Interaction of Radiation with Matter

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ISBN: 9781439853573 | 1439853576
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/11/2012

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Written for students approaching the subject for the first time, this text provides a solid grounding in the physics of the interactions of photons and particles with matter, which is the basis of radiological physics and radiation dosimetry. The authors first present the relevant atomic physics and then describe the interactions, emphasizing practical applications in health/medical physics and radiation biology. They cover such important topics as microdosimetry, interaction of photons with matter, electron energy loss, and dielectric response. Each chapter includes exercises and a summary.

Preface	p. xiii
About the Authors	p. xv

Introduction	p. 3
Radiation Transport Codes	p. 5
Amorphous Track Codes	p. 8
Condensed History Monte Carlo (CHMC) Codes	p. 8
3D and 4D Monte Carlo Track Structure Codes	p. 10
Questions	p. 11
References	p. 11
Basic Knowledge of Radiation	p. 15
Definitions of Radiation	p. 15
Electron Volt	p. 16
Special Theory of Relativity	p. 17
Electromagnetic Wave and Photon	p. 19
Interaction Cross Sections	p. 21
Quantities and Units of Radiation	p. 24
Relevant to Radiation Fields	p. 24
Relevant to Interactions	p. 25
Cross Section (¿)	p. 25
Mass Attenuation Coefficient (¿/¿)	p. 25
Mass Energy Transfer Coefficient (¿_tr/¿)	p. 26
Mass Energy Absorption Coefficient (¿_en/¿)	p. 26
Total Mass Stopping Power (S/¿)	p. 26
LET (Linear Energy Transfer) or Restricted Linear Collision Stopping Power (L_¿)	p. 27
Radiation Chemical Yield (G)	p. 27
Average Energy per Ion Pair (W)	p. 27
Relevant to Doses	p. 27
Energy Imparted (¿)	p. 27
Absorbed Dose (D)	p. 28
Absorbed Dose Rate (D)	p. 28
Kerma (K)	p. 28
Kerma Rate (K)	p. 29
Exposure (X)	p. 29
Exposure Rate (X)	p. 29
Relevant to Radioactivities	p. 29
Decay Constant (¿)	p. 29
Activity (A)	p. 30
Air Kerma Rate Constant (¿_¿)	p. 31
Exposure Rate Constant (¿_¿′)	p. 32
Relevant to Radiation Protection	p. 32
Dose Equivalent (H)	p. 32
Summary	p. 33
Questions	p. 34
References	p. 34
For Further Reading	p. 34
Atoms	p. 35
Atomic Nature of Matter	p. 35
Rutherford's Atomic Model	p. 36
Bohr's Quantum Theory	p. 37
Quantum Mechanics	p. 39
de Broglie Wave of Electrons	p. 39
Uncertainty Principle	p. 40
Schrödinger Equation	p. 41
Wavefunction	p. 43
Atomic Structure	p. 44
Electron Orbit	p. 44
Pauli's Exclusion Principle	p. 45
Summary	p. 46
Questions	p. 47
For Further Reading	p. 47
Atomic Nucleus	p. 49
Constituents of Nucleus	p. 49
Binding Energy of Nucleus	p. 49
Nuclear Models	p. 51
Liquid Drop Model	p. 51
Shell Model	p. 52
Collective Model	p. 53
Nuclear Reaction	p. 54
Characteristics	p. 54
Cross Section	p. 55
Threshold Value of Reaction	p. 56
Nuclear Fission	p. 57
Nuclear Fusion	p. 58
Summary	p. 59
Questions	p. 60
For Further Reading	p. 60
Radioactivity	p. 61
Types of Radioactivity	p. 61
¿-Decay	p. 61
ß- Decay	p. 63
¿-Decay	p. 65
Internal Conversion	p. 65
ß+ Decay	p. 66
Electron Capture	p. 67
Radiative and Nonradiative Transitions	p. 69
Formulas of Radioactive Decay	p. 71
Attenuation Law	p. 71
Specific Activity	p. 73
Radioactive Equilibrium	p. 73
Secular Equilibrium	p. 73
General Formula	p. 74
Transient Equilibrium	p. 74
Nonequilibrium	p. 75
Summary	p. 75
Questions	p. 75
References	p. 76
For Further Reading	p. 76
X-Rays	p. 77
Generation of X-Rays	p. 77
Continuous X-Rays	p. 79
Characteristic X-Rays	p. 80
Auger Electrons	p. 81
Synchrotron Radiation	p. 82
Diffraction by Crystal	p. 84
Summary	p. 86
Questions	p. 87
For Further Reading	p. 87
Interaction of Photons with Matter	p. 89
Types of Interaction	p. 89
Thomson Scattering	p. 89
Photoelectric Effect	p. 89
Compton Scattering	p. 90
Pair Creation	p. 92
Photonuclear Reaction	p. 93
Attenuation Coefficients	p. 94
Half-Value Layer of X-Rays	p. 96
Mass Energy Absorption Coefficients	p. 98
Summary	p. 101
Questions	p. 102
For Further Reading	p. 102
Interaction of Electrons with Matter	p. 103
Energy Loss of Charged Particles	p. 103
Collision Stopping Power	p. 105
Radiative Stopping Power	p. 108
Ranges	p. 110
Multiple Scattering	p. 112
Cerenkov Radiation	p. 115
Summary	p. 117
Questions	p. 117
For Further Reading	p. 118
Interaction of Heavy Charged Particles with Matter	p. 119
Collision Stopping Powers	p. 119
Nuclear Stopping Powers	p. 123
Ranges	p. 126
Straggling of Energy Loss and Range	p. 128
Summary	p. 129
Questions	p. 130
References	p. 130
For Further Reading	p. 130
¿-Ray, Restricted Stopping Power, and LET	p. 131
¿-Ray	p. 131
Restricted Stopping Power	p. 132
LET	p. 135
Summary	p. 136
Questions	p. 136
References	p. 136
Introduction to Monte Carlo Simulation	p. 137
Monte Carlo Method	p. 137
Sampling of Reaction Point	p. 137
Condensed History Technique	p. 141
Slowing Down of Electrons	p. 146
Conversion of Angles	p. 147
Intersection at Boundary	p. 148
Summary	p. 150
Questions	p. 151
References	p. 151

Cross Sections for Interactions of Photons with Matter	p. 155
Coherent Scattering	p. 155
Photoelectric Effect	p. 157
Incoherent Scattering	p. 158
Pair Creation	p. 162
Soft X-Rays	p. 166
Summary	p. 170
Questions	p. 170
References	p. 171
Cross Sections for Interactions of Electrons with Water	p. 173
Ionization	p. 173
Secondary Electrons	p. 173
Total Cross Sections	p. 179
Excitation	p. 181
Elastic Scattering	p. 184
Stopping Powers	p. 186
Summary	p. 187
Questions	p. 188
References	p. 188
Cross Sections for Interactions of Low-Energy Protons (<1 MeVu^-1) in Water	p. 191
Ionization	p. 191
Secondary Electrons	p. 191
Total Cross Sections	p. 195
Excitation	p. 197
Elastic Scattering	p. 197
Charge Transfer	p. 201
Stopping Powers	p. 202
Electronic Stopping Powers	p. 202
Nuclear Stopping Powers	p. 209
Summary	p. 209
Questions	p. 210
References	p. 210
Cross Sections for Interactions of Low Energy ¿-Particles (<2 MeVu^-1) in Water	p. 213
Ionization	p. 213
Secondary Electrons	p. 213
Total Cross Sections	p. 214
Excitation	p. 217
Elastic Scattering	p. 218
Charge Transfer	p. 219
Stopping Powers	p. 221
Electronic Stopping Powers	p. 221
Summary	p. 225
Questions	p. 225
References	p. 226
Cross Sections for Interactions of High-Energy Protons (>1 MeVu^-1) in Water	p. 227
Ionization	p. 227
Secondary Electrons	p. 227
Total Cross Sections	p. 230
Excitation	p. 231
Elastic Scattering	p. 231
Summary	p. 232
Questions	p. 233
References	p. 233
Model Calculations Using Track Structure Data of Electrons	p. 235
Ranges and W Values	p. 235
Depth-Dose Distributions	p. 235
Electron Slowing Down Spectra	p. 237
Summary	p. 241
References	p. 241
Model Calculations Using Track Structure Data of Ions	p. 243
KURBUC Code System for Heavy Particles	p. 243
Ranges and W Values	p. 243
Depth-Dose Distributions	p. 247
Radial Dose Distributions	p. 249
Restricted Stopping Powers	p. 249
Summary	p. 251
References	p. 251

Inelastic Scattering of Charged Particles in Condensed Media: A Dielectric Theory Perspective	p. 255
Introduction	p. 255
Formal Scattering Theory: The Problem	p. 258
Born Approximation	p. 260
Validity Range	p. 261
Dynamic Structure Factor	p. 261
Oscillator Strength	p. 263
Dielectric Response Function	p. 266
Kramers-Krönig Relations	p. 270
Dielectric Formulation	p. 270
Bethe Approximation	p. 273
Electron Gas Theory	p. 275
Plasmons	p. 277
Drude Model	p. 280
Lindhard Model	p. 284
Landau Damping	p. 290
Mermin Model	p. 292
Plasmon Pole Approximation	p. 295
Many-Body Local Field Correction	p. 298
Static Approximation	p. 301
Optical Data Models	p. 305
Optical Limit	p. 305
Models Based on the Drude Dielectric Function	p. 311
OREC Version	p. 311
Ritchie-Howie Version	p. 313
Extension to Arbitrary q	p. 315
Models Based on the Lindhard Dielectric Function	p. 317
Perm Model	p. 317
Ashley Model	p. 321
Models Based on the Mermin Dielectric Function	p. 322
Hybrid Models	p. 323
Liljequist Model	p. 323
Two-Mode Model	p. 325
References	p. 327

Questions and Problems	p. 333
Index	p. 341
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Interaction of Radiation with Matter

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