.4. Reflexive and reciprocal verbs

288

(1)

2.1.3.2. Tense

289

(10)

2.1.3.2.1. Tenses distinguished formally

289

(9)

2.1.3.2.1.2. Present

289

(5)

2.1.3.2.1.3. Past

294

(3)

2.1.3.2.1.3.1. Subdivision of past

296

(1)

2.1.3.2.1.4. Future

297

(1)

2.1.3.2.3. Absoluteness and relativeness of the tenses

298

(1)

2.1.3.3. Aspects

299

(9)

2.1.3.3.2. Aspect distinctions as different ways of viewing the duration of a situation

299

(9)

2.1.3.3.2.1. Formal marking of aspect

299

(9)

2.1.3.3.2.1.1. Perfective aspect

299

(2)

2.1.3.3.2.1.2. Imperfective aspect

301

(1)

2.1.3.3.2.1.3. Habitual aspect

301

(1)

2.1.3.3.2.1.5. Progressive aspect

302

(1)

2.1.3.3.2.1.6. Ingressive aspect

303

(1)

2.1.3.3.2.1.8. Interative aspect

303

(2)

2.1.3.3.2.1.9. Semelfactive aspect

305

(1)

2.1.3.3.2.1.10. Punctual aspect

305

(1)

2.1.3.3.2.1.11. Durative aspect

306

(1)

2.1.3.3.2.1.12. Simultaneous aspect

306

(1)

2.1.3.3.2.1.13. Existential aspect

306

(1)

2.1.3.3.2.1.14. Telicity

307

(1)

2.1.3.3.2.2.2. Restrictions on combination of aspect with other verbal features

307

(1)

2.1.3.3.2.2.2.1. Aspect and voice

308

(1)

2.1.3.3.2.2.2.2. Aspect and tense

308

(1)

2.1.3.3.2.2.2.3. Aspect and mood

308

(1)

2.1.3.3.2.2.2.4. Aspect and finiteness

308

(1)

2.1.3.4. Mood

308

(9)

2.1.3.4.1. Indicative

308

(1)

2.1.3.4.2. Conditional

309

(1)

2.1.3.4.3. Imperative

310

(2)

2.1.3.4.4. Optative

312

(1)

2.1.3.4.5. Intentional

313

(1)

2.1.3.4.6. Debitive

313

(1)

2.1.3.4.7. Potential

314

(2)

2.1.3.4.8. Degree of certainty

316

(1)

2.1.3.4.11. Minority

317

(1)

2.1.3.4.14. Contingent

317

(1)

2.1.3.5. Finite and nonfinite forms

317

(4)

2.1.3.5.1. Finite and nonfinite forms versus voices

321

(1)

2.1.3.5.2. Finite and nonfinite forms versus tenses

321

(1)

2.1.3.5.3. Finite and nonfinite forms versus aspects

321

(1)

2.1.3.5.4. Finite and nonfinite forms versus moods

321

(1)

2.1.3.6. Person- and number-marking

321

(9)

2.1.3.6.1.1. Subject

327

(1)

2.1.3.6.1.2. Direct object

327

(1)

2.1.3.6.2. Agreement

327

(1)

2.1.3.6.7. Identity/nonidentity of subjects in successive clauses

328

(1)

2.1.3.6.8. Reflexive verb-forms

328

(1)

2.1.3.6.12. Incorporation

328

(2)

2.1.4. Adjectives

330

(6)

2.1.4.3. Agreement in predictive and attributive adjectives

331

(1)

2.1.4.4. Comparison of adjectives

331

(4)

2.1.4.4.1. Equality

331

(1)

2.1.4.4.2. Comparative

332

(2)

2.1.4.4.3. Superlative

334

(1)

2.1.4.4.4. Emphatic superlative

335

(1)

2.1.4.5. Degrees of quality

335

(1)

2.1.4.5.1. Large measure

335

(1)

2.1.4.5.2. Superabundance

335

(1)

2.1.4.5.3. Small measure

336

(1)

2.1.4.5.4. Verbs with predicative adjectives

336

(1)

2.1.5. Postpositions

336

(5)

2.1.6. Numerals and quantifiers

341

(7)

2.1.6.1. Cardinal numerals

341

(2)

2.1.6.2. Cardinal numerals as attributes

343

(1)

2.1.6.4. Ordinal numerals

343

(1)

2.1.6.5. Other derivatives of numerals

344

(2)

2.1.6.6. Quantifiers

346

(2)

2.1.6.6.1. Quantifier compounds

347

(1)

2.1.7. Adverbs

348

(2)

2.1.7.1. Kinds of comparison

348

(2)

2.1.7.1.1. Equality

348

(1)

2.1.7.1.2. Comparative

349

(1)

2.1.7.1.3. Superlative

349

(1)

2.1.7.1.4. Emphatic superlative

349

(1)

2.1.7.2. Degrees of quality

350

(1)

2.1.7.2.1. Large measure

350

(1)

2.1.7.2.2. Superabundance

350

(1)

2.1.7.2.3. Small measure

350

(1)

2.1.8. Clitics

350

(1)

2.2. Derivational morphology

351

(31)

2.2.1. Derived nouns

351

(6)

2.2.1.1. Nouns from nouns

351

(3)

2.2.1.1.1. -s

351

(1)

2.2.1.1.2. -sag/seg

351

(1)

2.2.1.1.3. -asz/esz

351

(1)

2.2.1.1.4. -at/et

351

(2)

2.2.1.1.5. Diminutive derivational affixes

353

(1)

2.2.1.1.6. -ek

353

(1)

2.2.1.1.7. -ne

354

(1)

2.2.1.1.8. -ista

354

(1)

2.2.1.2. Nouns from verbs

354

(2)

2.2.1.2.1. -as/es

354

(1)

2.2.1.2.2. -o/o

355

(1)

2.2.1.2.3. -at/et

356

(1)

2.2.1.2.4. -many/meny

356

(1)

2.2.1.3. Nouns from adjectives

356

(1)

2.2.1.4. Nouns from adverbs

356

(1)

2.2.1.5. Nouns from numerals

356

(1)

2.2.2. Derived verbs

357

(5)

2.2.2.1. Verbs from nouns

357

(2)

2.2.2.1.1. -z

357

(1)

2.2.2.1.2. -l

357

(1)

2.2.2.1.3. -sit

358

(1)

2.2.2.1.4. -(s)kodik/(s)kodik

358

(1)

2.2.2.1.5. -(iz)al

358

(1)

2.2.2.2. Verbs from verbs

359

(2)

2.2.2.2.1. Possibility/permission

359

(1)

2.2.2.2.2. Causative

359

(1)

2.2.2.2.3. Frequentative

360

(1)

2.2.2.2.4. Reflexive

360

(1)

2.2.2.2.5. Passive

361

(1)

2.2.2.3. Verbs from adjectives

361

(1)

2.2.2.3.1. -it

361

(1)

2.2.2.3.2. -odik/edik/odik

361

(1)

2.2.2.3.4. -kodik/kedik/kodik

362

(1)

2.2.2.3.5. -ul/ul

362

(1)

2.2.3. Derived adjectives

362

(8)

2.2.3.1. Adjectives from nouns

362

(3)

2.2.3.1.1. -s

362

(1)

2.2.3.1.2. -(j)u/u

363

(1)

2.2.3.1.3. -i

364

(1)

2.2.3.1.4. -t(a)lan/t(e)len (privative)

365

(1)

2.2.3.1.5. -nyi

365

(1)

2.2.3.1.6. -szeru and -szeru-tlen

365

(1)

2.2.3.2. Adjectives from verbs

365

(2)

2.2.3.2.1. -hato/heto

366

(1)

2.2.3.2.2. -hatatlan/hetetlen

366

(1)

2.2.3.2.3. -atlan/etlen

366

(1)

2.2.3.2.4. -os/os

367

(1)

2.2.3.2.5. -ando/endo

367

(1)

2.2.3.3. Adjectives from adjectives

367

(2)

2.2.3.3.1. -s

367

(1)

2.2.3.3.2. -tlan/tlen (privative)

367

(1)

2.2.3.3.3. Negated adjectives

368

(1)

2.2.3.4. Adjectives from adverbs

369

(1)

2.2.3.4.1. -i

369

(1)

2.2.3.4.2. -beli

369

(1)

2.2.3.4.3. -s

370

(1)

2.2.3.5. Adjectives from numerals

370

(1)

2.2.3.5.1. -s

370

(1)

2.2.3.5.2. -szor/szer/szor-i; -szor-os/szer-es/szor-os

370

(1)

2.2.4. Derived adverbs

370

(2)

2.2.4.1. Adverbs from nouns

370

(1)

2.2.4.2. Adverbs from verbs

371

(1)

2.2.4.3. Adverbs from adjectives

371

(1)

2.2.4.3.1. -an/en

371

(1)

2.2.4.3.2. -ul/ul

372

(1)

2.2.4.3.3. -lag/leg

372

(1)

2.2.6. Complex and derived postpositions

372

(10)

2.2.6.1-2. The formation of complex and derived postpositions

372

(2)

2.2.6.1-2.1. Postpositional formations

373

(1)

2.2.6.1-2.2. Nominal formations

373

(1)

2.2.6.1-2.3. Verbal formations

374

(1)

2.2.6.1-2.4. Adjectival formations

374

(1)

2.2.6.3. Compound morphology

374

(8)

2.2.6.3.1. Compound mouns

375

(2)

2.2.6.3.1.1. Noun + noun

375

(1)

2.2.6.3.1.2. Verb + noun

376

(1)

2.2.6.3.1.3. Adjective + noun

376

(1)

2.2.6.3.1.4. Adverb + noun

377

(1)

2.2.6.3.2. Compound verb

377

(2)

2.2.6.3.2.1. Noun + verb

377

(1)

2.2.6.3.2.2. Verb + verb

378

(1)

2.2.6.3.2.4. Adverb + verb

378

(1)

2.2.6.3.3. Compound adjectives

379

(1)

2.2.6.3.3.1. Noun + adjective

379

(1)

2.2.6.3.3.3. Adjective + adjective

380

(1)

2.2.6.3.4. Compound adverbs

380

(1)

2.2.6.3.4.1. Noun + adverb

380

(1)

2.2.6.3.5. Other possibilities

381

(1)

2.2.6.3.6. Multiple compounding

381

(1)

CHAPTER 3. PHONOLOGY

382

(72)

3.1. Phonological units (segmental)

382

(4)

3.1.1. Distinctive segments

382

(4)

3.1.2.1. Nonsyllabics

382

(2)

3.1.2.1.1. Plosives and affricates

382

(1)

3.1.2.1.2. Fricatives

383

(1)

3.1.2.1.3. Nasals

383

(1)

3.1.2.1.4. Liquids

384

(1)

3.1.2.1.5. Glides

384

(1)

3.1.2.2. Syllabics

384

(1)

3.1.2.2.1. Vowels

384

(1)

3.1.2.2.2. Consonants

385

(1)

3.1.2.3. Loanwords

385

(1)

3.1.2.4. Wordclass restrictions

385

(1)

3.2. Phonotactics

386

(39)

3.2.1.1. Wordfinal consonants

386

(1)

3.2.1.2. Wordinitial consonants

386

(1)

3.2.2.2. Consonant clusters

386

(9)

3.2.2.2.1. Wordinitial consonant clusters

386

(2)

3.2.2.2.1.1. CC-initial clusters

386

(2)

3.2.2.2.1.2. CCC-initial clusters

388

(1)

3.2.2.2.2. Wordfinal consonant clusters

388

(7)

3.2.2.2.2.1. CC-final clusters

388

(6)

3.2.2.2.2.2. CCC-final clusters

394

(1)

3.2.2.3. Wordmedial consonant clusters

395

(14)

3.2.2.3.1. CC-medial clusters

395

(13)

3.2.2.3.2. CCC-medial clusters

408

(1)

3.2.2.3.3. CCCC-medial clusters

408

(1)

3.2.2.3.4. CCCCC-medial clusters

409

(1)

3.2.3.1. Wordfinal vowels

409

(1)

3.2.3.1.1. Restrictions on wordfinal vowels

409

(1)

3.2.3.2. Wordinitial vowels

410

(1)

3.2.3.3. Sequences of vowels

410

(3)

3.2.3.3.1. Restrictions on sequences of vowels

412

(1)

3.2.4. Lexical structure vs. wordstructure

413

(12)

3.2.5.1. Medial syllabification

413

(3)

3.2.5.1.1. VCV syllabification

414

(1)

3.2.5.1.2. VCCV syllabification

414

(1)

3.2.5.1.3. VCCC(C)(C)V syllabification

415

(1)

3.2.5.2 Canonical syllables

416

(2)

3.2.6.1. Onset-nucleus restrictions

418

(1)

3.2.6.2. Nucleus-coda restrictions

419

(1)

3.2.6.3. Onset-coda and onset-onset restrictions

419

(1)

3.2.6.4. Nucleus-nucleus restrictions: Vowel harmony

419

(5)

3.2.6.4.1. Backness harmony

420

(3)

3.2.6.4.1.1. Front vowel roots

420

(1)

3.2.6.4.1.2. Back vowel roots

420

(1)

3.2.6.4.1.3. Mixed vowel roots

420

(1)

3.2.6.4.1.4. Neutral vowel roots

421

(1)

3.2.6.4.1.5. Disharmonic roots

421

(1)

3.2.6.4.1.6. Suffix harmony

422

(1)

3.2.6.4.2. Roundness harmony

423

(1)

3.2.6.6. Other restrictions

424

(1)

3.2.6.7. Wordclass restrictions

425

(1)

3.3. Suprasegmentals

425

(1)

3.3.1. Length

425

(11)

3.3.1.1. Vowels

426

(1)

3.3.1.3. Glides

426

(1)

3.3.1.4. Liquids

426

(1)

3.3.1.5. Nasals

426

(1)

3.3.1.6. Fricatives

427

(1)

3.3.1.7. Stops and affricates

427

(1)

3.3.2.1. Stress

428

(1)

3.3.2.2. Phonetic correlates of stress

428

(1)

3.3.2.3. Levels of stress

428

(2)

3.3.2.4. Position of stress

430

(1)

3.3.4.1. Major intonation patterns

431

(3)

3.3.4.1.1. Steady patterns

431

(1)

3.3.4.1.2. Falling-Initial Breaking Patterns

432

(1)

3.3.4.1.3. Falling-Final Breaking Patterns

433

(1)

3.3.4.2. Intonation peak

434

(1)

3.3.4.3. Emphasis

434

(1)

3.3.4.4. Contrast

435

(1)

3.3.4.5. Minor variations

435

(1)

3.4. Morphophonology (segmental)

436

(17)

3.4.1.1. Assimilation

436

(10)

3.4.1.1.1. /v/-assimilation

437

(1)

3.4.1.1.2. /z/-assimilation

438

(1)

3.4.1.1.3. /l/-assimilation

438

(1)

3.4.1.1.4. /n/-assimilation

438

(1)

3.4.1.1.5. /t/-palatalization

439

(1)

3.4.1.1.6. /j/-assimilation

440

(1)

3.4.1.1.6.1. Sibilant + /j/-assimilation

440

(1)

3.4.1.1.6.2. Palatal + /j/-assimilation

440

(1)

3.4.1.1.7. Palatalization

440

(1)

3.4.1.1.8. Voicing assimilation

441

(1)

3.4.1.1.9. Affrication

442

(2)

3.4.1.1.10. Sibilant assimilation

444

(2)

3.4.1.3. Other segmental alternations

446

(3)

3.4.1.3.1. Length alternations

446

(3)

3.4.1.3.1.1. Compensatory lengthening

446

(1)

3.4.1.3.1.2. Low vowel lengthening

447

(1)

3.4.1.3.1.3. Root final syllable shortening

447

(1)

3.4.1.3.1.4. Root internal syllable shortening

448

(1)

3.4.1.3.1.5. Degemination

448

(1)

3.4.1.3.2. Lowering

449

(1)

3.4.2. Metathesis

449

(1)

3.4.3. Coalescence and split

449

(4)

3.4.4.1. Deletion

450

(1)

3.4.4.1.1. /t/-deletion

450

(1)

3.4.4.1.2. /h/-deletion

450

(1)

3.4.4.1.3. Suffix vowel deletion

451

(1)

3.4.4.1.4. Root vowel deletion

451

(1)

3.4.4.2. Insertion

451

(2)

3.4.4.2.1. Stem epenthesis

451

(1)

3.4.4.2.2. Suffix epenthesis

452

(1)

3.4.4.2.3. /j/-epenthesis

453

(1)

3.5. Morphophonology (suprasegmental)

453

(1)

3.5.1.1. Stress

453

(1)

CHAPTER 4. IDEOPHONES AND INTERJECTIONS

454

(2)

4.1. Ideophones

454

(1)

4.1.1. Reduplicative ideophones

454

(1)

4.1.2. Nonreduplicative ideophones

455

(1)

4.2. Interjections

455

(1)

CHAPTER 5. LEXICON

456

(12)

5.1. Structured semantic fields

456

(6)

5.1.1. Kinship terminology

456

(2)

5.1.1.1. By blood

456

(1)

5.1.1.2. By half-blood/affiliation

457

(1)

5.1.1.3. By marriage

457

(1)

5.1.1.4. By adoption

457

(1)

5.1.1.5. Ceremonial relationships

458

(1)

5.1.1.5.1. Marriage

458

(1)

5.1.1.5.2. Baptism

458

(1)

5.1.2. Color terminology

458

(1)

5.1.3. Body parts/functions/conditions

459

(3)

5.1.4. Cooking terminology

462

(1)

5.2. Basic vocabulary

462

(6)

REFERENCES

468

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Hungarian

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials