Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Formation of Ceramics

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ISBN: 9780471192022 | 0471192023
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/13/1999

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Boasting numerous industrial applications, inorganic chemistry forms the basis for research into new materials and bioinorganic compounds such as calcium that act as biological catalysts. Now complete, this highly acclaimed series presents current knowledge in all areas of inorganic chemistry, including chemistry of the elements; organometallic, polymeric and solid-state materials; and compounds relevant to bioinorganic chemistry.

How to Use this Book

xiii

Preface to the Series

xix

Editorial Consultants to the Series

xxiii

Contributors to Volume 18

xxv

The Formation of Ceramics

(386)

Introduction

(1)

Ceramic Preparative Methods

(111)

Introduction

(1)

Preparation of Powders for Ceramic Processing

(1)

Purity, Particle Size Uniformity and Small Particle Size

(1)

Comminution Techniques

(2)

Solution Preparation

(1)

Coprecipitation.

(3)

Sol Gel.

(1)

Freeze-Drying.

(2)

Solvent Evaporation.

(2)

Vapor Phase Techniques

(1)

Reactions in the Vapor Phase.

(1)

Vapor Decomposition.

(1)

Direct Vaporization Condensation.

(1)

Thermal Decomposition

(1)

Densification of Ceramic Powders

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Forming

(2)

Pressing of Dry of Semi-Dry Powders.

(2)

Casting of Concentrated Suspensions.

(1)

Slip Casting

(2)

Tape Casting

(1)

Plastic Deformation of Powder Mixtures

(1)

Extrusion

(1)

Injection Molding

(1)

Drying

(1)

Physical Principles of Drying

(2)

Drying Defects

(2)

Binder Removal

(1)

The Process of Thermal Debinding

(1)

Models for Thermal Debinding

(1)

Firing

(1)

Principles of Solid State Sintering.

(7)

Experimental Observations of Solid-State Sintering.

(6)

Pressure Sintering

(1)

Liquid-Phase Sintering

(5)

Crystal Growth from Melts and Solutions

(1)

Growth from Melts

(1)

Pulling from the Melt

(1)

Dislocations

(1)

Facets

(1)

Striations

(1)

Nonstoichiometry

(4)

Directional Solidification

(3)

Controlled Heat Removal.

(1)

Float Zone Growth

(1)

Flame Fusion Method

(3)

Skull Melting

(2)

Shaped Crystal Growth

(1)

Fiber Growth

(2)

Arc-Fusion Method

(1)

Growth from High-Melting Solutions

(4)

Slow Cooling

(2)

Solvent Evaporation

(1)

Solute Transport in a Temperature Gradient

(1)

Traveling Solvent Zone Methods

(1)

Flux Reaction Techniques

(1)

Electrocrystallization

(1)

Liquid-Phase Epitaxy (LPE)

(1)

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ceramics

(1)

Growth from Other Solutions

(1)

Chemical Vapor Deposition

(1)

Fundamentals

(1)

Thermodynamics.

(1)

Kinetics and Transport Considerations

(2)

Film Growth and Morphology

(1)

Reaction Pathways

(1)

Pyrolysis

(1)

Oxidation/Hydrolysis

(1)

Reduction

(1)

Carbidization/Nitridation.

(1)

Disproportionation

(1)

Plasma CVD (PCVD)

(1)

Non-Conventional CVD Techniques

(1)

Laser/Photo CVD

(1)

Hot Filament CVD

(1)

Ion Beam CVD

(1)

Aerosol CVD

(1)

Technologically Significant Ceramics via CVD

(1)

Silicon Dioxide

(2)

Aluminium Oxide

(1)

Silicon Nitride

(1)

Titanium Dioxide

(1)

Titanium Nitride

(1)

Boron Nitride

(1)

Aluminum Nitride

(2)

Silicon Carbide

101

(1)

Metal Oxides and High Tc Superconductors

101

(2)

Doping

103

(1)

Doping from Solids

104

(1)

Group I Dopants

104

(1)

Group II Dopants

105

(1)

Group III Dopants

105

(2)

Group V Dopants

107

(1)

Group VI Dopants

108

(1)

Doping from Liquids

108

(1)

Directly Applied Liquid Sources

108

(1)

Liquid Sources for Open-Tube Diffusion

109

(1)

Doping from the Vapor

110

(1)

Ion Implantation

111

(1)

Gas Flow or Liquid Vapor

111

(1)

External Thermal Oven

112

(1)

Sputtering, Electron Bombardment, Oxide-Chloride Conversion

112

(1)

Neutron Transmutation Doping

112

(2)

The Synthesis and Fabrication of Ceramics for Special Applications

114

(273)

Introduction

114

(1)

Preparation of Glasses for Special Applications

114

(1)

Bonding, Kinetic, and Other Factors that Favor Glass Formation

114

(1)

Glass Formation

114

(2)

Glass Structure

116

(1)

Composition of Glasses

117

(1)

Glasses for Light Transmission; Fiber Optics

118

(1)

Optical Fiber Characteristics.

118

(1)

Vapor-Phase Oxidation Techniques

119

(2)

High Index of Refractive Glasses

121

(2)

Glass Composition

123

(1)

Applications

124

(1)

Strong and Shatter-Resistant Glasses

125

(1)

Thermal Tempering

126

(2)

Chemical Strengthening

128

(1)

Radiation-Resistant Glasses

129

(1)

Particle Radiation

129

(1)

Ionizing Radiation

130

(1)

Glass-Metal Seals

131

(2)

Glasses for Other Applications

133

(1)

Glass Frits

133

(1)

Porous Glass

134

(1)

Unconventional Melting and Glass Films

134

(1)

Preparation of Glass Ceramics

135

(1)

Glass Ceramic Systems

135

(1)

Nucleation

136

(2)

Heat Treatment

138

(2)

Crystal Growth

140

(1)

Chemical Composition

141

(3)

Optimizing Mechanical Strength

144

(1)

Strength and Fracture Toughness.

144

(1)

Surface Treatments to Increase Strength.

145

(1)

Glass Ceramic Composites.

146

(1)

Optimizing Thermal Shock Resistance

146

(1)

Controlling Electrical Properties

147

(1)

Electrical Conductivity and Dielectric Loss

148

(1)

Ferroelectric Glass Ceramics

148

(1)

Control of Transparency and Color

148

(1)

Photochromic Glass and Glass Ceramics

149

(1)

Preparation of Carbons and Graphics

149

(3)

Graphite

152

(3)

Raw Materials and Their Preparation

155

(2)

Mixing and Forming

157

(1)

Baking

158

(1)

Impregnation

159

(1)

Graphitization

159

(1)

Other Techniques

160

(1)

Pyrolytic Carbons

161

(1)

Stationary Mandrels

161

(2)

Fluidized Beds

163

(1)

Glassy Carbon

163

(2)

Carbon Fibers

165

(1)

Cellulose (Rayon)-Based Fibers.

165

(1)

PAN-Based Fibers.

166

(1)

Pitch-Based Fibers.

167

(2)

Vapor-Grown Fibers.

169

(1)

Carbon/Carbon Composites

169

(1)

Activated Carbons

170

(1)

Carbon Blacks

171

(1)

Preparation of Boron Nitride

172

(1)

Hexagonal BN

172

(1)

Preparation of Hexagonal BN.

172

(3)

Purification of Hexagonal BN.

175

(1)

Consolidation of Hexagonal BN.

175

(1)

Cubic BN

176

(1)

Preparation of Cubic BN.

176

(3)

Consolidation of Cubic BN.

179

(1)

Other Polymorphs of BN

180

(1)

Wurtzite BN

180

(1)

Rhombohedral BN

181

(1)

Tetragonal BN

182

(1)

Other Structural Modifications

182

(1)

Miscellaneous

183

(1)

One-Dimensional Form (Fibers)

184

(1)

Two-Dimensional Forms of BN

185

(1)

Thin Films of BN

185

(2)

Pyrolytic BN

187

(1)

BN Composites

188

(2)

Preparation of Ceramics of Controlled Thermal Conductivity

190

(1)

Preparation of Oxides of High Thermal Conductivity

191

(1)

Preparation of Other Ceramics of High Thermal Conductivity

191

(1)

Preparation of Oxides of Low Thermal Conductivity

192

(1)

Castable and Brick Insulation

193

(1)

Ceramic/Glass Fiber Blank Insulation

193

(1)

Bonded Fibers

194

(1)

Preparation of Solid State Electrolytes

195

(4)

Beta-Alumina Ceramic Electrolytes

199

(3)

Powder Synthesis and Treatment.

202

(3)

Forming (Green) of Tubular and Planar Shapes.

205

(2)

Sintering (Densification) and Annealing.

207

(2)

Alternative Sodium Ion Conductors

209

(1)

NASICON.

210

(1)

Sodium Ion Conducting Glasses.

211

(1)

Zirconia-based Ceramic Electrolytes

212

(2)

Powder Synthesis and Treatment.

214

(1)

Densification Characteristics.

215

(1)

Thin Films and Coatings.

216

(1)

Alernate Oxygen Ion Conducting Electrolytes

217

(1)

Bismuth Oxide.

217

(1)

Cerium Oxide.

218

(1)

Perovskite and Pyrochlore Oxides.

218

(1)

Proton-Conducting Solid Electrolytes

219

(1)

Preparation of Semiconductors

219

(1)

Elemental Semiconductors

219

(3)

Preparation of the Nitrides of Al and Ga

222

(1)

Separate Source Syntheses in the Gas Phase.

223

(1)

Separate Source Syntheses in the Solid State.

224

(1)

Single-Source Precursors to AIN and GaN

225

(4)

Indium Nitride

229

(1)

IIB--VIB Semiconductors

229

(1)

Preparation of the Compounds in Polycrystalline Form

229

(2)

Preparation of Compounds in Single Crystalline Form

231

(3)

Film Formation

234

(1)

Other Crystalline Semiconductors

234

(1)

Group IA--VB and Group IA-VIB Compounds

234

(1)

Group IIA--VIB Compounds

235

(1)

IIA-IVB Compounds

236

(1)

Transition Metal Oxides

236

(1)

Transition Metal Chalcogenides

237

(1)

Transition Metal Pnictides and Compounds with Group IV Elements

238

(1)

Group IA Halides

238

(1)

Chalcopyrites

238

(1)

IIB--VA Compounds

239

(1)

IIB--VIIA Compounds

239

(1)

IIIA--VIA Compounds

239

(1)

IVA--VA Compounds

240

(1)

IVA--VIA Compounds

240

(1)

VA--VIA Compounds

240

(1)

More Complex Compounds

240

(1)

Amorphous Semiconductors

241

(2)

Preparation of Metallic Ceramics

243

(2)

Metallic Oxides

245

(1)

Introductory Comments

245

(1)

Synthetic Methods

246

(1)

Crystal Growth

247

(3)

Metallic Carbides

250

(1)

General Comments

250

(1)

Preparative Methods

251

(1)

Single Crystal Growth

252

(2)

Metallic Nitrides

254

(1)

General Comments

254

(1)

Preparative Techniques

255

(2)

Growth of Single Crystals

257

(1)

Preparation of Superconductive Ceramics

258

(3)

Low Temperature Superconductors

261

(1)

The A15 Superconductors

262

(3)

Carbide, Nitride, Boride, and Sulfide (Chevrel Superconductors)

265

(2)

Oxide Superconductors

267

(2)

High Temperature Superconductors

269

(1)

K2NiF4 Type Cuprates

270

(5)

Rare-Earth-Based Cuprates

275

(6)

Bismuth-Based Cuprates

281

(7)

Thallium-Based Cuprates

288

(20)

Mercury-Based Cuprates

308

(7)

Other Cuprates

315

(1)

Preparation of Ferroelectric Ceramics

315

(1)

Introduction

315

(1)

Pb(Zr, Ti)O3-Based Ceramics

316

(1)

The Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 System

316

(1)

Chemical Dopants and Modifiers

317

(1)

Processing Procedures

318

(2)

The Reaction Sequence

320

(1)

Sintering

320

(1)

Other Ferroelectric Ceramics

321

(1)

PbTiO3-Based

321

(1)

Perovskite Niobates and Tantalates

321

(1)

Tungsten Bronzes and Other Layered Structures

322

(1)

Composite Materials

322

(1)

Preparation of Nuclear Ceramic Materials

323

(1)

Fuels

323

(8)

Uranium Dioxide Fuels

331

(15)

Uranium Carbide Fuels

346

(3)

Uranium Nitride Fuels

349

(1)

Plutonium Ceramic Fuels

350

(10)

Thorium Ceramic Fuels

360

(1)

Coated Particle Fuels for HTGRs

361

(6)

Moderators and Reflectors

367

(1)

Beryllium Oxide

367

(2)

Metal Hydrides

369

(9)

Graphite

378

(2)

Cladding

380

(1)

Control Rods

381

(1)

Boron Carbide

381

(3)

Europium Hexaboride

384

(1)

Europium Oxide

384

(2)

Other Nuclear Ceramics and Special Materials

386

(1)

Abbreviations

387

(8)

Author Index

395

(42)

Compound Index

437

(20)

Subject Index

457

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Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Formation of Ceramics

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials