Instruction and the Learning Environment

For leaders of elementary, middle, or high schools, this book shows how your school can excel in reaching students with diverse learning styles; providing "authentic" instruction and performance assessment; applying constructivist learning methodologies; and enhancing learning through alternative scheduling.

Foreword

v

About the Authors

viii

Preface

ix

Introduction

xv

The School as a Learning Organization

1

(14)

Creating a Learning Organization

3

(1)

The Five Disciplines

4

(3)

Building Shared Vision

4

(1)

Personal Mastery

4

(1)

Mental Models

5

(1)

Team Learning

5

(1)

Systems Thinking

5

(2)

School as Community

7

(2)

School Culture and Climate

9

(1)

Constructivism and Critical Pedagogy

10

(3)

Toward a Learning Organization

13

(2)

Action Steps

13

(2)

Learning and Information Processing

15

(18)

Background History

16

(2)

Information Processing Theory

18

(10)

Perceptual Systems

19

(1)

Working Memory

20

(2)

Long-term Memory

22

(2)

To Reject

24

(1)

To Transform

24

(1)

To Memorize

24

(1)

To Learn

25

(1)

Cognitive Controls

25

(3)

The Learning Process

28

(1)

Style-Based Learning and Instruction

29

(4)

Action Steps

32

(1)

Instructional Models

33

(20)

Paradigms of Instruction

36

(8)

The Behavior Model

36

(1)

The Development Model

37

(1)

The Apprenticeship Model

38

(1)

Instruction and Learning

38

(1)

Types of Knowledge

38

(3)

Instructional Practice

41

(3)

An Instructional System

44

(9)

Action Steps

52

(1)

Authentic Pedagogy

53

(20)

Authentic Achievement

55

(2)

Construction of Knowledge

55

(1)

Disciplined Inquiry

56

(1)

Value Beyond School

57

(1)

Authentic Achievement As Facilitator

57

(1)

Authentic Instruction

57

(4)

Authentic Assessment

61

(4)

Construction of Knowledge

61

(1)

Disciplined Inquiry

62

(2)

Value Beyond School

64

(1)

Authentic Student Performance

65

(5)

Authentic Cognitive Apprenticeships

70

(3)

Action Steps

72

(1)

The Learning Environment

73

(26)

Learning Environments

76

(9)

A Historical Example---The John Dewey School

78

(1)

A Contemporary Model---The Cognitive Apprenticeship

79

(6)

Tactics and Patterns

85

(10)

Scaffolding

87

(1)

Reciprocal Teaching

88

(3)

Coaching

91

(4)

Management of the Learning Environment

95

(4)

Action Steps

98

(1)

Subject Matter Instruction and Assessment

99

(20)

English / Language Arts

101

(2)

Mathematics

103

(3)

Science

106

(2)

History

108

(1)

Geography

109

(1)

The Arts

110

(2)

Testing and Instruction

112

(1)

New Forms of Assessment

113

(6)

Action Steps

118

(1)

Scheduling and Instructional Organization

119

(22)

Historical Perspective

120

(5)

Current Efforts at Schedule Reform

125

(4)

Assumptions and Guidelines for Scheduling

129

(1)

A Student-Driven Schedule

130

(5)

Organization of the Learning Environment

135

(6)

Action Steps

139

(2)

Motivation and Learning

141

(16)

Basic Needs

141

(2)

The Art of Persuasion

143

(5)

Extrinsic Rewards

144

(2)

Intrinsic Motivation

146

(1)

Comparing Extrinsic and Intrinsic Rewards

147

(1)

Creating Motivational School Environments

148

(4)

The Total School

148

(1)

Classroom Meetings

149

(1)

Curriculum

149

(1)

Instruction

150

(1)

Learning Style

150

(1)

Advisement

150

(1)

Cooperative Learning

151

(1)

Choices

151

(1)

Motivation and Reluctant Learners

152

(2)

Motivation in Perspective

154

(3)

Action Steps

156

(1)

Action Research

157

(18)

Historical Perspective

158

(1)

What Is Action Research?

159

(1)

Assumptions

160

(1)

Types of Action Research

161

(1)

The Process

162

(1)

Preparing Educators to Conduct Action Research Projects

163

(3)

Examples of Action Research

166

(5)

The Future

171

(4)

Action Steps

172

(3)

References

175

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Instruction and the Learning Environment

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials