Industrial Biofouling Detection, Prevention

Biofouling is a persistent problem for many industries including the water utility services, industrial water systems and the food and beverage industry. Industrial Biofouling provides a comprehensive and informative guide to biofouling in these particular industries. Taking a systematic and novel approach, the book describes the problems caused by biofouling, how and what to use to detect it and, ultimately, how to control it. Relevant examples and case studies are used to illustrate the practical problems faced by each industry. Written by international experts in the field, this book will be essential reading for industrialists, especially those designing water systems, water distribution managers, process water engineers, environmental microbiologists, food scientists, biomaterials scientists and those responsible for public health and reduction of cross contamination within the food industry. It will also be an excellent reference source for graduates and postgraduates studying biofilms.

James Walker is the editor of Industrial Biofouling: Detection, Prevention and Control, published by Wiley.

Susanne Surman is the editor of Industrial Biofouling: Detection, Prevention and Control, published by Wiley.

Jana Jass is the editor of Industrial Biofouling: Detection, Prevention and Control, published by Wiley.

Contributors

xi

Preface

xiii

Glossary

xv

Biofilms and Biofouling

1

(12)

J. Jass

J. T. Walker

Introduction

1

(1)

Biofilm formation

2

(1)

Biofilm structure

3

(2)

Advantages of growth within biofilms

5

(2)

Problems of biofilms and biofouling in industry

7

(2)

Control of biofilm

9

(1)

Conclusion

9

(4)

Biofouling in Drinking Water Systems

13

(64)

Problems of Biofouling in Drinking Water Systems

15

(24)

A. K. Camper

G.A. McFeters

Introduction

15

(1)

Regrowth in Distribution Systems

15

(1)

Public Health Issues

16

(1)

Bacteria

17

(5)

Viruses and Protozoa (Giardia and Cryptosporidium)

22

(1)

Management of biofilms in distribution systems

23

(4)

Monitoring and testing for biofilms in distribution systems

27

(4)

Future Directions

31

(8)

Detection of Biofouling in Drinking Water Systems

39

(16)

E. J. Fricker

Introduction

39

(1)

Scanning electron microscopy analysis

40

(2)

The 'Robbins' device

42

(1)

Preparation of biofilms for analysis

42

(1)

Biofilm analysis using culture

42

(1)

Atomic force microscopy analysis

42

(1)

Biofilm activity measurement

42

(3)

Microscopy-based detection methods

45

(1)

Application of detection methods in environmental samples

46

(1)

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

47

(1)

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

48

(1)

In situ hybridization

48

(1)

Other Molecular Techniques

49

(1)

Summary of techniques

50

(5)

Control of Biofouling in Drinking Water Systems

55

(22)

J. T. Walker

S. L. Percival

Introduction to disinfection

55

(1)

Effects of disinfectants on biofilms

56

(1)

Chlorine

57

(3)

Chloramines

60

(1)

Chlorine dioxide

61

(2)

Ozone

63

(1)

Ultraviolet light

64

(2)

Ionization

66

(1)

Other biocides used in potable water

67

(1)

Future methods in the control and removal of biofilms

68

(1)

Disinfectant resistant organisms

68

(1)

Overall control of biofilms in general

69

(1)

Short term control of biofilms

70

(1)

Long term control of biofilms in potable water

71

(1)

Conclusion

72

(5)

Biofouling in Industrial Waters and Processes

77

(66)

Problems of Biofilms in Industrial Waters and Processes

79

(24)

G. Morton

Introduction

79

(2)

Biofouling and biodeterioration

81

(1)

Biofouling of industrial waters

81

(1)

Water systems

81

(1)

Cooling towers

82

(1)

Biofilms and pipelines

82

(2)

Filtration systems

84

(1)

Desalination

84

(1)

Metal working fluids

84

(4)

Biofouling of concrete in contact with water

88

(3)

The resistance of biofilms to biocides

91

(12)

Detection of Biofilms in Industrial Waters and Processes

103

(22)

S. L. Percival

Introduction

103

(1)

The need for biofilm detection

104

(1)

Industrial applications which require biofilm detection

104

(1)

General approach of biofouling detection

105

(1)

Field Tests applied to a detection system

105

(1)

Laboratory tests applied to biofouling detection

106

(1)

Detection and enumeration of microorganisms within processes

107

(1)

Sampling devices as part of biofouling detection system

108

(7)

Choice of monitoring device

115

(1)

Examination of biofilms on sampling devices

115

(4)

On-line monitoring

119

(2)

Conclusion

121

(4)

Control of Biofouling in Industrial Waters and Processes

125

(18)

H-C. Flemming

T. Griebe

Introduction

125

(1)

Detection of biofilms

126

(2)

Sanitation

128

(5)

Prevention

133

(4)

Conclusion

137

(6)

Biofilms in the Food and Beverage Industry

143

(82)

Problems of Biofilms in the Food and Beverage Industry

145

(1)

J. Verran

M. Jones

Introduction

145

(1)

Microbiology

146

(4)

Biofilm development

150

(4)

Biofilms in the food industry

154

(4)

Implications of Biofilms to the Food Industry

158

(8)

Conclusions

166

(9)

Detection of Biofilms in the Food and Beverage Industry

175

(30)

G. Wirtanen

E. Storgards

M. Saarela

S. Salo

T. Mattila-Sandholm

Introduction

175

(2)

Sampling from process surfaces for microbial assessment

177

(2)

Tools in research and industrial use

179

(11)

Future prospects for on-line monitoring of microbial deposits

190

(3)

Summary of main methods in hygiene monitoring

193

(1)

Conclusions

194

(11)

Control of Biofilms in the Food and Beverage Industry

205

(20)

J. F. Frank

Introduction

205

(1)

Controlling microbial attachment

206

(1)

Controlling growth of attached microorganisms

207

(2)

Removal of biofilm and product residues

209

(5)

Surface disinfection

214

(3)

Development of sanitizer resistant microflora

217

(2)

Monitoring biofilm control

219

(6)

Future Direction of Biofilm Research; Methodologies and Their Applications

225

(8)

J. T. Walker

J. Jass

Biofilm research---the future direction

225

(1)

Structure and communication

225

(2)

When is a cell viable but non-culturable?

227

(1)

Biofilm detection

228

(5)

Index

233

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Industrial Biofouling Detection, Prevention and Control

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials