The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Instruction

, by Mastropieri, Margo A.; Scruggs, Thomas E.

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ISBN: 9780134964720 | 0134964721
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/1/1999

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For courses in Inclusion, Mainstreaming or Intro to Special Education. This text has a strong emphasis on inclusive teaching with a wealth of ideas and lessons for K-12 teaching strategies in the content areas. As highly respected researchers, the authors write from a fact-based perspective, which delivers proven strategies that will help both general and special education teachers instruct students with special needs most effectively.

Part I: The Fundamentals

Introduction to Inclusive Teaching

(34)

What Were the Educational Rights for Individuals with Disabilities?

(1)

The Least-Restrictive Environment

(5)

Where Are Students with Disabilities Served?

(1)

Mainstreaming and Inclusion

(2)

Who Is Served Under IDEA?

(2)

Other Instances of Classroom Diversity

(1)

Legal Foundations

(5)

Legal Proceedings and Legislation

(1)

Section 504

(1)

Americans with Disabilities Act

(1)

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

(3)

Models of Service Delivery

(11)

The Continuum of Services

(1)

Where Are Most Students with Disabilities Served?

(1)

What Other Related Services Are Available?

(1)

What Are Consultation Services?

(1)

What Are Resource and Self-Contained Services?

(1)

Regular Education Initiative

(1)

Full-Inclusion Movement

(4)

What Does This Debate mean for Teacher?

(1)

Teacher Attitudes

(3)

Teaching in Inclusive Settings: The PASS Variables for Promoting Effective Inclusive Instruction

(9)

Prioritize Objectives

(1)

Adapt Instruction, Materials, or the Environment

(1)

Systematic Teaching, or the SCREAM Variables

(1)

Systematic Evaluation

(6)

Collaboration: partnerships and Procedures

(34)

Collaboration to Establish Need

(8)

Shared Goals

(1)

Effective Communication

(3)

Collaboration and Communication for Intervention

(2)

The Intervention Process

(2)

Collaboration for Referrals and Placements

(12)

Collaboration as Partnerships

(13)

Partnerships Between Special and Regular Educators

(1)

Designing Adaptations

(1)

Co-Teaching

(2)

Collaboration with Paraprofessionals

(1)

Parents and Families as Partners

(9)

Teaching Students with Higher-Incidence Disabilities

(32)

Communication Disorders

(5)

Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics

(1)

Causes of Communication Disorders

(1)

Issues in Identification and Assessment of Communication Disorders

(1)

Classroom Adaptations for Students with Communication Disorders

(3)

Learning Disabilities

(8)

Prevalence and Definitions of Learning Disabilities

(2)

Causes of Learning Disabilities

(1)

Issues in Identifications and Assessment of Learning Disabilities

(1)

Characteristics of Learning Disabilities

(3)

Classroom Adaptations for Students with Learning Disabilities

(2)

Mental Retardation

(7)

Prevalence and Definitions of Mental Retardation

(1)

Causes of Mental Retardation

(1)

Issues in Identification and Assessment of Mental Retardation

(1)

Characteristics of Mental Retardation

(2)

Classroom Adaptations for Students with Mental Retardation

(2)

Behavioral Disorders and Serious Emotional Disturbance

(11)

Prevalence and Definitions

(1)

Causes of Emotional Disturbance

(1)

Issues in Identification and Assessment

(1)

Characteristics of Emotional Disturbance

(2)

Classroom Adaptations for Students with Emotional Disabilities

(8)

Lower-Incidence Disabilities

103

(36)

Visual Disabilities

104

(3)

Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics

104

(1)

Classroom Adaptations for Students with Visual Disabilities

105

(2)

Hearing Disabilities

107

(6)

Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics

107

(2)

Educational Programming

109

(1)

Classroom Adaptations for Students with Hearing Disabilities

110

(3)

Physical Disabilities and Other Health Impairments

113

(13)

Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics

113

(1)

Physical and Health-Related Disabilities

114

(6)

Classroom Adaptations for Students with Physical and Other Health Impairments

120

(6)

Severe and Multiple Disabilities

126

(5)

Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics

126

(1)

Classroom Adaptations for Students with Severe Disabilities

127

(4)

Autism

131

(8)

Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics

131

(1)

Classroom Adaptations for Students with Autism

132

(7)

Teaching Students with other Special Learning Needs

139

(32)

Students Served Under Section 504

140

(6)

Definitions, Prevalence, and Characteristics of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

140

(1)

Causes of ADHD

141

(1)

Issues in Identification and Assessment of ADHD

141

(2)

General Classroom Adaptations for Students with ADHD

143

(3)

Gifted, Creative, and Talented

146

(7)

Definitions, Prevalence and Characteristics of Gifted, Creative, and Talented

146

(3)

Issues in Identification and Assessment of Gifted, Creative, and Talented

149

(1)

General Classroom Accommodations for Students Who Are Gifted, Creative, and Talented

150

(3)

Students Who Are Culturally and Linguistically Diverse

153

(7)

Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics of Cultural and Linguistic Diversity

153

(4)

Issues in Identification and Assessment

157

(1)

General Classroom Adaptations for Students from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds

158

(2)

Students at Risk

160

(11)

Definitions, Prevalence, and Characteristics of Students at Risk

160

(6)

Issues in Identification and Assessment of Students at Risk

166

(1)

General Classroom Adaptations for Students at Risk

166

(5)

Part II: Developing Effective Teaching Skills

Effective Instruction for All Students

171

(34)

Overview of Effective Instruction

172

(1)

Planning for Content Coverage

172

(8)

Objectives

173

(1)

Scope and Sequence

173

(1)

Curriculum

173

(1)

Pacing

174

(1)

Planning for Learning

175

(4)

Addressing Learning Problems

179

(1)

Using Effective Teaching Strategies

180

(25)

Maximizing Academic Engagement (Time on Task)

180

(7)

Making Effective Teacher Presentations

187

(8)

Monitoring Practice Activities

195

(2)

Review

197

(1)

Formative Evaluation

198

(1)

Components of a Model Lesson

198

(7)

Improving Classroom Behavior and Social Skills

205

(40)

Managing Classroom Behavior

205

(26)

Understanding Behavior Problems

206

(1)

Observe and Record Classroom Behavior

207

(3)

Use Effective Classroom Management Strategies

210

(17)

Handling Confrontations

227

(3)

Schoolwide Discipline Systems

230

(1)

Teaching Social Skills

231

(14)

Social Skills Assessment

233

(2)

Train Students to Improve Social Skills

235

(1)

Choose Curriculum Materials Thoughtfully

236

(1)

Conduct On-the-Spot Training

236

(2)

Train for Generalization

238

(2)

Validate Treatments

240

(5)

Promoting Inclusion with Classroom Peers

245

(30)

Promoting Social Acceptance

246

(1)

Circle of Friends

247

(1)

Special Friends

247

(1)

Peer Assistance

247

(5)

What Is Peer Assistance?

247

(1)

Peer Training

248

(4)

Peer Tutoring

252

(10)

Why Use Peer Tutoring?

252

(4)

Tutoring to Improve Academic Skills and Attitudes

256

(2)

Implementing a Tutoring Program

258

(1)

Classwide Peer Tutoring

258

(4)

Cooperative Learning

262

(13)

Important Teacher Functions in Implementing Cooperative Learning

263

(3)

Integrating Students with Special Needs into Cooperative Groups

266

(2)

Types of Cooperative Group Arrangements

268

(1)

Conflict Resolution

269

(1)

Advantages and Limitations of Cooperative Learning

269

(6)

Enhancing Motivation and Affect

275

(32)

Preconditions for Improving Motivation and Affect

276

(6)

Create and Supportive, Organized Classroom Environment

276

(2)

Ensure Materials Are of an Appropriate Difficulty Level

278

(1)

Ensure That Tasks Are Meaningful

279

(1)

Create Task-Oriented, Not Ego-Oriented Classrooms

280

(2)

Techniques for Improving Motivation and Affect

282

(25)

Raising Students' Self-Esteem

282

(1)

Provide Opportunities to Increase Self-Efficacy

282

(3)

Teach Students to Set Goals

285

(1)

Train Students to Use Positive Attributions

286

(2)

Arrange Counseling Interventions When Needed

288

(2)

Increase Students' Personal Investment in the Classroom

290

(1)

Make Learning More Fun and Enjoyable

291

(6)

Praise Students and Reward Their Efforts

297

(10)

Improving Attention and Memory

307

(30)

Attention

308

(8)

Attention and Students with Special Needs

308

(1)

Strategies for Improving Attention

308

(8)

Memory

316

(21)

Aspects of Memory

316

(1)

Memory and Students with Special Needs

317

(1)

Preconditions for Improving Memory

317

(1)

Strategies for Improving Memory

317

(9)

Improve Memory with Mnemonic Techniques

326

(11)

Teaching Study Skills

337

(36)

Tools to Develop Independent Learners

338

(21)

Help Students Develop Personal Organizational Skills

338

(11)

Promote Listening Skills

349

(4)

Notetaking

353

(6)

Research and Reference Skills

359

(14)

Teach Library Skills

359

(4)

Help Students Prepare Reports and Projects

363

(10)

Assessment

373

(38)

Types of Tests

374

(2)

Adapting Tests for Students with Special Needs

376

(9)

Norm-Referenced Tests

376

(3)

Adapt Competency-Based Assessment

379

(1)

Adapt Teacher-Made and Criterion-Referenced Tests

380

(5)

Using Curriculum-Based Measurement

385

(1)

Using Performance Assessment

386

(8)

Using Portfolio Assessment

394

(2)

Applications for Students with Special Needs

394

(2)

Teaching Test-Taking Skills

396

(7)

General Preparation Strategies

396

(1)

Strategies for Standardized Tests

397

(1)

Teach Specific Strategies for Standardized Tests

397

(3)

Teacher-Made Tests

400

(2)

Other Test-Taking Strategies

402

(1)

Grading and Scoring

403

(8)

Report Card Grades

403

(8)

Part III: Teaching in the Content Areas

Literacy

411

(48)

Reading

412

(14)

Using Basal Textbooks

412

(1)

The Whole Language Approach

413

(1)

Reading Recovery

414

(1)

Direct Instruction and Code Emphasis

415

(8)

Adaptations for Promoting Word Identification

423

(2)

Adaptations for Promoting Reading Fluency

425

(1)

Technological Adaptations to Promote Reading

425

(1)

Reading Comprehension

426

(9)

Strategies for Teaching Reading Comprehension in Inclusive Settings

426

(8)

Instructional Adaptations That Foster Reading Comprehension

434

(1)

Written Expression

435

(24)

Handwriting

435

(3)

Spelling

438

(4)

Written Communication

442

(17)

Mathematics

459

(48)

Mathematics Education

460

(1)

Mathematics and Students with Disabilities

461

(1)

Strategies for Teaching Math in Inclusive Settings

462

(4)

Early Number Concepts

463

(1)

Teaching Students to Count

463

(1)

One-to-One Correspondence

464

(1)

Helping students Master Numeration

464

(1)

Introducing Geometry in Early Years

465

(1)

Addition and Subtraction Concepts

466

(41)

Counting with Number Lines

466

(1)

Writing Numbers

467

(1)

Understanding Symbols

467

(1)

Addition and Subtraction Computation

468

(1)

Remembering Addition and Subtraction Facts

469

(3)

Place Value and Regrouping

472

(4)

Teaching Early Problem Solving with Addition and Subtraction

476

(1)

Multiplication and Division Concepts

477

(1)

Multiplication and Division Facts

477

(3)

Calculators

480

(1)

Arithmetic Vocabulary

480

(1)

Multiplication and Division Algorithms

481

(2)

Error Analysis for Diagnosis

483

(1)

Problem Solving

483

(3)

Metacognition and Mathematics

486

(1)

Money

486

(2)

Time

488

(2)

Fractions

490

(1)

Decimals

491

(1)

Area and Volume Concepts

491

(2)

Algebra

493

(4)

Mathematical Reasoning Problems

497

(2)

Teach Functional math

499

(8)

Science and Social Studies

507

(42)

Adapting Textbook/Content-Oriented Approaches

508

(20)

Adapting Science and Social Studies Instruction

508

(1)

Effective Teacher Presentations

508

(6)

Promoting Independent Learning from Textbooks

514

(10)

Adapting Textbook Materials to Accommodate Diverse Learners

524

(4)

Adapting Activities-Oriented Approaches in Science and Social Studies

528

(12)

Adapting Science Activities

529

(9)

Social Studies Adaptations

538

(2)

Inquiry Learning in Science and Social Studies

540

(9)

Promote Active Thinking with Guided Questioning

541

(2)

Developmental Considerations

543

(1)

Develop Students' Abilities to Use Deductive Reasoning

544

(5)

Art, Music, Physical Education, Foreign Languages, Vocational Education, and Transitions

549

(36)

Art, Music, and Physical Education

550

(7)

Teaching Strategies

550

(6)

Foreign Languages

556

(1)

Vocational and Career Education

557

(12)

Overview of Vocational and Career Education

557

(1)

The Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act of 1984

557

(3)

Modifications for Students with Special Needs

560

(7)

Instructional Strategies

567

(2)

Transitions

569

(16)

What Does Transition Mean?

569

(3)

Self-Advocacy and Self-Determination Preparation

572

(4)

Assessment

576

(1)

Curriculum

577

(1)

Planning for Graduation

577

(2)

Planning for Future Education

579

(1)

Planning for Future Job Opportunities

580

(1)

Planning for Independent Living Situations

580

(5)

Appendix

585

(10)

Individualized Education Program

586

(6)

Individualized Transition Plan

592

(3)

References

595

(26)

Name Index

621

(8)

Subject Index

629

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The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Instruction

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials