International Business Transactions

, by Folsom, Ralph H.; Gordon, Michael W.

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780314065339 | 0314065334
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/1/1995

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Sales Agent and Distributorship Agreements; Countertrade Agreements; United States Customs and International Trade Regulation; United States Tariffs and Duty Free Imports; Customs Classification and Valuation; Antidumping Duties (U.S. and E.U.); Subsidies and Countervailing Duties (U.S. and E.U.); Trade Adjustment Assistance; United States Export Incentives; United States Export Controls; Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; United States Boycott and Anti-Boycott Law; Foreign Market Access: United States Section 301 Proceedings -- Super 301 and Special 301 Procedures; Free Trade Agreements of the United States: Israel, Canada, Mexico; Franchising and Trademark Licensing; Patent and Know-How Licensing; Counterfeit, Infringing and Gray Market Imports -- United States Section 337 Proceedings; Branches and Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries; Joint Ventures; Investment Control Laws; Currency Control Laws; Expropriation Law; Investing: Europe, East Asia, Developing Nations, Non-Market and Transition Economies; Antitrust and Securities Laws (U.S. and E.U.).

Preface

WESTLAW Overview

vii

Sales Agent and Distributorship Agreements

(27)

Introduction

(2)

Need for a Written Agreement

(1)

Problems Most Prevalent Upon Termination

(1)

Effect of Changing Export Laws in the United States

(1)

Forms of Distribution

(3)

Choice of Form

(1)

Independent Foreign Agent

(1)

Independent Foreign Distributor

(1)

Laws Protecting Agents and Distributors

(2)

Ability to Control Agent or Distributor

(3)

Aspects of Control

(2)

Areas to Consider

(1)

Choosing the Agent or Distributor

(1)

Individual or Business Entity

(1)

Nationality of the Agent/Distributor

(1)

Special Problems

(1)

The Agreement--Provisions to Customers

(9)

Language

(1)

Agreement Is the Full Agreement

(1)

Definitions

(1)

Services to Be Performed by Agent/Distributor

(1)

Compensation and Payment

(1)

Choice of Law and Venue

(1)

Termination

(1)

Termination--Right to Terminate

(2)

Termination--Notice of Termination

(1)

Termination--Rights Upon Termination

(1)

Termination--Waiver of Termination Rights

(1)

Termination--Denial of Import Privileges

(1)

Termination--Denial of Export Privileges

(1)

Duration of Agreement

(1)

Rights Retained by United States Company

(1)

Registration of the Agreement

(1)

Notification or Approval

(1)

Jurisdiction Over United States Principal

(1)

Who Asserts Jurisdiction?

(1)

International Unification of the Rules of Agency

(5)

1983 Geneva Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods

(1)

European Union Unification of the Rules Affecting Agents and Distributors

(4)

Final Considerations

(3)

Laws Affecting Exports and Imports

(1)

Selected Bibliography

(2)

Countertrade Agreements

(28)

Introduction

(3)

Countertrade in the Post World War II Years

(1)

Why Engage in Countertrade?

(2)

Forms of Countertrade

(5)

Barter

(1)

Counterpurchase

(2)

Compensation or Buyback

(1)

Offsets

(1)

Switch Trading

(1)

Bilateral Clearing Accounts

(1)

Investment Commitment

(1)

The Countertrade Agreement

(3)

Single versus Three Agreements

(1)

The First Agreement

(1)

The Second Agreement

(1)

The Third Agreement--The Protocol

(2)

Negotiating a Countertrade Agreement

(6)

Understanding Countertrade

(1)

Length of Time to Negotiate

(1)

Definition of the Goods

(1)

Quality

(1)

Quantity

(1)

Prices

(1)

Other Trade Rules Applicability

(1)

Percentage of Countertrade Demanded

(1)

Discount for Costs of Disposing Countertrade Goods

(1)

Nonperformance Penalties

(1)

Selection of Goods

(1)

Release of United States Party

(1)

Renegotiation

(1)

Dispute Resolution

(1)

Countertrade in the Context of a Joint Venture

(1)

Compensation Countertrade and a Joint Venture

(1)

Policy Positions Concerning Countertrade

(8)

Governments and International Organizations

(1)

United States Government Policy

(2)

United States Trade Law

(2)

United States Antitrust Law

(1)

Western European Nations

(1)

Nonmarket Economy Nations

(1)

Developing Nations

(1)

Middle East Nations

(1)

United Nations

(1)

GATT/WTO

(1)

OECD

(1)

Conclusions

(2)

Future of Countertrade

(1)

Selected Bibliography

(1)

An Introduction to United States Customs And International Trade Regulation

(14)

Clearing U.S. Customs

(6)

Introduction

(1)

Entry Formalities

(1)

Customs Documentation and Liability

(2)

Customs Classification

(1)

Customs Valuation

(1)

Rules of Origin

(2)

The GATT and Rules of Origin

(1)

Regulating U.S. Trade

(7)

International Trade Administration (ITA)

(1)

International Trade Commission (ITC)

(1)

Court of International Trade (CIT)

(1)

United States Trade Representative (USTR)

(2)

U.S. Import Regulation (Chart)

(1)

U.S. Export Regulation (Chart)

(1)

Selected Bibliography

(2)

United States Tariffs and Duty Free Imports

(29)

The U.S. Harmonized Tariff Schedule

(6)

Introduction

(1)

The Origins of United States Tariffs

(1)

Column 1 Tariffs and the GATT

(1)

Column 2 Tariffs

(1)

The Jackson-Vanik Amendment

(2)

Duty Free Entry

(1)

HTS Sample

(1)

Foreign Trade Zones and Bonded Warehouses

(3)

Foreign Trade Zones

(3)

Bonded Warehouses

(1)

The U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)

(7)

Statutory Authorization

(1)

USTR Petition Procedures

(1)

Competitive Need Limitations

(2)

Country Eligibility

(2)

Product Eligibility

(1)

Graduation

(1)

Judicial and Administrative Remedies

(1)

Caribbean Basin Initiative and Andean Trade Preferences

(4)

Introduction

(1)

CBI Country Eligibility

(1)

CBI Product Eligibility

(2)

Andean Trade Preferences

(1)

Goods Incorporating United States Components

(8)

Section 9802.00.80 of the HTS

(2)

Mexican Maquiladoras

(1)

Section 9802.00.80 Case Law

(3)

Metals Processed Abroad

(1)

Selected Bibliography

(2)

Customs Classification and Valuation

(27)

The Role of Classification and Valuation

100

(3)

Purpose of Classification and Valuation

100

(1)

The Actors Who Classify and Value--The Customs Service

101

(1)

The Sources of Law for Classification and Valuation

102

(1)

Classification--The Framework of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States

103

(3)

Sample Provisions of the Harmonized Tariff System

104

(1)

The Meaning of the Headings in the HTS

104

(1)

The Meaning of the Notes in the HTS

105

(1)

The Meaning of the Columns in the HTS

105

(1)

Classification--Determining the Proper Rate of Duty

106

(6)

Applying the General Rules of Interpretation

106

(3)

The Additional U.S. Rules of Interpretation

109

(1)

United States Customs Service, Guidance for Interpretation of Harmonized System

110

(1)

Decisions of United States Courts

111

(1)

Country of Origin

112

(5)

Introduction

112

(1)

Sources of Law

113

(2)

Applicable Legal Theories

115

(2)

Valuation--The Framework of Valuation Law in the United States

117

(1)

United States Law

117

(1)

The Law of the GATT

117

(1)

Valuation--Determining the Proper Value

118

(8)

Appraisal of Imported Merchandise

118

(1)

Transaction Value

118

(3)

Deductive Value

121

(2)

Computed Value

123

(1)

Value When Other Methods Are Not Effective

123

(1)

Selected Bibliography

124

(2)

Antidumping Duties (U.S. and EU)

126

(35)

Introduction

127

(1)

Dumping--What Is It and Why Is It Done?

127

(1)

GATT Antidumping Law

127

(3)

Introduction

127

(1)

Tokyo Round Antidumping Code (1979)

128

(1)

Uruguay Round Antidumping Code (1994)

129

(1)

U.S. Antidumping Law

130

(26)

The Evolution of U.S. Antidumping Law

130

(2)

The Dumping Determination

132

(1)

Foreign Market Value

132

(1)

United States Price

133

(1)

Sales Below Cost

134

(1)

The DOC's Policy Concerning Application of the ``10-90-10'' Test

135

(1)

Nonmarket Economies Included

136

(1)

Nonmarket Economy Constructed Values

137

(1)

Market Economy Constructed Values

138

(1)

Similar Merchandise and Price Adjustments

139

(2)

The Injury Determination

141

(1)

Like Domestic Products

141

(1)

Material Injury

142

(5)

Threat of Material Injury

147

(1)

Causation

148

(2)

Cumulative Causation

150

(1)

Antidumping Procedures--Petition and Response

151

(2)

Administrative Determinations

153

(1)

The Importance of the ITA Preliminary Dumping Determination

154

(1)

AD Duties and Anticircumvention

154

(2)

Appeals

156

(1)

EU Antidumping Law

156

(5)

GATT Code Adherence

156

(1)

Administrative Determinations

157

(1)

Settlements

158

(1)

Anticircumvention and Other Controversies

159

(1)

Selected Bibliography

160

(1)

Subsidies and Countervailing Duties (U.S. and EU)

161

(29)

Introduction

162

(1)

Subsidies and International Trade

162

(1)

GATT Subsidies and CVD Law

162

(4)

Tokyo Round Subsidies Code (1979)

162

(3)

Uruguay Round Subsidies Code (1994)

165

(1)

U.S. Subsidies and CVD Law

166

(22)

Historical Introduction

166

(1)

Two Statutory Regimes

166

(2)

Country Under the Agreement Status

168

(1)

The Countervailable Subsidy Determination

169

(1)

Domestic Subsidies and the Specificity Test

169

(3)

Export Subsidies

172

(1)

Upstream Subsidies

173

(1)

De Minimis Subsidies

174

(1)

Nonmarket Economies Excluded

174

(1)

The Injury Determination

175

(1)

Like Domestic Products

175

(1)

Material Injury

176

(4)

Causation

180

(1)

Cumulative Causation

181

(2)

Countervailing Duty Procedures

183

(1)

Administrative Determinations

184

(1)

The Importance of the ITA Preliminary Subsidy Determination

185

(1)

CVD Duties and Anticircumvention

186

(1)

Appeals

187

(1)

EU Subsidies and CVD Law

188

(2)

GATT Code Adherence

188

(1)

Selected Bibliography

188

(2)

United States Import Controls and Nontariff Trade Barriers

190

(26)

Introduction

191

(5)

Import Quotas and Licenses

191

(1)

GATT Nontariff Trade Barrier Codes

192

(1)

U.S. Import Restraints

193

(1)

U.S. Participation in International Commodity Agreements

194

(1)

U.S. Participation in the Multi-Fiber Arrangement

194

(2)

Agricultural Quotas

196

(6)

Section 22 of the Agricultural Adjustment Act

196

(2)

Meat Imports

198

(1)

Sugar Imports

199

(1)

Agricultural Marketing Orders

200

(1)

The Uruguay Round GATT Agreement on Agriculture

200

(2)

Nontariff Trade Barriers

202

(10)

Introduction

202

(1)

Food Products

202

(1)

Seeds, Plants and Animals

203

(1)

Consumer Products

203

(1)

Motor Vehicles

204

(1)

Environmental Regulation

204

(1)

Public Procurement

205

(3)

Product Standards

208

(2)

Product Markings (Origin, Labels)

210

(2)

Maritime Transport

212

(1)

National Security Import Restraints

212

(4)

Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act

212

(2)

Trade Embargoes

214

(1)

Selected Bibliography

215

(1)

United States Escape Clause and Market Disruption Proceedings; Trade Adjustment Assistance

216

(25)

Introduction

216

(3)

Prospects for Relief

216

(1)

Special Rules for Canada and Mexico

217

(1)

The Impact of Limited Judicial Review

218

(1)

The Uruguay Round GATT Escape Clause Code

219

(1)

Escape Clause Proceedings

219

(12)

Petitions

219

(1)

ITC Investigations

220

(1)

Statutory Criteria

221

(1)

Substantial Causation

222

(2)

Serious Injury

224

(2)

Relief Recommendations of the Commission

226

(1)

Presidential Relief Decisions

227

(3)

Orderly Marketing and Voluntary Restraint Agreements

230

(1)

Market Disruption Proceedings

231

(3)

Statutory Criteria

231

(2)

Relief Measures

233

(1)

Trade Adjustment Assistance

234

(7)

Individual and Company Assistance Criteria

234

(2)

Secretary of Labor Determinations

236

(2)

Assistance Data

238

(1)

Selected Bibliography

239

(2)

United States Export Incentives

241

(33)

Introduction

242

(3)

Promoting U.S. Exports

242

(1)

Summary of U.S. Military Export Assistance

243

(1)

Drawback as an Export Incentive

243

(2)

Antitrust Exemptions

245

(4)

Webb-Pomerene Export Associations

245

(2)

Export Trade Certificates of Review

247

(2)

Export Trading Companies

249

(3)

Statutory Authorization

249

(1)

Bank Investments in Export Trading Companies

250

(1)

Permitted Activities

251

(1)

United States Export-Import Bank (EXIMBANK)

252

(4)

Introduction

252

(1)

Loan Guarantees and Credit Insurance

252

(1)

Export Financing

253

(1)

EXIMBANK Programs (Chart)

254

(1)

Suits by and Against EXIMBANK

255

(1)

EXIMBANK Subsidization of U.S. Exports

255

(1)

Foreign Sales Corporations (FSC)

256

(7)

Domestic International Sales Corporations (DISCs)

256

(2)

Authorization of Foreign Sales Corporations (FSCs)

258

(1)

FSC Qualification

258

(2)

Small and Shared FSC

260

(1)

Tax Treatment of the FSC

261

(1)

FSC Site Location

262

(1)

Agricultural Export Subsidies

263

(3)

Introduction

263

(1)

Commodity Credit Corporation and Other Agricultural Export Programs

264

(1)

Subsidy Disputes With the European Union

265

(1)

Government Export Promotion Services

266

(8)

Introduction

266

(1)

Department of Commerce Export Assistance

266

(1)

DOC Market Information Programs

267

(1)

DOC Contact Programs

268

(1)

DOC Trade Show Programs

269

(1)

DOC Trade Mission Programs

270

(1)

DOC Minority Business Development Agency

270

(1)

Small Business Administration Export Assistance

270

(1)

Department of Agriculture Export Assistance

271

(1)

State Government Export Assistance

272

(1)

Selected Bibliography

273

(1)

United States Export Controls

274

(37)

Introduction

275

(3)

Governance of Imports

275

(1)

Governance of Exports

275

(2)

General Licenses Versus Validated Licenses

277

(1)

Export Administration Regulations

278

(1)

General Licenses

278

(2)

Shipper's Export Declaration

278

(1)

Special General Licenses

278

(2)

Validated Licenses

280

(2)

Application Required

280

(1)

Special Validated Licenses

280

(1)

Project Licenses

280

(1)

Distribution Licenses

281

(1)

Application for a Validated License

282

(5)

Use of Mandatory Form

282

(1)

Notification of Exporting Without Proper License

282

(1)

Special License Application Procedure

282

(1)

Validated Licenses to Embargoed Nations

283

(1)

Validated Licenses for Technical Data

283

(2)

Amending a Validated License

285

(2)

Determining Which License Is Required

287

(6)

Four Factor Test

287

(1)

Commerce Control List (CCL)

287

(2)

Country Groups

289

(3)

Export Control Classification Number (ECCN)

292

(1)

Documentation

293

(3)

Shipper's Export Declaration (SED)

293

(1)

Destination Control Statement

294

(1)

Supporting Documentation

295

(1)

Special Policies and Provisions

296

(4)

Special Commodity Policies and Provisions

296

(1)

Special Country Policies and Provisions

296

(1)

Short Supply Controls and Monitoring

297

(1)

Proliferation Controls

297

(1)

Reexport Authorization

297

(2)

Export Clearance

299

(1)

Military Commodities and the United States Munitions List

299

(1)

Review of Exports

300

(3)

Time Limits on Review by the Department of Commerce

300

(1)

Review of Export Applications by Other Government Agencies

301

(2)

Resolution of Disputes Between Agencies

303

(1)

Enforcement

303

(8)

Fines, Suspensions and Revocation of Export Authority

303

(2)

Administrative Proceedings

305

(1)

Denial Orders

305

(2)

Selected Bibliography

307

(1)

Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations (DOC)

307

(4)

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

311

(28)

Introduction

312

(3)

FCPA as Response to Political Goals

312

(1)

History of the FCPA

313

(1)

Amendments in 1988

314

(1)

Responses From Other Nations

314

(1)

Scope of the FCPA

315

(2)

Definitional Challenges

315

(1)

Exempting Minor Payments

315

(1)

Who Is Covered?

315

(1)

Prohibited Payments

316

(1)

Accounting Standards

317

(2)

Approach of Accounting Standards

317

(1)

ABA/SEC Disagreement

318

(1)

First Standard: Books, Records and Accounts

318

(1)

Second Standard: Internal Accounting Control

318

(1)

Sole Exemption: National Security

319

(1)

Persons Subject to the FCPA

319

(2)

Must be Subject to SEA

319

(1)

Issuers of Securities

319

(1)

Domestic Concerns Other Than Issuers

319

(1)

Foreign Subsidiaries of United States Companies

320

(1)

Actions Not Allowed Against Foreign Officials

320

(1)

Act of Offering, Promising or Giving Corruptly

321

(1)

What Is Given?

321

(1)

Acting ``Corruptly''

321

(1)

Prohibited Persons (Recipients) and Purposes

322

(2)

Foreign Official

322

(1)

Foreign Political Party, Official or Candidate

323

(1)

Any Person ``While Knowing''

323

(1)

Routine Governmental Action Exemption

324

(1)

De Minimis or ``Grease'' Payments

324

(1)

``Facilitating or Expediting Routine Governmental Action''

324

(1)

Affirmative Defenses

325

(1)

Lawful Under ``Written'' Laws

325

(1)

``Reasonable and Bona Fide Expenditures''

326

(1)

Enforcement and Penalties

326

(3)

Enforcement Authority

326

(1)

Consent Decrees

327

(1)

Charges of Accounting and Illegal Payment Violations

327

(1)

Additional Charges

328

(1)

Penalties: Record Keeping and Accounting Violations

328

(1)

Penalties: Illegal Payment Violations

328

(1)

Department of Justice Review Procedure

329

(1)

Review Process

329

(1)

When to Use Review Process?

329

(1)

Rights of Action

329

(3)

Actions by the Government

329

(1)

Private Right of Action

330

(1)

Employee Suits

330

(1)

Suits Charging Competitor With Violation of FCPA

331

(1)

Company Responses

332

(3)

Responses to Foreign Officials' Requests for Payments

332

(2)

Company Policy to Prohibit Payments in Violation of the FCPA

334

(1)

Multinational Controls on Foreign Payments

335

(1)

Specific Nations Laws

335

(1)

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

335

(1)

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

335

(1)

United Nations

336

(1)

Conclusions

336

(3)

Repeal Unlikely

336

(1)

Adoption of Company Policy

337

(1)

Selected Bibliography

337

(2)

United States Boycott and Anti-Boycott Law

339

(33)

Introduction

340

(1)

Boycott and Antiboycott Laws

340

(1)

Boycott Laws and International Law

341

(1)

United States Boycotts

341

(5)

The Structure of United States Boycott Law

341

(2)

Trade Restrictions: The Case of Cuba

343

(3)

Enacting the Antiboycott Laws

346

(3)

United States Reaction to Arab Boycott of Israel: The Antiboycott Laws

346

(1)

Addressing Boycotts Contrary to United States Interests by Other Laws

347

(2)

The Antiboycott Law

349

(1)

Export Administration Act

349

(1)

Export Administration Regulations

349

(1)

Antiboycott Law--Prohibited Conduct

350

(8)

Prohibited Actions Must Be Done Intentionally

350

(1)

Refusals to Deal

351

(1)

Discriminatory Actions

352

(1)

Furnishing Information Regarding Race, Religion, Sex or National Origin

353

(1)

Furnishing Information Regarding Business Relationships--The Use of ``Blacklists''

354

(2)

Furnishing Information Regarding Charitable or Fraternal Organizations

356

(1)

Use of Letters of Credit

356

(2)

Antiboycott Law--Exceptions

358

(6)

Function of the Exceptions

358

(1)

Import Requirements of the Boycotting Country

358

(1)

Import and Shipping Document Requirements

359

(1)

Compliance With Unilateral Selection

360

(2)

Compliance With Shipment and Transshipment Requirements

362

(1)

Compliance With Immigration, Passport, Visa or Employment Requirements

362

(1)

Compliance With Local Law

363

(1)

Antiboycott Law--Miscellaneous

364

(5)

Prohibition of Intentional Evasion

364

(1)

Reporting Requirements

365

(3)

Supplements to the Regulations

368

(1)

Violations and Enforcement

368

(1)

Private Right of Action

369

(1)

Company Policy

369

(3)

Responses to Requests From Arab Nations

369

(1)

Company Policy to Comply With Law

370

(1)

Selected Bibliography

370

(2)

Foreign Market Access: United States Section 301 Proceedings--Super 301 and Special 301 Procedures

372

(25)

Introduction

372

(3)

Foreign Country Practices and Market Access

372

(1)

The Evolution of Section 301

373

(2)

Section 301 Results

375

(1)

Section 301 Proceedings and Remedies

375

(10)

Mandatory versus Discretionary Offenses and Remedies

375

(1)

Statutory Definitions

376

(2)

Petitioning and Consultation Procedures

378

(1)

USTR Determinations

379

(1)

Section 301 in Action

380

(4)

The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)

384

(1)

Super 301 Procedures

385

(1)

The Gephardt Amendment Alternative

385

(1)

Special 301 Procedures

386

(11)

Prioritization of U.S. Intellectual Property Rights Disputes With Foreign Countries

386

(2)

Special 301 Negotiations

388

(2)

Special 301: Progress on Intellectual Property Issues

390

(4)

The Uruguay Round TRIPs Agreement

394

(1)

Selected Bibliography

395

(2)

Free Trade Agreements of the United States: Israel, Canada, Mexico

397

(28)

Introduction

398

(1)

U.S. Free Trade Agreements

398

(1)

Israel--U.S. Free Trade

398

(2)

Introduction

398

(1)

Tariff Removal

399

(1)

Safeguards, Rules of Origin and Dispute Settlement

399

(1)

Canada--U.S. Free Trade

400

(7)

Introduction

400

(1)

The Economics of CFTA

401

(1)

The CFTA Agreement in Outline

402

(4)

Dispute Settlement Under CFTA

406

(1)

Free Trade in the Americas

407

(2)

Introduction

407

(2)

The Enterprise for the Americas Initiative

409

(1)

North American Free Trade

409

(16)

Introduction

409

(1)

The Economics of NAFTA

410

(2)

The NAFTA Agreement in Outline

412

(9)

Dispute Settlement Under NAFTA

421

(1)

The Side Agreements on Labor and the Environment

422

(1)

Comparison With the European Union

423

(1)

Selected Bibliography

423

(2)

Franchising and Trademark Licensing

425

(29)

Introduction

426

(6)

Franchising Abroad

426

(1)

Trademark Protection

426

(2)

Quality Controls

428

(1)

428

(1)

Protection of Franchise Trade Secrets

429

(1)

The Franchise Agreement

430

(1)

Regulation of International Franchising

430

(2)

International Trademark Treaties

432

(1)

The Paris Convention as Applied to Trademarks

432

(1)

The Nice Agreement on Trademark Classification

433

(1)

International Trademark Registration Treaties

433

(1)

Franchising in Europe

433

(4)

The Pronuptia Case

433

(2)

Regulation 4087/88

435

(2)

Franchising in the United States

437

(11)

Introduction

437

(1)

State Franchise Disclosure Requirements

438

(2)

FTC Franchising Rule

440

(2)

Uniform Franchise Offering Circular

442

(2)

Termination of Franchises

444

(1)

Automobile Dealer Franchises

444

(1)

Petroleum Distribution Franchises

445

(2)

Good Cause for Termination

447

(1)

California Franchising Law

448

(6)

Franchise Investment Law

448

(1)

Termination of California Franchises

449

(1)

California Petroleum Franchises

450

(1)

California Automotive Franchises

451

(2)

Selected Bibliography

453

(1)

Patent and Knowhow Licensing

454

(28)

Introduction

455

(3)

Protecting Patents and Knowhow

455

(1)

The Nature of Patents

455

(2)

The Nature of Knowhow

457

(1)

International Patents and Knowhow

458

(6)

International Patent and Knowhow Licensing

458

(1)

International Acquisition of Patents

459

(1)

European Patents

460

(1)

EU Patent Licensing

461

(3)

EU Knowhow Licensing

464

(1)

Transferring Technology

464

(3)

Introduction

464

(1)

Regulations in the Country of the Transferee

465

(2)

The Transfer of Technology Agreement

467

(3)

Different Kinds of Agreements

467

(1)

Agreement to License a Patent

467

(1)

Agreement to License Knowhow

468

(1)

Agreement as Part of a Foreign Direct Investment

468

(1)

Other Forms of Agreement

469

(1)

Elements of a Transfer of Technology Agreement

470

(7)

Introduction

470

(1)

Definitions

470

(1)

The Grant of the License

470

(1)

Duration

471

(1)

No Competition Arrangements

471

(1)

What the Licensor Promises to Provide

471

(1)

What the Licensee Promises to Undertake

472

(1)

Quality Control

473

(1)

Payment

474

(1)

Government Approval

475

(1)

Termination

475

(1)

Dispute Resolution

476

(1)

Miscellaneous Provisions

476

(1)

Multinational Governance of Technology Transfers

477

(5)

The United Nations Transfer of Technology Code Efforts

477

(1)

The GATT/WTO and Technology Transfers

478

(1)

NAFTA and Technology Transfers

479

(1)

Selected Bibliography

480

(2)

Counterfeit, Infringing and Gray Market Imports--United States Section 337 Proceedings

482

(29)

Introduction

483

(2)

Technology Transfers

483

(1)

The Uruguay Round TRIPs Agreement

484

(1)

Counterfeit Goods

485

(7)

Customs Service Seizures

485

(3)

Section 337 Proceedings (Intellectual Property)

488

(2)

Infringement Actions

490

(1)

Criminal Prosecutions

491

(1)

International Solutions

491

(1)

Gray Market Goods

492

(4)

Introduction

492

(1)

The U.S. Customs Service Position

493

(1)

Trademark and Copyright Remedies

494

(2)

Gray Market Goods in Other Jurisdictions

496

(1)

Section 337 Proceedings (Nonintellectual Property)

496

(4)

Statutory Criteria

496

(1)

Domestic Injury

497

(2)

Proof of a U.S. Industry

499

(1)

Section 337 Procedures

500

(4)

Complaint and Response

500

(2)

Temporary Relief

502

(1)

Administrative Process

502

(1)

Sanctions

503

(1)

Settlements

503

(1)

Section 337 Remedies

504

(2)

ITC Public Interest Review

504

(1)

ITC General Exclusion and Cease and Desist Orders

504

(1)

Presidential Vetoes

505

(1)

ITC Opinion Letters

506

(1)

Section 337 versus Federal Court Remedies

506

(5)

Concurrent Jurisdiction

506

(1)

Res Judicata

507

(1)

Summary of Section 337 During 1991

508

(1)

Selected Bibliography

509

(2)

Branches and Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries

511

(29)

Introduction

512

(2)

Decision to Invest Abroad

512

(1)

Choosing the Appropriate Form

513

(1)

Structures--The Choices

514

(3)

Choice of Branch or Subsidiary

514

(2)

Choice of Form of Subsidiary

516

(1)

Who Is Liable For Whom? Liability and Risk Considerations

517

(9)

Minimizing the Risk

517

(1)

Liability Imposed on the Foreign Entity

517

(5)

Liability Imposed on the Parent

522

(1)

Other Substantive Law Differences

523

(3)

Economic Considerations

526

(7)

Introduction

526

(1)

United States Taxation

526

(4)

Host Country Taxation

530

(2)

Financing

532

(1)

Exchange controls

532

(1)

Bankruptcy

533

(1)

Organizational Considerations

533

(1)

Government Consent

533

(1)

Registration

533

(1)

United States Regulation

534

(1)

Operational Considerations

534

(3)

Risk, Ownership and Control

534

(2)

Corporate Administration

536

(1)

Labor

536

(1)

Reports and Reserves

537

(1)

Marketing Considerations

537

(1)

Termination or Withdrawal Considerations

537

(1)

Branch

537

(1)

Subsidiary

538

(1)

Conclusions

538

(2)

Factors in the Decision

538

(1)

Selected Bibliography

538

(2)

Joint Ventures

540

(29)

Introduction

541

(1)

Defining the Joint Venture

541

(1)

Applicable Law

542

(4)

Host Nation Law

542

(1)

Bilateral Investment Treaties

543

(1)

Free Trade Agreements

544

(1)

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO)

545

(1)

Recent Trends

545

(1)

Joint Venture Laws of Foreign Nations

546

(3)

Introduction

546

(1)

Nonmarket and Developing Nations

546

(1)

Developed Nations

547

(2)

General Pattern of Joint Venture Laws

549

(7)

Reason for the Joint Venture Law

549

(2)

Scope of Coverage of Joint Venture Laws

551

(1)

Permitted Foreign Equity

551

(2)

Performance Requirements

553

(1)

Additional Controls

554

(1)

Administration of Joint Venture Laws

554

(2)

Joint Venture Participants

556

(1)

Choosing the Local Partner

556

(1)

Private Partners

556

(1)

State as a Partner

557

(1)

Majority, Minority or 50-50 Participation in Equity and Management

557

(2)

Mandates or Free Choice

557

(1)

Majority Equity and Management

558

(1)

Minority Equity/Majority Control

558

(1)

Minority Equity and Control

558

(1)

50-50 Joint Venture

559

(1)

The Agreements

559

(5)

Introduction

559

(1)

Preincorporation Agreement

559

(3)

The Corporate Charter

562

(1)

The Joint Venture Agreement

563

(1)

The Joint Venture Agreement

564

(5)

Purpose of the Joint Venture

564

(1)

Management of the Joint Venture

564

(1)

Intellectual Property

565

(1)

Government Approval

565

(1)

Taxes

566

(1)

Title to Real and Personal Property

566

(1)

Language

566

(1)

Duration

566

(1)

Intended Markets

567

(1)

Applicable Law for Dispute Resolution

567

(1)

Selected Bibliography

567

(2)

Investment Control Laws

569

(41)

Introduction

570

(3)

Why Invest Abroad?

570

(2)

The Language of Investment Barriers--TRIMS

572

(1)

Who Governs Foreign Investors?

573

(4)

Governance by Home Nations

573

(1)

Governance by Host Nations

574

(2)

Governance by Multi-Nation Organizations and International Law

576

(1)

When Investment Restrictions Are Imposed

577

(1)

Restrictions Upon Entry

577

(1)

Restrictions During Operations

578

(1)

Restrictions Upon Withdrawal

578

(1)

The Form of Investment Restrictions

578

(10)

Prohibitions and Limitations on Ownership

578

(6)

Limitations on Acquisitions

584

(1)

Limitations on Management

585

(1)

Performance Requirements

585

(1)

Limitations on Transfer of Capital and Earnings

586

(1)

Current Trends in Enacting and Enforcing Restrictions

587

(1)

Reviewing Proposed Foreign Investment

588

(5)

The Institutions of Review

588

(3)

The Process of Review

591

(2)

Foreign Investment Rules Under the NAFTA

593

(2)

Investment Rules

593

(1)

Dispute Resolution

594

(1)

Foreign Investment Rules Under the GATT/WTO

595

(1)

TRIMS

595

(1)

Foreign Investment Treaties

596

(1)

General

596

(1)

United States Investment Treaties

596

(1)

Operational Code--The Way Things Really Work

596

(6)

The Unwritten Law

596

(6)

Some Miscellaneous Aspects of Foreign Investment

602

(2)

Other Forms of Foreign Investment

602

(1)

Taxation of Foreign Investment

603

(1)

Applicable Law and Dispute Resolution

604

(6)

The Applicable Law

604

(1)

Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)

604

(2)

International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

606

(1)

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

607

(1)

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO)

608

(1)

Selected Bibliography

608

(2)

Currency Control Laws

610

(26)

Introduction

611

(6)

Regulating Possession and Access

611

(1)

Dynamics of Controls

612

(1)

Requirements of International Business Persons

613

(1)

Why a Currency Is Controlled

613

(1)

Variations in Controls

614

(3)

Forms of Currency Controls

617

(2)

Restrictions on Foreigners' Access to Domestic Borrowings, Even in Local Currency

617

(1)

Restrictions on Any Access to Local Borrowing of Foreign Hard Currency Holdings

617

(1)

Restrictions on Access to and Transfer of Local Foreign Hard Currency Holdings

617

(1)

Mandated Transfers From Abroad Into the Country to Obtain Approval of Investment Projects

617

(1)

Requirements That a Percentage of Borrowing of Foreign Currencies by a Resident Be Deposited Locally

617

(1)

Requirements That the Proceeds of Sales or Services Abroad Be Returned to and Deposited in Local Institutions

618

(1)

Requirements That Earnings of Residents in Foreign Currencies Be Deposited in Domestic Accounts

618

(1)

Requirements That Above Deposits of Foreign Hard Currencies Be Converted to Domestic Currency Accounts

618

(1)

Requirements That a Foreign Investor's Demands for Hard Currency Be Met by Hard Currency Earnings From Exports

619

(1)

Actions Which Affect the Value of a Currency

619

(1)

Government Intervention in the Market by the Purchase of Its Own Falling Value Currency

619

(1)

Government Linking the Currency to Another Nation's Currency

619

(1)

Government Depreciation of Its Currency

620

(1)

Government Decision That the Currency Will Float Freely as Opposed to Being Fixed in Relation to Another Currency (or Gold)

620

(1)

Government Adoption of a Foreign Currency as the Nation's Official Currency

620

(1)

Inflation and Indexation

620

(1)

Interrelationship of Currency Controls

620

(1)

Business Responses to Indexation and Inflation

621

(1)

Dual or Multi-Level Exchange Rates

621

(2)

The Use of Dual or Multi-Level Rates

621

(1)

Business Use of Different Rates

622

(1)

Sanctions for Violations of Currency Controls

623

(1)

Breaches of Contracts

623

(1)

Breaches of Government Rules

623

(1)

Regulation by the International Monetary Fund

624

(5)

Article VIII, 2(b) and the Regulation of Exchange Contracts

624

(1)

``Exchange Contracts'' Under Article VIII, 2(b)

625

(1)

``Involve the Currency'' Under Article VIII, 2(b)

626

(1)

``Exchange Control Regulations'' Under Article VIII, 2(b)

627

(1)

``Overriding Public Policy'' Under Article VIII, 2(b)

627

(1)

Other Issues Under Article VIII, 2(b)

627

(1)

Interpretation and Application of the Agreement

628

(1)

Contractual Provisions in View of IMF Regulations

628

(1)

Exchange Controls and the Act of State Doctrine

629

(2)

The Act of State Doctrine as an Alternative Defense to Article VIII, 2(b) of the IMF Agreement

629

(1)

Act of State Applied to Exchange Controls

630

(1)

Foreign Exchange Contracts

631

(1)

The Operation of a Foreign Exchange Contract

631

(1)

The Foreign Exchange Market

632

(1)

Oral Exchange Contracts

632

(1)

Settlement and Delivery

632

(1)

Foreign Exchange Risk

632

(2)

An Example of Exchange Risk

632

(1)

Lessening the Risk

633

(1)

Currency Swaps

633

(1)

Use of the Dollar in Trading

634

(1)

Insuring Against the Foreign Exchange Risk

634

(1)

Conclusions

634

(2)

Currency v. Tariff Fluctuations

634

(1)

Monitoring Currency

634

(1)

Selected Bibliography

635

(1)

Expropriation Law: Protecting the Investment

636

(22)

Introduction

637

(2)

The Taking of Foreign Investment

637

(1)

Predicting Expropriation

638

(1)

The Language of Taking

639

(2)

In Search of a Term

639

(1)

Intervention

639

(1)

Nationalization

640

(1)

Expropriation

640

(1)

Confiscation

641

(1)

Avoiding or Lessening the Risk

641

(1)

The Usefulness of Risk Analysis

641

(1)

Insuring the Risk

642

(1)

Government Insurance

642

(1)

Private Insurance

643

(1)

Mandatory and Optional Insurance

643

(1)

The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)

643

(9)

OPIC--History and Structure

643

(3)

OPIC--Investor Eligibility

646

(1)

OPIC--Insurance Programs

646

(2)

OPIC--Investment Insurance Terms

648

(1)

OPIC--Eligible Investments

648

(2)

OPIC--Claims and Dispute Settlement

650

(1)

OPIC--Private Insurers

651

(1)

The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

652

(4)

Investment Insurance on an International Level

652

(1)

MIGA--Insurance Programs

653

(2)

MIGA--Eligible Investments

655

(1)

MIGA--Eligible Investors

655

(1)

MIGA--Scope of Coverage

655

(1)

Conclusions

656

(2)

Does Insurance Lessen the Risk?

656

(1)

Bilateral Investment Treaties

656

(1)

Selected Bibliography

657

(1)

Expropriation Law: Taking and Settlement

658

(36)

Introduction

659

(1)

Avoiding the Risk of Expropriation

659

(1)

Legal Choices Following Expropriation

659

(1)

Expropriation Law

659

(2)

What Law Applies and What Is That Law?

659

(1)

Applying Domestic Law of the Taking Nation

660

(1)

Applying International Law

660

(1)

Investment Treaties

660

(1)

Expropriation--Public Purpose

661

(1)

Public Purpose Under International Law

661

(1)

Defining Public Purpose

661

(1)

Who Measures Public Purpose?

661

(1)

Expropriation--Retaliation and Discrimination

662

(1)

Retaliation and Discrimination Defined

662

(1)

Retaliation and Discrimination Subordinated to Compensation

663

(1)

Expropriation--Compensation

663

(4)

The Uncertainty of International Law

663

(1)

Prompt, Adequate and Effective Compensation

664

(1)

Appropriate Compensation

665

(1)

Fair Compensation

665

(1)

Just Compensation

665

(1)

Restitution as a Substitute for Compensation

666

(1)

Mandatory Questions Under Any Standard

666

(1)

After Expropriation

667

(4)

Exhaustion of Local Remedies

667

(1)

Assistance of the Government--The ``Calvo Clause''

667

(1)

Lump Sum Agreements and Claims Commissions

668

(3)

Suing in United States Courts

671

(1)

Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act in Expropriation Cases

671

(12)

Introduction

671

(1)

History and Rationale

672

(4)

The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976

676

(1)

Who Is a Sovereign?

676

(2)

Jurisdictional Issues

678

(1)

Exceptions to Sovereign Immunity--Waiver

678

(2)

Exceptions to Sovereign Immunity--Commercial Activity

680

(2)

Exceptions to Sovereign Immunity--Violations of International Law

682

(1)

Act of State in Expropriation Cases

683

(11)

Introduction

683

(1)

History

684

(1)

Act of State and the Expropriation of Property

685

(1)

Act of State Encounters Some Limits

686

(1)

Act of State and the Separation of Powers

687

(3)

Act of State and Some Exceptions

690

(2)

Selected Bibliography

692

(2)

Investing in Europe

694

(39)

The Growth of Europe as a Regional Market and Legal Jurisdiction

695

(11)

Coal and Steel (1951)

695

(1)

The European Economic Community (1957)

696

(1)

The European Community (1993)

697

(1)

The European Free Trade Area (1959)

698

(1)

Reconciliation of EFTA and the EEC (1973)

699

(1)

The European Economic Area (1991-1994)

700

(1)

The Maastricht Treaty on European Union (1993)

701

(2)

The Union in the Nineties

703

(2)

The New Europe (Chart)

705

(1)

The European Common Market

706

(21)

Introduction

706

(1)

A Single Market

706

(1)

Capital Movements and the European Monetary System

707

(1)

The European Exchange-Rate Mechanism

708

(1)

ECUs and the Common Currency Game Plan

709

(2)

Free Movement of Goods

711

(3)

Article 36 and the Problem of Nontariff Trade Barriers

714

(2)

Intellectual Property Rights as European Trade Barriers

716

(2)

NTBs and The Single Market

718

(1)

Product Standards and Testing

719

(2)

Freedom to Provide and Receive Services Across European Borders

721

(2)

Equal Pay and Equal Treatment (Comparable Worth)

723

(4)

Mergers and Acquisitions

727

(6)

Early EU Law on Mergers and Acquisitions

727

(2)

Commission Regulation of ``Concentrations''

729

(3)

Selected Bibliography

732

(1)

Investing in East Asia

733

(32)

Introduction

734

(1)

East Asian Investment

734

(1)

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

734

(4)

The ASEAN Market

734

(1)

ASEAN Industrial Projects

735

(1)

ASEAN Free Trade

735

(1)

ASEAN Industrial Complementation Schemes

736

(1)

ASEAN Industrial Joint Ventures

737

(1)

Potential Antitrust and CVD Problems

737

(1)

The People's Republic of China

738

(27)

The Retreat From State Enterprise

738

(1)

Prices and Markets

738

(1)

Cartels, Monopolies and Competition

739

(1)

China and The World: From Isolation to Open Doors

740

(1)

United States Export Controls: From Trading With an Enemy to Trading With an Ally

741

(1)

United States-PRC Trade and Investment Disputes

742

(1)

United States Tariffs on PRC Goods: The Issue of Human Rights

743

(1)

Restrictive International Trade Practices of the PRC

744

(1)

GATT Membership for the PRC

745

(1)

Foreign Economic Contracts of the PRC

746

(2)

The Foreign Economic Contract Law of 1985

748

(1)

Preferential Trade and Investment Zones

749

(2)

Guanxi Trading and Investing

751

(1)

The Foreign Investment Climate in the PRC

752

(1)

Foreign Investment Options

753

(1)

Equity Joint Ventures

753

(2)

Problems at the Chrysler Jeep Joint Venture

755

(1)

Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries

756

(2)

Contractual Joint Ventures

758

(1)

PRC Stock Companies and Class B Shares

758

(1)

Technology Transfers to the PRC

759

(1)

Technology Piracy in the PRC

759

(1)

PRC Regulation of Technology Import Contracts

760

(1)

Hong Kong and Macao

761

(1)

The Return of Sovereignty in 1997 and 1999

762

(2)

Selected Bibliography

764

(1)

Investing in Developing Nations

765

(30)

Introduction

766

(4)

Increased Receptiveness to Foreign Investment

766

(1)

Developing Nations Contrasted With Nonmarket Economies

767

(1)

Defining the Developing Nation

768

(2)

The Pattern of Investment Laws in Developing Nations

770

(5)

Investment Restrictive Laws of the 1970s and Early 1980s

770

(3)

Investment Encouraging Laws of the Late 1980s to the Present

773

(2)

Trading with Developing Nations

775

(6)

Introduction

775

(1)

Tariffs

775

(1)

Distribution of Goods

776

(1)

Currency Issues

777

(1)

Countertrade

778

(1)

United States Trade Laws

779

(1)

Developing Nations and the GATT/WTO

780

(1)

Investing in Developing Nations

781

(2)

Introduction

781

(1)

Enforcement and Corruption

781

(1)

Government Oversight

782

(1)

Miscellaneous

782

(1)

Investment by the Use of Joint Ventures

783

(3)

Nature of the Joint Venture

783

(1)

Principal Characteristics

783

(1)

Joint Venture Partners

784

(1)

Joint Ventures in Transition

785

(1)

Investment by Privatization

786

(5)

Goals of Privatization

786

(1)

Obstacles to Privatization

787

(4)

Investment by Franchising

791

(1)

The Nature of Franchising

791

(1)

Laws Governing Franchising

792

(1)

Insuring the Investment in Developing Nations

792

(1)

Sources of Insurance

792

(1)

Conclusions

793

(2)

Causes of Change

793

(1)

Regional Integration

793

(1)

Effect of GATT Uruguay Round

794

(1)

Investing in Nonmarket and Transition Economies

795

(30)

Introduction

796

(5)

The Nonmarket Economy Nation

796

(1)

Defining the Nonmarket Economy

797

(2)

Nonmarket Countries in Transition

799

(2)

Trading with Nonmarket Economies

801

(7)

Introduction

801

(1)

Jackson-Vanik Amendment and MFN

801

(1)

Support for East European Democracy Act (SEED)

802

(1)

FTOs or STOs

803

(1)

Distribution of Goods

804

(1)

Currency Issues

805

(1)

Countertrade

806

(1)

United States Trade Laws

806

(2)

Investing in Nonmarket Economies

808

(5)

Introduction

808

(1)

Enforcement and Corruption

809

(1)

Government Oversight

809

(1)

The Workforce and Expatriate Employees

810

(1)

Credit, Banking and Currency Issues

811

(1)

Accounting Procedures

812

(1)

Taxation

812

(1)

Investment by Use of Joint Ventures

813

(3)

Nature of the Joint Venture

813

(1)

Principal Characteristics

814

(1)

Joint Venture Partners

815

(1)

Joint Ventures in Transition

815

(1)

Investment by Privatization

816

(6)

Goals of Privatization

816

(1)

Obstacles to Privatization

817

(5)

Investing by Franchising

822

(1)

The Nature of Franchising

822

(1)

Nonmarket Economy Laws Tend Not to Address the Franchise

822

(1)

Insuring Investments in Nonmarket Economies

822

(1)

Sources of Insurance

822

(1)

Conclusions

823

(2)

Rapidity of Change

823

(1)

The Effect of GATT/WTO

823

(1)

Selected Bibliography

823

(2)

Regulations Governing Foreign Investment in the United States

825

(34)

Introduction

826

(5)

Foreign Direct Investment in the United States

826

(1)

Portfolio Investments

826

(1)

The View From Abroad

827

(1)

Contrasting Departmental Goals

828

(1)

The Reason for Restrictions

829

(1)

United States as a Host Nation

830

(1)

State Regulation

831

(1)

The Exon-Florio Regulation

831

(14)

Introduction

831

(1)

History of CFIUS and Evolution of Exon-Florio

832

(2)

When and How CFIUS Reviews Proposed Foreign Investment Under Exon-Florio

834

(3)

Application of Exon-Florio--Cases

837

(6)

Defenses to Exon-Florio

843

(2)

Exon-Florio Viewed From Abroad

845

(1)

Industry Specific Restrictions on Foreign Investment

845

(7)

Introduction

845

(1)

Federal Prohibitions of Foreign Investment

846

(1)

Federal Regulation of Foreign Investment

847

(3)

State Regulation of Foreign Investment

850

(1)

Registration and Data Collection Requirements

851

(1)

Operational Level Restrictions

852

(4)

Introduction

852

(1)

Labor Laws

852

(3)

Taxation

855

(1)

Terminating Foreign Investment

856

(1)

Cross Border Issues

856

(1)

Conclusions

857

(2)

United States Laws Comparatively Unrestrictive

857

(1)

Selected Bibliography

857

(2)

Antitrust Laws (U.S. and EU)

859

(43)

Introduction

860

(4)

The Impact of Antitrust Law

860

(1)

DOJ International Antitrust Enforcement Guidelines

861

(1)

Concurrent Federal-State Jurisdiction

862

(1)

Antitrust and Economics

863

(1)

State Antitrust Law

864

(3)

The Revival of State Antitrust

864

(1)

State Law and Remedies

865

(2)

Federal Antitrust Law

867

(9)

Sherman Act Prohibitions and Remedies

867

(1)

Reasonable and Unreasonable (Per Se) Restraints of Trade

868

(1)

Monopolization

869

(1)

Clayton Act Prohibitions

870

(1)

Mergers and Acquisitions

871

(1)

Price Discrimination, Exclusive Dealing and Tying Offenses

871

(1)

The Federal Trade Commission Act

872

(1)

Extraterritorial U.S. Antitrust in Perspective

873

(3)

European Union Competition Law

876

(23)

The Goals of EU Competition Policy

876

(1)

Article 85--Restraints of Trade

877

(1)

Regulation 17--Commission Investigations, Attorney-Client Privilege

878

(3)

Regulation 17--Commission Prosecutions and Sanctions

881

(1)

Regulation 17--Individual Exemptions and Negative Clearances

882

(2)

Article 85--Group Exemptions and Policy Notices, Cooperative Ventures

884

(2)

Article 85--Competitive Impact

886

(2)

Article 86

888

(1)

Article 86--Dominant Positions

889

(4)

Article 86--Abuse

893

(2)

Articles 85 and 86--National Litigation and Remedies

895

(1)

Conflict of European Competition Laws

896

(2)

The Extraterritorial Reach of Articles 85 and 86

898

(1)

Cooperative International Antitrust Enforcement

899

(3)

United States Antitrust Cooperation With Australia, Canada and Germany

899

(1)

United States-European Union Antitrust Cooperation

900

(1)

Selected Bibliography

901

(1)

Securities Laws (U.S. and EU)

902

(29)

Introduction

903

(1)

The Security and Its Governance

903

(1)

Federal Securities Regulation

904

(2)

Introduction

904

(1)

The Securities Act of 1933

904

(1)

The Securities Exchange Act of 1934

905

(1)

State Securities Regulation

906

(1)

Nonpreemption by the Federal Law

906

(1)

The Nature of State Securities Laws

906

(1)

International Securities Transactions

907

(1)

Introduction

907

(1)

International Implications of Registration

908

(8)

Registration--Protection for United States Citizens

908

(1)

Registration of the Foreign Issuer--Introduction

909

(1)

Registration and Disclosure Requirements and Exemptions for Foreign Issuers Selling to United States Investors

910

(4)

Registration Exemptions for United States Issuers for Foreign Offerings

914

(2)

Disclosure Rules

916

(1)

Function of Disclosure Rules

916

(1)

Insider Trading

916

(6)

Insider Trading Involving International Transactions

916

(5)

Insider Trading Rules in Some Foreign Nations

921

(1)

European Union Securities Regulation

922

(5)

Regulation by Separate Member States

922

(1)

Regulation by the European Union--Introduction

923

(1)

Registration in the European Union

924

(1)

Prospectus in the European Union

925

(1)

Reporting Requirements in the European Union

926

(1)

Disclosure and Insider Trading in the European Union

926

(1)

International Arbitration of Securities Issues

927

(1)

Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Decision

927

(1)

Conclusions

928

(3)

Dynamic Process of Regulation

928

(1)

International Variations and Harmonization

928

(1)

Selected Bibliography

929

(2)

Appendix: Westlaw Research

931

(18)

Table of Cases

949

(14)

Index

963

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International Business Transactions

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials