Intelligence Support Systems: Technologies for Lawful Intercepts

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ISBN: 9780849328558 | 0849328551
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/27/2005

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Telecommunications service providers face increasing information assistance requests to help law enforcement while they simultaneously struggle with CapEx and OpEx reductions. On the other hand, law enforcement agencies face expensive telecommunication interface options for data collection as they battle with a growing backlog of subpoena requests. Intelligence Support Systems: Technologies for Lawful Intercepts addresses the information and intelligence needs of service providers, law enforcement agencies, representatives of governments and international standards bodies, and product and service vendors.This volume offers solutions for many technological challenges, explaining how to provide networking equipment and probes for lawful intercepts, and detailing methods for reducing the performance impacts on network equipment that result from intercepts. It explores how to access, collect, and deliver information in real-time and how to improve mediation efficiency while serving multiple functions. The book also covers data retention and preservation issues and examines how to standardize intercept technologies for various service portfolios and infrastructure components.Focusing on intelligence support systems (ISS), the text demonstrates how the information that an ISS gathers can be applied toward security, and illustrates how an ISS interfaces with billing, ordering, provisioning, authenticating, and law enforcement systems.

1 Setting the Stage

(18)

1.1 Positioning Lawful Intercepts (LIs) and Surveillance

(1)

1.2 ISS Basics and Application Areas

(4)

1.3 The Position of ISS among Other Support and Security Systems

(2)

1.4 Basic Requirements for LIs

(2)

1.5 Electronic Surveillance Laws

(2)

1.5.1 Legal Background of Surveillance

(1)

1.5.2 Duties of TSPs and Operators of Telecommunications Equipment

(1)

1.5.3 Prerequisites of Surveillance

(1)

1.5.4 Executing Surveillance Actions

(1)

1.5.5 Control and Sanctions in the Area of Surveillance

(1)

1.5.6 Reimbursement for Providers

(1)

1.6 Framework of LIs

(2)

1.7 Challenges

(4)

2 Service Portfolios Overview

(42)

2.1 Basic Principles for Networking Technologies

(9)

2.1.1 Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Communications

(1)

2.1.2 Use of Physical and Virtual Circuits

(2)

2.1.3 Switching Technologies

(2)

2.1.4 Routing Technologies

(1)

2.1.5 Multiplexing Technologies

(1)

2.1.6 Addressing and Identification Schemes

(1)

2.1.7 Control and Congestion Management

(1)

2.2 Service Portfolios

(6)

2.2.1 Wireline Voice Services

(4)

2.2.2 Wireline Data Services i4t

2.2.3 Wireless and Mobile Services 3!i

2.2.4 Integrated Services

(1)

2.2.5 Cable-Based Services

(1)

2.2.6 IP-Based Services

(1)

2.3 Circuit-Switched Voice and VoIP

(10)

2.4 Internet-Related Technologies

(5)

2.5 Wireless Networks

(4)

2.6 Cable Networks

(4)

2.7 Lawful Interception Requirements for Communications Satellite Operators

(1)

2.8 Summary

(2)

3 Legal and Technical Standards for Lawful Intercepts

(34)

3.1 Principal Functions of Interception

(2)

3.1.1 Accessing Data

(1)

3.1.2 Delivering Data

(1)

3.1.3 Collecting Data

(1)

3.2 Surveillance Rules and Procedures in the United States

(9)

3.2.1 Legal Background of Surveillance

(5)

3.2.1.1 Basics of Intercept Laws

(1)

3.2.1.2 Legal Guidelines

(2)

3.2.1.3 Services Subject to Surveillance

(3)

3.2.1.4 Objectives of Surveillance

(1)

3.2.1.5 Differences between Individual and Strategic Surveillance

(1)

3.2.2 Duties of TSPs and Operators of Telecommunications Equipment

(2)

3.2.2.1 Cooperation with LEAs

(1)

3.2.2.2 Technical Requirements

(1)

3.2.2.3 Organizational Requirements

(1)

3.2.2.4 Exceptions

(1)

3.2.2.5 Compliance Control

(1)

3.2.3 Control and Sanctions in the Area of Surveillance

(2)

3.2.3.1 Controlling Entities

(1)

3.2.3.2 Reporting Duties

(1)

3.2.3.3 Surveillance Statistics

(1)

3.2.3.4 Sanctions for Noncompliance

(1)

3.3 Surveillance Rules and Procedures in the European Community

(7)

3.3.1 France

(3)

3.3.1.1 Legal Background of Surveillance

(1)

3.3.1.2 Duties of TSPs and Operators of Telecommunications Equipment

(1)

3.3.1.3 Control and Sanctions in the Area of Surveillance

(1)

3.3.2 United Kingdom

(4)

3.3.2.1 Legal Background of Surveillance

(1)

3.3.2.2 Duties of TSPs and Operators of Telecommunication Equipment

(2)

3.3.2.3 Control and Sanctions in the Area of Surveillance

(1)

3.4 Surveillance Rules and Procedures in Japan

(3)

3.4.1 Legal Background of Surveillance

(1)

3.4.1.1 Basics of Intercept Laws

(1)

3.4.1.2 Legal Guidelines

(1)

3.4.1.3 Services Subject to Surveillance

(1)

3.4.1.4 Objectives of Surveillance

(1)

3.4.1.5 Differences between Individual and Strategic Surveillance

(1)

3.4.2 Duties of TSPs and Operators of Telecommunications Equipment

(1)

3.4.2.1 Cooperation with LEAs

(1)

3.4.2.2 Technical Requirements

(1)

3.4.2.3 Organizational Requirements

(1)

3.4.2.4 Exceptions

(1)

3.4.2.5 Compliance Control

(1)

3.4.3 Control and Sanctions in the Area of Surveillance

(1)

3.4.3.1 Controlling Entities

(1)

3.4.3.2 Reporting Duties

(1)

3.4.3.3 Surveillance Statistics

(1)

3.4.3.4 Sanctions for Noncompliance

(1)

3.5 CALEA Reference Model with the J-STD-025 Standard

(3)

3.5.1 CALEA Interfaces

(1)

3.5.2 CALEA Principal Functions

(1)

3.6 European Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI) Reference Model for the European Community

(7)

3.6.1 Basics of This Standard

(1)

3.6.2 HIs

(4)

3.6.2.1 HI1: Interface for Administrative Information

(2)

3.6.2.2 HI2: Interface for IRI

(1)

3.6.2.3 H13: Interface for CC

(1)

3.6.3 ETSI Security Recommendations

(1)

3.7 Summary

(1)

4 Intercept Access Points in Infrastructure Components

(38)

4.1 Blueprints and Guidelines for TSPs

(12)

4.1.1 eTOM

(3)

4.1.2 TMN

100

(2)

4.1.2.1 Operations Systems Function (OSF)

102

(4)

4.1.2.2 Work Station Function (WSF)

103

(1)

4.1.2.3 Mediation Function (MF)

103

(1)

4.1.2.4 QAF

103

(1)

4.1.2.5 NEF

103

(3)

4.1.3 Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology (CobiT)

106

(2)

4.1.4 The Infrastructure Library (ITIL) Processes

108

(1)

4.2 Reference Model of the Infrastructure

108

(12)

4.2.1 Applications and Services

109

(3)

4.2.2 Computers

112

(1)

4.2.3 Networks and Network Equipment

112

(1)

4.2.4 Reference Management Architecture

113

(5)

4.2.4.1 Customer-Facing Solutions

114

(2)

4.2.4.2 Network-Facing Solutions

116

(1)

4.2.4.3 Role of Multitechnology Network Management

117

(1)

4.2.5 Overlaying Infrastructure Components

118

(2)

4.2.5.1 Security Infrastructure

118

(1)

4.2.5.2 Systems Management Infrastructure

119

(1)

4.3 Principles of Monitoring and Intercepts (Hardware and Software Probes)

120

(8)

4.3.1 Internal and External Lawful Interception

120

(2)

4.3.2 Access Function (AF) Implementation Approaches

122

(1)

4.3.3 Use of Probes

123

(4)

4.3.3.1 Active versus Passive Probes

123

(1)

4.3.3.2 Software versus Hardware Probes

123

(1)

4.3.3.3 Dedicated versus Shared Probes

124

(1)

4.3.3.4 Flow-Based Analysis Probes

124

(3)

4.3.4 Intelligence Transmission

127

(1)

4.4 Use of Signaling Systems for LIs

128

(2)

4.5 Resource Planning for Lls

130

(2)

4.6 Summary

132

(1)

5 Extended Functions for Lawful Intercepts

133

(42)

5.1 Principal Functions of Lis

134

(1)

5.2 Role of Mediation

135

(9)

5.3 Handover Interfaces (HIs)

144

(12)

5.3.1 Formatting Handover Data

145

(6)

5.3.1.1 HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

146

(1)

5.3.1.2 Dynamic HyperText Markup Language

146

(1)

5.3.1.3 Extensible Markup Language (XML)

147

(4)

5.3.2 Handover Protocols

151

(4)

5.3.2.1 Reliability

152

(1)

5.3.2.2 Flexibility

153

(1)

5.3.2.3 Efficiency

153

(1)

5.3.2.4 Manageability

153

(1)

5.3.2.5 Real-Time Streaming

154

(1)

5.3.2.6 Leverage of Overall IPDR Technology Benefits

154

(1)

5.3.3 Physical Handover Interfaces (HIs)

155

(1)

5.4 Data Retention and Data Preservation Solutions

156

(4)

5.5 Document Management and Document-Related Technology (D RT)

160

(5)

5.6 Information Life-Cycle Management

165

(2)

5.7 Receiver Applications

167

(7)

5.7.1 Support for Recognizing Criminal Activities

167

(1)

5.7.1.1 Search for Criminal Activities

167

(1)

5.7.1.2 Communication Analysis

167

(1)

5.7.1.3 Content Analysis

168

(1)

5.7.1.4 Automated Intelligence Support

168

(1)

5.7.2 Analysis Procedures and Tools

168

(2)

5.7.2.1 Free Search

169

(1)

5.7.2.2 Visual Analysis

169

(1)

5.7.2.3 Location Tracking

169

(1)

5.7.2.4 Voice Verification

169

(1)

5.7.2.5 Court Evidence

170

(1)

5.7.3 Use of Geographical Information Systems (GISs)

170

(7)

5.7.3.1 Use of Cell Identifiers

170

(2)

5.7.3.2 Use of Location and Movement Indications

172

(1)

5.7.3.3 MC-GIS Client

173

(1)

5.8 Summary

174

(1)

6 Lawful Intercept Solution Architectures

175

(66)

6.1 Frameworks for LIs

177

(19)

6.1.1 Xcipio from SS8 Networks

177

(6)

6.1.1.1 Features of the Framework

178

(1)

6.1.1.2 Applications of Xcipio

179

(2)

6.1.1.3 Service Layer Modules

181

(2)

6.1.2 Aqsacom ALIS

183

(7)

6.1.2.1 Features of the Aqsacom Solution

183

(4)

6.1.2.2 Physical Architecture and Deployment Alternatives

187

(2)

6.1.2.3 Additional Framework Features of ALIS

189

(1)

6.1.3 GTEN AG Framework

190

(6)

6.2 Key Products and Players

196

(35)

6.2.1 SS8 Networks

196

(10)

6.2.1.1 Xcipio in Circuit-Switched Networks

197

(1)

6.2.1.2 Use of Xcipio for Intercepting Internet Access

198

(1)

6.2.1.3 Xcipio Content-Processing Module

199

(2)

6.2.1.4 Xcipio in Wireless Data Networks

201

(2)

6.2.1.5 Xcipio in Next-Generation VoIP Networks

203

(3)

6.1.2.6 Common Attributes of SS8 Products

206

(1)

6.2.2 Products from Aqsacom

206

(3)

6.2.2.1 Voice Lawful Interception Solutions

207

(1)

6.2.2.2 IP Lawful Interception Solutions

207

(1)

6.2.2.3 E-Mail Lawful Interception Solutions

208

(1)

6.2.2.4 VoIP Lawful Interception Solutions

208

(1)

6.2.2.5 NGN Lawful Interception Solutions

209

(1)

6.2.3 GTEN

209

(10)

6.2.3.1 Daviath Monitoring System

209

(3)

6.2.3.2 Poseidon

212

(7)

6.2.4 Utimaco Safeware AG Interception Management System (IMS)

219

(4)

6.2.5 ETI Connect LI Network Connector (LING)

223

(3)

6.2.5.1 CMM

223

(1)

6.2.5.2 IP Box Acquisition Device

224

(1)

6.2.5.3 Data Retention Systems

225

(1)

6.2.6 Forensic Explorers Net Witness

226

(2)

6.2.7 Session Border Control

228

(3)

6.3 Siemens AG Monitoring Center

231

(5)

6.3.1 Architecture of the MC

232

(1)

6.3.2 Components and Applications

233

(2)

6.3.2.1 Interceptions

233

(1)

6.3.2.2 Networks

234

(1)

6.3.2.3 Add-On Applications

234

(1)

6.3.3 Features of the MC

235

(8)

6.3.3.1 Multivendor Capability

235

(1)

6.3.3.2 Use of State-of-the-Art Intercepting Technologies

235

(1)

6.3.3.3 Flexibility

236

(1)

6.3.3.4 Security and Reliability

236

(1)

6.3.3.5 Legal Regulations

236

(1)

6.4 Selection Criteria

236

(2)

6.5 Summary

238

(3)

7 Case Studies for ISS Solutions

241

(94)

7.1 Case Study 1: Wireline Voice Intercept and Surveillance Solutions from Lucent Technologies

243

(3)

7.1.1 Network Reference Model

243

(1)

7.1.2 CALEA Functions

244

(1)

7.1.3 Levels of Surveillance (Level I and Level II)

244

(1)

7.1.4 CALEA Interfaces (SAS, CDC, and CCC)

245

(1)

7.1.5 Conclusions

245

(1)

7.2 Case Study 2: Lawful Interception in CDMA Wireless IP Networks from SS8 Networks

246

(10)

7.2.1 Scenario 1: Intercept Provisioning, Target Not Involved in Data Session

250

(1)

7.2.2 Scenario 2: Intercept Provisioning, Target Involved in Data Session

251

(1)

7.2.3 Scenario 3: Data Session Termination

251

(1)

7.2.4 Scenario 4: Intercept Expiration, Target Inactive

252

(1)

7.2.5 Scenario 5: Intercept Expiration, Target Active

252

(3)

7.2.6 Push to Talk over Cellular (PoC)

255

(1)

7.3 Case Study 3: LIs for 3G Networks Using ALIS

256

(11)

7.3.1 Uses of 3G Technology and Implications for Lawful Interception

257

(2)

7.3.2 Overview of 3G Architectures

259

(1)

7.3.3 Lawful Interception in 3G Networks

259

(7)

7.3.4 ALIS in 3G Networks

266

(1)

7.3.5 Conclusions

266

(1)

7.4 Case Study 4: Lawful Interception for IP Networks Using ALIS

267

(21)

7.4.1 Issues in IP Interception

268

(1)

7.4.2 IP Interception Examples

269

(17)

7.4.2.1 Internet Access

269

(9)

7.4.2.2 E-Mail

278

(4)

7.4.2.3 VoIP

282

(4)

7.4.3 ALIS for IP

286

(2)

7.4.4 Conclusions

288

(1)

7.5 Case Study 5: Lawful Intercepts for Cable VoIP Networks from SS8 Networks

288

(8)

7.6 Case Study 6: Monitoring and Logging Web Activities

296

(11)

7.6.1 Features and Attributes of Monitoring and Logging Tools

297

(6)

7.6.2 IP Monitoring System from GTEN AG

303

(4)

7.6.2.1 Data Collection and Filtering Subsystem

303

(1)

7.6.2.2 Mass Storage Subsystem

304

(1)

7.6.2.3 Data Re-Creation and Analysis Subsystem

305

(1)

7.6.2.4 Typical Monitoring Applications

305

(2)

7.7 Case Study 7: Lawful Interception of VoIP by NetCentrex and GTEN AG

307

(12)

7.7.1 Architecture of the Solution

307

(4)

7.7.1.1 HI3 Delivery via ISDN

310

(1)

7.7.1.2 HI3 Delivery via H.323

310

(1)

7.7.2 Description of the Interfaces

311

(5)

7.7.2.1 LEA Interface

311

(4)

7.7.2.2 Interface to the Database

315

(1)

7.7.2.3 Interface between CCS and VoIP LI Gateway

315

(1)

7.7.3 Deployment of the Solution

316

(3)

7.8 Case Study 8: Lawful Interception for E-Mail Server Providers by GTEN AG

319

(4)

7.8.1 Passive Filtering in SMTP and POP3 Protocols

319

(1)

7.8.2 Passive Filtering with a Web Interface

320

(1)

7.8.3 Active Filtering Using an Application Proxy

321

(1)

7.8.4 Modification of Mail Server Software

322

(1)

7.9 Case Study 9: MC Case Examples from Siemens AG

323

(9)

7.9.1 Fixed Network - PSTN

323

(4)

7.9.1.1 Network Protocols

323

(1)

7.9.1.2 Network Switches

324

(1)

7.9.1.3 Interception and Recording Modes

324

(1)

7.9.1.4 Types of Interception

325

(1)

7.9.1.5 Interception Management Systems

325

(1)

7.9.1.6 Add-On Systems

325

(1)

7.9.1.7 General Interception Management Features

325

(1)

7.9.1.8 Feature Highlights

325

(2)

7.9.2 Mobile Network - GSM

327

(1)

7.9.2.1 Add-On Systems

327

(1)

7.9.3 Mobile Networks - GPRS/UMTS

328

(1)

7.9.3.1 Network Protocols

328

(1)

7.9.3.2 Network Switches

329

(1)

7.9.3.3 Interception Types

329

(1)

7.9.3.4 Add-On Systems

329

(1)

7.9.3.5 Feature Highlights

329

(1)

7.9.4 Internet Monitoring

329

(3)

7.9.4.1 Data Collectors

329

(1)

7.9.4.2 Internet Applications

330

(1)

7.9.4.3 Internet Access Points

331

(1)

7.9.4.4 Physical Interfaces

331

(1)

7.9.4.5 Filtering

331

(1)

7.9.4.6 Back-End Internet Applications

331

(1)

7.9.4.7 Interception Management Features

332

(1)

7.9.5 Conclusions

332

(1)

7.10 Summary

332

(3)

8 Operating Lawful Intercepts

335

(46)

8.1 Operational Requirements

337

(1)

8.2 Prerequisites of Lawful Interception in the United States, Europe, and Japan

338

(6)

8.2.1 United States

338

(2)

8.2.1.1 When Is Surveillance Justified?

338

(1)

8.2.1.2 Approval for Surveillance

339

(1)

8.2.1.3 Duration of Surveillance

340

(1)

8.2.1.4 Checking Warrants

340

(1)

8.2.2 Europe

340

(3)

8.2.2.1 France

341

(1)

8.2.2.2 United Kingdom

342

(1)

8.2.3 Japan

343

(1)

8.2.3.1 When Is Surveillance Justified?

343

(1)

8.2.3.2 Approval of Surveillance

343

(1)

8.2.3.3 Duration of Surveillance

343

(1)

8.2.3.4 Checking Warrants

343

(1)

8.3 Executing LI Missions in the United States, Europe, and Japan

344

(5)

8.3.1 United States

344

(2)

8.3.1.1 Required Specifications for Targets

344

(1)

8.3.1.2 What Is Subject to Surveillance?

344

(1)

8.3.1.3 Handover to LEAs

345

(1)

8.3.1.4 Technical Equipment Requirements

345

(1)

8.3.1.5 Real-Time Surveillance or Storing Data

345

(1)

8.3.2 Europe

346

(2)

8.3.2.1 France

346

(1)

8.3.2.2 United Kingdom

347

(1)

8.3.3 Japan

348

(5)

8.3.3.1 Required Target Specifications

348

(1)

8.3.3.2 What Is Subject to Surveillance?

349

(1)

8.3.3.3 Handover to LEAs

349

(1)

8.3.3.4 Technical Equipment Requirements

349

(1)

8.3.3.5 Real-Time Surveillance and Data Storage

349

(1)

8.4 Functional Role Model

349

(4)

8.5 Administration and Management

353

(10)

8.5.1 Inventory Management Processes

354

(2)

8.5.2 Problem Management and Repair Processes

356

(3)

8.5.3 Provisioning Processes

359

(2)

8.5.4 Service-Level Management (SLM) Processes

361

(2)

8.5.5 Systems Management and Administration

363

(1)

8.6 Security Considerations

363

(2)

8.7 Human Resources

365

(14)

8.7.1 Building a Team

365

(2)

8.7.2 Retaining the Team

367

(1)

8.7.3 Job Profiles

368

(9)

8.7.3.1 Profile: Operations Manager for LIs

369

(1)

8.7.3.2 Profile: Call Center Operator for LEA Inquiries and Complaints

370

(1)

8.7.3.3 Profile: Network Infrastructure Operator

371

(1)

8.7.3.4 Profile: Service Technician

372

(1)

8.7.3.5 Profile: Security Analyst

373

(1)

8.7.3.6 Profile: Database Administrator

374

(1)

8.7.3.7 Profile: Legal Counsel

375

(1)

8.7.3.8 Profile: Contract Administrator

375

(1)

8.7.3.9 Profile: Manager of LEMF

376

(1)

8.7.4 Head Counts

377

(2)

8.8 Summary

379

(2)

9 Costs and Reimbursement of Expenses for Telecommunications Service Providers

381

(18)

9.1 Cost Components

382

(7)

9.1.1 One-Time Costs

382

(2)

9.1.2 Operating Costs

384

(1)

9.1.3 Cost Analysis

385

(4)

9.2 Quantification of Costs and Reimbursement Strategies

389

(6)

9.2.1 United States

389

(3)

9.2.1.1 Estimating and Quantifying Expenses

390

(1)

9.2.1.2 Reimbursement Strategies

390

(2)

9.2.2 Europe

392

(2)

9.2.2.1 France

393

(1)

9.2.2.2 United Kingdom

393

(1)

9.2.3 Japan

394

(1)

9.2.3.1 Estimating and Quantifying Expenses

394

(1)

9.2.3.2 Reimbursement Strategies

394

(1)

9.2.4 Reimbursement Strategies at Large

395

(1)

9.3 Return on Investment (ROI)

395

(2)

9.3.1 Considerations Other Than ROI

395

(1)

9.3.2 ISS Cost Justification

396

(1)

9.3.3 ISS Profitability Trends

396

(1)

9.4 Summary

397

(2)

10 Outsourcing Lawful Interception Functions

399

(20)

10.1 Forces Driving Outsourcing

400

(2)

10.2 The LEA Model

402

(1)

10.3 The ASP Model

403

(1)

10.4 The Service Bureau Model

403

(4)

10.5 Sourcing Governance

407

(10)

10.5.1 Contract Management

410

(6)

10.5.1.1 Key Components of Contract Management

411

(2)

10.5.1.2 Benefits of Contract Management Tools

413

(2)

10.5.1.3 Selection and Setup Issues and Concerns

415

(1)

10.5.2 Delivery Management

416

(1)

10.5.2.1 Service Catalog

416

(1)

10.5.2.2 Work Management

416

(1)

10.5.2.3 Collaboration

416

(1)

10.5.2.4 Performance Management

417

(1)

10.5.2.5 Resource Management

417

(1)

10.5.2.6 Financial Management

417

(1)

10.6 Who Are the Principal Players?

417

(1)

10.7 Summary

418

(1)

11 Summary and Trends

419

(6)

Appendices

A Glossary

425

(8)

B Acronyms

433

(10)

C References

443

(4)

Index

447

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Intelligence Support Systems: Technologies for Lawful Intercepts

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials