International Energy Law: Rules Governing

The book seeks to analyze the international rules governing the exploration for and use of international energy resources found in areas subject to the jurisdiction of international law.

Preface

x

Acknowledgements

xii

Introduction

xiii

Part I Activities Within National Jurisdiction

1

(84)

The Coastal Waters: Continental Shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone

11

(38)

The Continental Shelf Convention of 1958

16

(6)

Breadth of the Shelf

16

(2)

Shelf State's Rights

18

(2)

Research on the Shelf

20

(2)

Part VI of the 1982 U.N. Convention: Continental Shelf

22

(5)

Seaward Extent of the Shelf

24

(1)

Shelf State's Rights and Energy Resource Activities

25

(2)

Part V of the 1982 Convention: The EEZ

27

(10)

Rights in the EEZ and Energy Resource Activities: Emphasis on Geothermal

29

(3)

Shelf State Authority Over EEZ Research

32

(1)

Focus of the research

32

(3)

Location of the research

35

(2)

The Rights of All States in the EEZ/Shelf Area

37

(12)

Marine Scientific Research and Exploratory Energy Activities

39

(2)

Dual Use Surveys and Research

41

(8)

Offshore Delimitation of Resource Deposits Situated Across National Boundaries

49

(36)

Delimitation

50

(13)

The Use of Equitable Delimitation

50

(2)

``Special Circumstances'' and Equitableness of Results

52

(1)

Anglo/French arbitration (1977)

52

(1)

Tunisia and Libya (1982)

53

(2)

Gulf of Maine (1984)

55

(2)

Resources as a Circumstance

57

(1)

Jan Mayen dispute (1980)

57

(1)

Libya and Malta case (1985)

58

(1)

Guinea and Guinea-Bissau arbitration (1985)

59

(1)

St. Pierre and Miquelon arbitration (1992)

60

(2)

Recent adjudicative actions

62

(1)

Deposits Across Boundaries

63

(22)

Basic Principles and Alternative Standards

64

(1)

Territorial integrity

64

(2)

Capture, de lege ferenda, sovereignty and shared rights

66

(4)

Agreement and Custom

70

(1)

Agreement on unknown deposits

70

(2)

Agreement on known deposits

72

(2)

International customary law

74

(11)

Part II Activities in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

85

(98)

The High Seas and the Deep Seabed

97

(38)

Introduction

97

(3)

The 1958 High Seas Convention

100

(12)

Freedoms and Applicability to Seabed

101

(3)

Closed or Open Set of Freedoms

104

(4)

Exclusive Mining Site

108

(4)

Parts VII and XI of 1982 Law of the Sea Convention

112

(23)

Waters of the High Seas

112

(3)

The ``Area''

115

(7)

1994 Agreement to Implement Part XI

122

(3)

Plurilateral Agreements on Mineral Resources

125

(10)

The Polar Zones

135

(48)

The Arctic

136

(20)

The 1958 High Seas and Continental Shelf Conventions

139

(1)

Russia

140

(3)

Canada

143

(3)

U.S., Denmark and Norway

146

(4)

1982 Convention on Law of the Sea

150

(6)

The Antarctic

156

(11)

Onshore Resource Related Activities

159

(4)

Submerged Areas Offshore

163

(2)

Offshore Waters

165

(2)

Antarctic Resources and Recent Developments

167

(16)

Basics of CRAMRA

168

(3)

Basics of the Madrid Protocol

171

(12)

Part III Activities in Extraterrestrial Areas

183

(50)

Outer Space and Celestial Bodies

189

(44)

Introduction

189

(3)

The Outer Space Treaty of 1967

192

(14)

Solar Collection on Earth

194

(1)

Space or Celestial Body-Based Energy Resource Activity

195

(1)

Energy resource use of celestial body

195

(4)

Exclusive mining or collection sites

199

(2)

Space-based solar collection

201

(2)

Exclusive space-based collection sites

203

(3)

The Moon Treaty of 1979

206

(27)

Lunar-Based Helium-3 Recovery

209

(1)

Mining activity

209

(3)

Exclusive mining sites

212

(3)

Lunar-Based Solar Collection

215

(1)

The activity of collection

215

(4)

Exclusive collection sites

219

(2)

Space-Based Solar Collection

221

(1)

The activity of collection

221

(2)

Exclusive collection sites

223

(10)

Part IV The Energy/Environment Connection in the International Context

233

(102)

International Environmental Considerations

239

(64)

Introduction

239

(1)

Outer Space

240

(7)

The 1967 Outer Space Treaty

240

(3)

The Liability Convention of 1972

243

(1)

The 1979 Moon Treaty

244

(3)

Polar Zones

247

(14)

1991 Arctic Environmental Strategy

247

(3)

Antarctica

250

(1)

Antarctic treaty of 1959

250

(2)

1964 agreed measures for conservation

252

(2)

CRAMRA

254

(4)

The 1991 Madrid protocol on environmental protection

258

(3)

The Oceans

261

(25)

Land-Based Sources

262

(1)

Non-classic law of the sea

262

(2)

Classic law of the sea

264

(4)

Ocean-Based Sources

268

(1)

Non-classic law of the sea: OILPOL MARPOL, fund convention and others

269

(11)

Classic law of the sea

280

(6)

Customary International Law

286

(17)

International Controls on Consumption of Energy and Protecting the Environment

303

(32)

Patterns of Consumption

303

(2)

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

305

(7)

Energy Intensity Figures

312

(5)

Kyoto Protocol on Global Warming

317

(4)

Giving Effect to the Kyoto Reductions

321

(14)

Index

335

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International Energy Law: Rules Governing Future Exploration, Exploitation and Use of Renewable Resources

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