IEEE 802 Wireless Systems Protocols, Multi-Hop Mesh / Relaying, Performance and Spectrum Coexistence
, by Walke, Bernhard H.; Mangold, Stefan; Berlemann, Lars- ISBN: 9780470014394 | 0470014393
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 1/2/2007
Dr. Stefan Mangold has worked for ComNets, Aachen, Germany and since 2003 has been with Philips Research, Briarcliff Manor, new York, USA, where he is currently conducting further research in the field of wireless communication networks, radio resource management and regulation. His research interests include social science and game theory, agile “cognitive” radio, spectrum etiquette and ontology engineering.
Preface | p. xviii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Standardization | p. 1 |
Next-generation Systems | p. 3 |
The IEEE 802 Project | p. 4 |
Motivation and Outline | p. 5 |
Wireless Communication - Basics | p. 7 |
Radio Transmission Fundamentals | p. 7 |
Free-space Propagation | p. 8 |
Two-path Propagation Over Flat Terrain | p. 9 |
Attenuation | p. 10 |
Fading | p. 11 |
Shadowing | p. 12 |
Filtering and Transmit Spectrum Masks | p. 13 |
Propagation Models | p. 13 |
One-slope Model | p. 14 |
Hata-Okumura Model | p. 14 |
Walfish-Ikegami Model | p. 15 |
Dual-slope Model | p. 15 |
Berg Model | p. 16 |
Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) | p. 17 |
Noise - An Additional Source of Interference | p. 18 |
Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) | p. 18 |
Interference Range | p. 19 |
Digital Modulation | p. 19 |
Modulation and Coding of Radio Signals | p. 20 |
Duplexing Schemes | p. 22 |
Time Division Duplex | p. 22 |
Frequency Division Duplex | p. 23 |
Multiplexing | p. 23 |
Frequency Division Multiplex | p. 23 |
Time Division Multiplex | p. 24 |
Code Division Multiplex | p. 25 |
Space Division Multiplex | p. 25 |
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex | p. 25 |
Pilot Tones and Preambles | p. 26 |
Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) | p. 27 |
Cyclic Prefix | p. 28 |
Switching in Communication Networks | p. 29 |
Circuit Switching | p. 29 |
Packet Switching | p. 29 |
Channel Coding for Error Correction and Error Detection | p. 30 |
Forward Error Correction | p. 30 |
Automatic Repeat Request Protocols | p. 30 |
Send-and-Wait | p. 31 |
Go-back-N | p. 32 |
Selective-Reject | p. 32 |
Summary | p. 32 |
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request | p. 33 |
Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocols | p. 33 |
ALOHA | p. 34 |
Pure ALOHA | p. 35 |
Slotted ALOHA | p. 36 |
Comparison of Pure and Slotted ALOHA | p. 37 |
Carrier Sense Multiple Access | p. 37 |
CSMA Variants | p. 38 |
CSMA/CD | p. 40 |
CSMA/CA | p. 41 |
Polling | p. 41 |
Summary | p. 41 |
Radio Spectrum Regulation | p. 43 |
Regulation Bodies and Global Institutions | p. 44 |
International Telecommunication Union | p. 44 |
Europe | p. 45 |
Germany | p. 45 |
Japan | p. 46 |
China | p. 46 |
United States | p. 46 |
Licensed and Unlicensed Spectrum | p. 47 |
Licensed Spectrum | p. 47 |
The Problem with Licensing | p. 47 |
Unlicensed Spectrum | p. 48 |
Europe | p. 48 |
United States | p. 49 |
Part 15 Regulation | p. 50 |
Tragedy of the Commons in Spectrum Regulation | p. 50 |
Open Spectrum | p. 51 |
Summary | p. 52 |
Mesh Networks - Basics | p. 53 |
Introduction | p. 54 |
Classification of Wireless Mesh Networks | p. 57 |
General Problem Statement | p. 58 |
Path Selection | p. 58 |
Medium Access Control | p. 59 |
Exploiting the Capacity of the Radio Channel by Spatial Reuse | p. 59 |
Hidden Devices - Potential Interferers | p. 61 |
Exposed Devices - Unused Capacity | p. 62 |
Fairness and Congestion Avoidance | p. 63 |
Routing | p. 65 |
Routing Algorithms | p. 65 |
Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) | p. 66 |
Route Discovery | p. 66 |
Route Maintenance | p. 68 |
Local Repair | p. 68 |
Common Link Layer Behavior (Link Adaptation) | p. 68 |
Link Breakage Prediction | p. 70 |
Actions for Expected Link Break | p. 71 |
Early Route Rearrangement (ERRA) | p. 72 |
Early Route Update (ERU) | p. 73 |
Simulation Results | p. 74 |
Conclusions | p. 75 |
Summary | p. 75 |
IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks | p. 77 |
Scope of 802.11 | p. 77 |
Reference Model, Architecture, Services, Frame Formats | p. 78 |
Reference Model | p. 78 |
Architecture | p. 79 |
Services | p. 80 |
802.11 Frame Formats | p. 80 |
Physical Layer | p. 82 |
Frequency Hopping, Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, and Infrared | p. 83 |
802.11B Complementary Code Keying, CCK | p. 83 |
802.11A/G Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing | p. 83 |
Medium Access Control Protocol | p. 84 |
Distributed Coordination Function | p. 84 |
Listen Before Talk | p. 85 |
Timing and Interframe Spaces | p. 85 |
Collision Avoidance | p. 87 |
Recovery Procedure and Retransmissions | p. 88 |
Post-backoff | p. 88 |
Fragmentation | p. 89 |
Hidden Stations and RTS/CTS | p. 90 |
Synchronization and Cell Search | p. 91 |
Scanning Procedures in WLAN 802.11 | p. 93 |
Passive Scanning | p. 93 |
Active Scanning | p. 93 |
Medium Access Control with Support for Quality-of-Service | p. 94 |
Point Coordination Function | p. 94 |
QoS Support with PCF | p. 95 |
QoS Support Mechanisms of 802.11E | p. 95 |
Improvements of the Legacy 802.11 MAC | p. 96 |
Contention-based Medium Access | p. 97 |
EDCA Parameters Per AC | p. 98 |
Evaluation of Contention-based Medium Access | p. 100 |
Related Work | p. 101 |
EDCA throughput Capacity in an Isolated QBSS with Four Stations | p. 101 |
EDCA throughput with Increasing Number of Stations | p. 101 |
Controlled Medium Access | p. 103 |
QoS Guarantee with HCCA vs. EDCA | p. 103 |
The Superframe | p. 105 |
Block Acknowledgment | p. 105 |
Direct Link Protocol (DLP) | p. 107 |
Radio Spectrum Management | p. 107 |
Measurements in 802.11 | p. 107 |
Information Transfer | p. 107 |
Specific Measurements in 802.11h | p. 108 |
Basic Report | p. 109 |
Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) Report | p. 109 |
Receive Power Indication (RPI) Histogram Report | p. 109 |
Specific Measurements in 802.11K | p. 110 |
Channel Load Report | p. 111 |
Noise Histogram Report | p. 112 |
Beacon Report | p. 112 |
Frame Report | p. 113 |
Hidden Station Report | p. 113 |
Medium Sensing Time Histogram Report | p. 113 |
STA Statistics Report | p. 114 |
LCI Report | p. 114 |
Measurement Pause Request | p. 115 |
History and Selected Sub-standards, i.e., Amendments | p. 115 |
IEEE 802.11 | p. 115 |
IEEE 802.11a | p. 115 |
IEEE 802.11b | p. 115 |
IEEE 802.11c | p. 116 |
IEEE 802.11d | p. 116 |
IEEE 802.11e | p. 116 |
IEEE 802.11f | p. 116 |
IEEE 802.11g | p. 116 |
IEEE 802.11h | p. 117 |
IEEE 802.11i | p. 117 |
IEEE 802.11k | p. 117 |
IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks | p. 119 |
Scope of 802.15 | p. 120 |
Objectives | p. 120 |
Different Subgroups | p. 120 |
802.15.3 - High-speed Wireless Personal Area Networks | p. 121 |
Task Group 3 | p. 122 |
802.15.3 Medium Access Control | p. 122 |
802.15.3 Network Topology | p. 123 |
802.15.3 Medium Access Control | p. 124 |
Contention Access Period (CAP) | p. 124 |
Channel Time Allocation Period (CTAP) | p. 126 |
802.15.3 Data Transmission | p. 126 |
802.15.3 Network Security and Robustness | p. 127 |
802.15.3 Power Management | p. 127 |
802.15.3 Physical Layer | p. 127 |
Task Group 3a | p. 128 |
DS-UWB Proposal | p. 129 |
MB-OFDM Proposal | p. 130 |
Task Group 3b | p. 133 |
Task Group 3c | p. 133 |
WiMedia (Multiband OFDM) Alliance MAC Layer | p. 134 |
Overview | p. 135 |
Next Generation WPAN- WiMedia MAC | p. 135 |
Medium Access | p. 135 |
Prioritized Contention Access | p. 135 |
Distributed Reservation Protocol | p. 136 |
Transmission Opportunities | p. 138 |
Acknowledgement Policies | p. 138 |
Minimum Interframe Space and Frame Aggregation | p. 138 |
Fragmentation and RTS/CTS Handshake | p. 138 |
Beacon Period and Beacon Frames | p. 138 |
Simulative Performance Analysis | p. 140 |
Conclusion | p. 145 |
Next-generation WPAN Technologies | p. 145 |
Market Perspective | p. 145 |
PHY Technology | p. 145 |
MAC Design | p. 145 |
IEEE 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks | |
Scope of 802.16 | p. 147 |
Deployment Concept, Reference Model and Target Frequency Bands | p. 148 |
Deployment Concept | p. 148 |
Reference Model | p. 149 |
Target Frequency Bands | p. 150 |
History and Different Subgroups | p. 151 |
History | p. 151 |
IEEE 802.16-2004 - Base Document | p. 152 |
IEEE 802.16/Conformance | p. 152 |
IEEE 802.16.2 Coexistence | p. 152 |
IEEE 802.16e Mobility | p. 153 |
IEEE 802.16f/g/i Network Management | p. 153 |
IEEE 802.16h License Exempt | p. 153 |
IEEE 802.16j Mobile Multi-hop Relay Study Group | p. 153 |
ETSI BRAN HiperACCESS and HiperMAN | p. 154 |
WiMAX Forum | p. 154 |
Wireless Broadband (WiBro) | p. 154 |
Physical Layer | p. 154 |
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing in 802.16 | p. 155 |
Randomizer | p. 157 |
Forward Error Correction | p. 157 |
Interleaving | p. 157 |
Medium Access Control Layer | p. 157 |
Service-Specific Convergence Sublayer | p. 158 |
Packet Convergence Sublayer | p. 158 |
ATM Convergence Sublayer | p. 159 |
MAC Common Part Sublayer | p. 159 |
Duplex Modes | p. 160 |
Frame Structure | p. 160 |
Frame Control | p. 162 |
Packet Data Unit Format | p. 165 |
Fragmentation and Packing | p. 166 |
Automatic Repeat Request | p. 166 |
Connection Identifier | p. 167 |
Network Entry | p. 168 |
Connection Management | p. 169 |
Bandwidth Requests and Uplink Scheduling Services | p. 171 |
Security Sublayer | p. 173 |
System Profiles | p. 173 |
MAC Profiles | p. 173 |
Physical Layer Profiles | p. 174 |
F Profiles, Duplexing Modes and Power Classes | p. 174 |
Space Division Multiple Access | p. 174 |
PHY Layer Comprising an Antenna Array | p. 175 |
Enhanced PHY Service Access Point | p. 176 |
SDMA Enhanced Medium Access Control Layer | p. 178 |
SDMA Scheduling | p. 179 |
Performance Evaluation of 802.16 | p. 180 |
Multi-user Multi Phy Mode Scenario | p. 180 |
PHY Layer Configuration and PHY Mode Distribution | p. 180 |
MAC Layer Configuration and Performance Metric | p. 182 |
Performance Analysis | p. 182 |
System Performance of the Example Scenario | p. 183 |
Simulative Performance Evaluation | p. 188 |
IEEE 802.16 Simulator | p. 188 |
Simulation Results | p. 189 |
Performance of SDMA Enabled 802.16 Networks | p. 192 |
Scenario and Simulation Environment | p. 192 |
Downlink Cell Throughput | p. 193 |
Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio | p. 194 |
Conclusion | p. 195 |
IEEE 802.11, 802.15 and 802.16 for Mesh Networks | p. 197 |
Approaches to Wireless Mesh Networks in IEEE and Industry | p. 198 |
Differences between Mesh WPAN, WLAN and WMAN | p. 198 |
Mesh WLAN | p. 201 |
802.11s | p. 201 |
Summary | p. 207 |
Mesh WPAN | p. 208 |
Status of Standardization in TG 802.15.5 | p. 208 |
Mesh WMAN | p. 209 |
802.16 Mesh Option | p. 210 |
802.16j | p. 211 |
Extensions to IEEE 802 MAC Protocols - Homogeneous Multi-hop Networks | p. 212 |
IEEE 802.16 Multi-hop Networks | p. 213 |
Multi-hop Operation in the Time and Frequency Domain | p. 213 |
MAC Subframe Embedding | p. 214 |
Hierarchical Beacon with Fixed Slot Allocation | p. 215 |
Time Sharing Wireless Router | p. 216 |
Time Sharing Wireless Router with Spatial Reuse | p. 217 |
IEEE 802.11e Multi-hop Networks | p. 218 |
Collision Avoidance through Channel Reservation | p. 219 |
Collision Avoidance by Channel Reservation with Spatial Reuse | p. 220 |
Performance Evaluation Results | p. 220 |
Scenario Description | p. 220 |
Mean Delay vs. Offered Traffic | p. 222 |
System Capacity vs. Distance between BS/HC and FRS | p. 223 |
Summary | p. 223 |
Extensions to IEEE 802 MAC Protocols for Heterogeneous Multi-hop Networks | p. 224 |
Overview | p. 224 |
Medium Access Control in Heterogeneous Mesh Networks | p. 225 |
802.11 Mesh Network to Serve 802.11 Stations | p. 225 |
802.16 Mesh Network to Serve 802.11 Stations | p. 225 |
New Mesh Network Protocol to Connect 802.16 BSs | p. 225 |
Interworking Control of 802.16 and 802.11 | p. 227 |
Scenario | p. 228 |
Medium Access Control | p. 229 |
BSHC and Legacy 802.11 Stations | p. 232 |
Performance Evaluation Results | p. 233 |
Summary | p. 235 |
Conclusion | p. 235 |
Coexistence in IEEE 802 Networks | p. 237 |
Homogeneous Coexistence - Spectrum Sharing 802.11e Networks | p. 238 |
Coexistence Scenario | p. 238 |
Overview | p. 239 |
Single Stage Game | p. 240 |
Quality-of-Service as Utility | p. 241 |
Utility under Competition | p. 243 |
Behaviors in Single Stage Games | p. 243 |
Cooperation through Predictable Behavior | p. 243 |
Classification of the Opponent's Behavior | p. 243 |
Equilibrium Analysis of Single Stage Game | p. 244 |
Multi Stage Game | p. 245 |
Strategies in Multi Stage Games | p. 246 |
Static Strategies | p. 246 |
Dynamic (Trigger) Strategies Grim and TitForTat | p. 247 |
RANDOM Strategy | p. 248 |
QoS Support in Multi Stage Games of Competing WLANs | p. 248 |
Coexistence Among 802.16 Systems | p. 249 |
Heterogeneous Coexistence - Unlicensed Operation of 802.16 | p. 250 |
Coexistence Scenario | p. 250 |
Protecting the Beginning of 802.16 MAC Frame | p. 252 |
Protecting the 802.16 UL Subframe | p. 253 |
Shifting the Contention Slots | p. 253 |
Summary and Conclusion | p. 253 |
Broadband Cellular Multi-hop Networks | p. 255 |
Definitions | p. 255 |
Rationale | p. 256 |
Related Work | p. 258 |
Relay-based Deployment Concept for Cellular Broadband Networks | p. 259 |
Relaying Use Cases | p. 260 |
Relay to Increase Coverage Range | p. 260 |
Relay to Increase Cell Capacity | p. 261 |
Relay to Cover Locations Heavily Shadowed from Access Point | p. 261 |
Exploiting Spatial Separation of Subcells in REC | p. 263 |
Estimation of Subcell Capacity in a Relay Enhanced Cell | p. 264 |
Multi-hop throughput in Cellular Deployment | p. 264 |
Subcell Capacity served by an FRS | p. 264 |
Capacity of Multi-hop Links under Delay Constraint | p. 266 |
Conclusions | p. 267 |
Mutual Integration and Cooperation of Radio Access Networks | p. 269 |
State-of-the-Art Overview | p. 270 |
ETSI BRAN/3GPP | p. 270 |
IEEE | p. 272 |
IEEE 802.11u: Interworking with External Networks | p. 272 |
802.21 Media Independent Handoff Working Group | p. 273 |
IETF | p. 274 |
ITU-T | p. 274 |
WWRF | p. 275 |
Mobility and Handover | p. 275 |
General Aspects of Mobility | p. 276 |
Handover Aspects | p. 277 |
Definition | p. 278 |
Reasons for Handover | p. 278 |
Types of Handover | p. 279 |
Handover Control | p. 282 |
Layer 2 Handover | p. 283 |
Higher Layer Handover | p. 283 |
Horizontal and Vertical Handover | p. 284 |
Trigger | p. 286 |
Definition and Classification | p. 286 |
Decision Criteria | p. 287 |
Future Mesh Technologies | p. 289 |
Facts on Medium Access Control | p. 289 |
State of the Art in Medium Access Control Protocols - A Taxonomy | p. 291 |
HiperLAN 2 (H/2) | p. 291 |
DECT | p. 292 |
GPRS | p. 292 |
Potentials and Limitations of the State-of-the-art MAC Protocols | p. 292 |
Reservation per Packet | p. 293 |
TDMA in the Short | p. 295 |
TDMA in the Long | p. 296 |
Key Methods for QoS Supporting Medium Access Control Protocols | p. 296 |
Single-hop Links | p. 296 |
Multi-hop Links | p. 297 |
Mesh Networking for 802.11 WLAN | p. 298 |
Mesh Distributed Coordination Function | p. 299 |
TDMA Frame and Energy Signals | p. 299 |
Prioritized Channel Access | p. 300 |
Link Setup and Traffic Channel Reservation | p. 303 |
Transmission and On-demand-TCH Turnaround | p. 303 |
Packet Multiplexing and Multi-hop Operation | p. 304 |
Coexistence | p. 305 |
Performance Evaluation Results | p. 305 |
Simulation Tool | p. 305 |
Simulation Results - QoS Performance in Mesh Networks | p. 306 |
Conclusion | p. 308 |
Cognitive Radio and Spectrum Sharing | p. 311 |
From Software-defined Radio to Cognitive Radio | p. 311 |
Software-defined Radio and Software Radio | p. 311 |
Composite Radio and Reconfigurable Radio | p. 312 |
Cognitive Radio | p. 312 |
Cognitive Radio Networks | p. 314 |
Essential Characteristics | p. 315 |
Spectrum Information Base | p. 316 |
Similar Approaches and Related Work | p. 317 |
Spectrum Sharing and Flexible Spectrum Access | p. 317 |
Spectrum Trading | p. 317 |
Underlay and Overlay Spectrum Sharing | p. 319 |
Opportunistic Spectrum Usage | p. 320 |
IEEE 802.11k | p. 321 |
Vertical and Horizontal Spectrum Sharing | p. 321 |
Coexistence, Coordination and Cooperation | p. 324 |
Coexistence-based Spectrum Sharing | p. 324 |
Dynamic Frequency Selection | p. 325 |
Transmit Power Control | p. 325 |
Ultra-wide Band | p. 325 |
IEEE 802.16.2 | p. 326 |
IEEE 802.16h | p. 326 |
IEEE 802.19 | p. 326 |
Coordination-based Horizontal Spectrum Sharing | p. 326 |
Common Spectrum Coordination Channel | p. 326 |
Dynamic Spectrum Allocation | p. 327 |
Brokerage-based Spectrum Sharing | p. 321 |
Inter-operator Spectrum Sharing | p. 328 |
IEEE 802.11y | p. 328 |
Spectrum Sharing Games | p. 328 |
Coordination-based Vertical Spectrum Sharing | p. 329 |
Common Control Channel | p. 329 |
IEEE 802.22 | p. 330 |
Spectrum Pooling | p. 330 |
Value Orientation | p. 330 |
Spectrum Load Smoothing | p. 330 |
Policies and Etiquette in Spectrum Usage | p. 331 |
Policy Framework | p. 331 |
Spectrum Navigation | p. 332 |
Reasoning-based Spectrum Navigation | p. 332 |
Reasoning | p. 333 |
Knowledge Representation | p. 333 |
Traceability of Decision Making | p. 334 |
Policy-defined Medium Access Control | p. 334 |
Summary and Conclusion | p. 334 |
Conclusions | p. 337 |
Abbreviations | p. 345 |
References | p. 355 |
Index | p. 375 |
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