Hunger An Unnatural History

Hunger is both a natural and an unnatural human condition. Sharman Apt Russell explores the range of this primal experience

Sharman Apt Russell is the author of several books, including Hunger and Songs of the Fluteplayer, which won the Mountains and Plains Booksellers Award. She has written for publications including Discover and Nature Conservancy, and currently contributes to OnEarth, the magazine for the National Resource Defense Council. Russell teaches creative writing at Western New Mexico University and at Antioch University in Los Angeles, California. She lives in Silver City, New Mexico.

1 THE HUNGER ARTISTS

1

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We have always been hungry

hunger artists

the portrait of

the artist as a hungry young man

famine and the gates of grief

calorie restriction and fasting for health

the intimacy of hunger

2 EIGHTEEN HOURS

17

(10)

The process of digestion

signals of satiety

our "second brain"

ghrelin and leptin

the transformation of the world

appetite and aversion

skipping breakfast

3 THIRTY-SIX HOURS

27

(10)

Gender differences and short-term hunger

our savings bank of calories

a shortage of glucose

obesity research

genetic disorders of overeating

obesity and poverty

poverty and hunger

4 SEVEN DAYS

37

(16)

Seventy-two hours without food

the liver

the magic of ketones, the miracle of ketosis

fasting in religion

fasting saints and miracle maids

a renaissance of Christian fasting

my fast

the seven-day fast, matching Heaven with Heaven

5 THIRTY DAYS

53

(20)

Tanner's "starvation comedy"

the first scientific study of a thirty-day fast

a cure for obesity

fasting for health

a therapeutic fasting center

calorie restriction in monkeys and Biospherians hormesis and intermittent fasting

6 THE HUNGER STRIKE

73

(22)

Hunger as theatre

the English suffragettes revive an old tradition

Mahatma Gandhi

ten Irish Republicans

medical ethics in a hunger strike

7 THE HUNGER DISEASE STUDIES

95

(18)

The Warsaw Ghetto

an ambitious research project

results of the hunger disease studies

the first general conference on hunger disease

deportations and liquidation

the fate of the scientists

8 THE MINNESOTA EXPERIMENT

113

(24)

Hungry people and the end of World War II

the use of conscientious objectors in the Minnesota Experiment

the physical and psychological effects of semi-starvation

unexpected problems in refeeding

consequences of the experiment

9 THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF HUNGER

137

(20)

Hunger frustration in the Siriono of Bolivia, Gurage of Ethiopia, and Kalauna of Papua New Guinea

Colin Turnbull and the African Ik, the dissolution of family

three social responses to widespread hunger

cannibalism

the largest recorded famine in history

hunger and child death in the cane workers of Brazil

the medicalization of hunger

10 ANOREXIA NERVOSA

157

(12)

Anorexia mirabilis, anorexia nervosa

the involuntary effects of starvation

similarities and differences between anorectics and the Minnesota Experiment volunteers

anorexia nervosa as adaptation

multiple theories

11 HUNGRY CHILDREN

169

(18)

The Dutch Hunger Winter

starvation and fetal development

marasmus and kwashiorkor

the debate over protein and micronutrients

new ways to refeed malnourished children

children as the icon of famine

how hunger affects cognition and growth

how to help a hungry child

12 PROTOCOLS OF FAMINE

187

(18)

Baidoa, Somalia

new ways to refeed malnourished adults

the will to live

Vonzula, Liberia

famine and disease

Wau, Sudan

triage

home-based care and therapeutic

feeding centers

ready-to-eat therapeutic food

pilot programs

13 AN END TO HUNGER

205

(10)

Social causes of hunger

epiphany

the United Nations Hunger Task Force and the eight Millennium Development Goals

the facts of world hunger

three strategies to end world hunger

14 THE TOP OF THE MOUNTAIN

215

(16)

Hunger and Saint Patrick

legal and moral uses of fasting in early Ireland

a walk up Croagh Patrick

Irish history

An Gorta Mor of 1845-50

ancient troscad and the power of hunger

SELECTED REFERENCES AND NOTES

231

(30)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

261

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Hunger An Unnatural History

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials