Immunology A Comprehensive Review

Immunology: A Concise Review offers the essential and basic ideas of immunology as a quick reference for students, practitioners, and veterinary technicians. Although concise, the book is comprehensive and a knowledge of its contents will assure the reader a relatively thorough understanding of what is frequently a difficult subject. The book covers all of the basics of immunology, including chapters on: the origin and function of hemopoietic and lymphopoietic cells; non-specific immunity; antigens; complement; cell receptors and cytokines associated with the immune response; specific immune responses; responses to bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and tumors. More advanced topics include: an examination of all four hypersensitivity reactions; autoimmunity; immune deficiency diseases; organ transplant and rejection; vaccination and immunization; and immunodiagnostic techniques. Additionally, the book offers end of chapter glossaries and a cumulative glossary as well as explanatory black and white illustrations.

Dr. Darla J. Wise, M.S. Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of Biology at Concord College in Athens, WV, and is the Associate Editor of Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science. Dr. Wise’s research interest lies in the area of host-pathogen relationships. She has authored articles in the areas of immune responses, characterization of enzymes associated with host-pathogen relationships, and DNA-based methods of disease diagnosis.

Gordon R. Carter, D.V.M., M.S., D.V.Sc., is a Professor Emeritus of the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology at the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg. Professor Carter has published many scientific papers and is the senior author f more that a dozen textbooks.

Preface

ix

Abbreviations and Greek Letters

xi

Introducing Immunology

3

(10)

Basic Concepts

3

(4)

Milestones in Immunology

7

(3)

Glossary

10

(3)

The Hemopoietic and Lymphopoietic Cells

13

(6)

The Hemopoietic System

13

(2)

The Lymphopoietic System

15

(2)

Lymphoid Organs

17

(1)

The Lymphatic System

17

(1)

Glossary

18

(1)

Natural Immunity and Resistance

19

(6)

Natural or Native Immunity

19

(1)

Physical and Chemical Barriers

19

(1)

Inflammation

20

(1)

Fever

21

(1)

Phagocytosis

22

(1)

Extracellular Killing

23

(1)

Interferons

23

(1)

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

23

(1)

Glossary

24

(1)

The Nature of Antigens

25

(6)

Haptens

26

(1)

B Lymphocytes

27

(2)

T Lymphocytes

29

(1)

Antigen Processing

29

(1)

Glossary

30

(1)

The Complement System

31

(6)

Cascade

31

(1)

Cytolysis

32

(1)

Inflammation

32

(1)

Opsonization and Immune Adherence

33

(1)

The Classical Pathway

33

(2)

The Alternative Pathway

35

(1)

Glossary

36

(1)

T Cell Receptors, Major Histocompatibility Complex, and Cytokines

37

(12)

T Cell Receptors

37

(3)

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

40

(5)

Cytokines

45

(2)

Glossary

47

(2)

The Humoral Immune Response

49

(12)

Structure and Assembly of Antibodies/Immunoglobulins

49

(3)

Isotype/Class Switching

52

(2)

The Clonal Selection Theory of Antibody Production

54

(2)

Antibody Response and Antigen-Antibody Interactions

56

(1)

Primary and Secondary Humoral Immune Responses

57

(2)

Glossary

59

(2)

The Cell-Mediated Immune Response

61

(8)

T Lymphocytes (T Cells)

61

(2)

Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity

63

(3)

The Role of Macrophages

66

(1)

Immunopathology

67

(1)

Glossary

67

(2)

The Immune System in Action

69

(20)

Immunity to Bacteria

69

(3)

Immunity to Viruses

72

(4)

Immunity to Fungi

76

(2)

Immunity to Protozoa and Helminths

78

(3)

Immunity to Tumors

81

(4)

Tumor Immunotherapy

85

(2)

Glossary

87

(2)

Hypersensitivity Reactions Part I: Allergy and Anaphylaxis

89

(12)

Type 1 Immediate or Anaphylactic Hypersensitivity

89

(1)

Allergy and Anaphylaxis

89

(11)

Glossary

100

(1)

Hypersensitivity Reactions Part II: Cytotoxic/Cytologic, Immune Complex, and Delayed-Type

101

(12)

Cytotoxic/Cytolytic Reactions

101

(3)

Immune Complex Disease

104

(4)

Type IV Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity

108

(3)

Glossary

111

(2)

Autoimmunity

113

(6)

Development

113

(1)

Role of Heredity

114

(1)

Environment

115

(1)

Examples of Autoimmune Diseases

116

(2)

Diagnosis

118

(1)

Treatment

118

(1)

Immunodeficiencies

119

(4)

Primary Immunodeficiencies

119

(2)

Secondary Deficiencies

121

(1)

Glossary

122

(1)

Transplantation and Graft Rejection

123

(6)

Rejection

123

(6)

Vaccination and Immunization

129

(8)

Natural and Artificial Immunization

129

(1)

Active Immunization

130

(1)

Vaccines

131

(1)

Current and New Vaccine Development

132

(3)

Passive Immunization

135

(2)

Immunodiagnostic Techniques

137

(14)

Antibody Detection and Measurement

137

(1)

Procedures

138

(11)

Glossary

149

(2)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

151

(12)

General

151

(2)

The Virus and Pathogenesis

153

(4)

Immunology

157

(1)

Vaccination

158

(1)

Diagnosis

159

(1)

Treatment

160

(1)

Immune Restoration

161

(1)

Glossary

161

(2)

Cumulative Glossary

163

(10)

Index

173

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Immunology A Comprehensive Review

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials