The Impacts of Lasting Occupation

Protracted occupation has become a rare phenomenon in the 21st century. One notable exception is Israel's occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, which began over four decades ago, after the Six-Day War in 1967. While many studies have examined the effects of occupation on the occupied society, which bears most of the burdens of occupation, this book directs its attention to the occupiers. The effects of occupation on the occupying society are not always easily observed and are therefore difficult to study. Yet through their analysis, the authors of this volume show how occupation has detrimental effects on the occupiers. The effects of occupation do not stop in the occupied territories, but penetrate deeply into the fabric of the occupying society.

The Impacts of Lasting Occupation examines the effects that Israel's occupation of Palestinian territories has had on Israeli society. The consequences of occupation are evident in all aspects of Israeli life, including its political, social, legal, economic, cultural, and psychological spheres. Occupation has shaped Israel's national identity as a whole, in addition to the day-to-day lives of Israeli citizens. Daniel Bar-Tal and Izhak Schnell have brought together a wide range of academic experts to show how occupation has led to the deterioration of democracy and moral codes, threatened personal security, and limited economic growth in Israel.

Daniel Bar-Tal is Branco Weiss Professor of Research in Child Development and Education in the School of Education at Tel Aviv University. His research in political and social psychology focuses on the socio-psychological foundations of intractable conflicts and peacemaking. Bar-Tal has published twenty books and over two hundred book chapters and articles that have appeared in major social and political psychology journals. He has served as President of the International Society of Political Psychology (ISPP) and received various prizes for his work, including ISPP's Harold Lasswell Award, given for distinguished scientific contributions in the field of political psychology, and ISPP's Nevitt Sanford Award, recognizing the practical application of political psychological principles and the creation of knowledge used by practitioners to make a positive difference in the way in which politics is carried out.

Izhak Schnell is Professor in the Department of Geography and Human Environment at Tel Aviv University. His work focuses on understanding the transitions caused by Arab urbanization, as well as Arab industrial entrepreneurship. Schnell's current research analyzes the structure of social space in a globalized world. He developed novel models to understand socio-spatial lifestyles, segregation, and community in globalizing spaces. He has written eight books, edited eleven books and journal issues, and written over one hundred articles in prestigious journals in geography and science. Schnell has also organized eight major conferences, including the meeting of the International Association of Geographers in 2010.

Introduction
Occupied and Occupiers--The Israeli Case
Daniel Bar-Tal and Izhak Schnell

Part I: Fundamentals of Occupation

Chapter 1
The Law of Belligerent Occupation as a System of Control: Dressing Up Exploitation in Respectable Garb
David Kretzmer

Chapter 2
Is There a Controversy about the Morality of the Occupation and Its Implications?
Marcelo Dascal

Chapter 3
Geographical Ramifications of the Occupation on Israeli Society
Izhak Schnell

Chapter 4
Psychological Legitimization--Views of the Israeli Occupation by Jews in Israel: Data and Implications
Tamir Magal, Neta Oren, Daniel Bar-Tal, and Eran Halperin

Part II: Political Effects of Occupation

Chapter 5
The Occupation and Israeli Democracy
Yaron Ezrahi

Chapter 6
The Occupation and Its Effect on the Israel Defense Forces
Reuven Pedatzur

Chapter 7
Intra-Domestic Bargaining over the Lands and the Future: Israel's Policy toward the 1967 Occupied Territories
Gideon Doron and Maoz Rosenthal

Chapter 8
The Impact of the Occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip on the Political Discourse of the Palestinians in Israel Muhammad Amara and Mohanad Mustafa

Part III: Societal Effects of Occupation

Chapter 9
The Wallkeepers: Monitoring the Israeli-Arab Conflict
Dan Caspi with Danny Rubinstein

Chapter 10
Economic Cost of the Occupation
Shir Hever

Chapter 11
Gendering the Discourse of Occupation: A Sociological Perspective
Hanna Herzog

Chapter 12
The Psychological and Moral Consequences for Israeli Society of the Occupation of Palestinian Land
Charles W. Greenbaum and Yoel Elizur

Part IV: Cultural Effects of Occupation

Chapter 13
Appealing to Enlightened Self-Interest: The Impact of Occupation on Human Rights within Israel
Edward (Edy) Kaufman

Chapter 14
The Occupation as Represented in the Arts in Israel
Dan Urian

Chapter 15
Vocabulary and the Discourse on the 1967 Territories
Nadir Tsur

Conclusion
The Occupied Territories as a Cornerstone in the Reconstruction of Israeli Society
Izhak Schnell and Daniel Bar-Tal