International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: Treaties, Cases, and Analysis

, by Francisco Forrest Martin , Stephen J. Schnably , Richard Wilson , Jonathan Simon , Mark Tushnet

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ISBN: 9780521858861 | 0521858860
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/16/2006

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International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: Treaties, Cases, and Analysis introduces the reader to the international legal instruments and case law governing the substantive and procedural dimensions of international human rights and humanitarian law, including economic, social, and cultural rights. The book also discusses the history and organizational structure of human rights and humanitarian law enforcement mechanisms. The book devotes a chapter to the issues surrounding the incorporation of international law into U.S. law, including principles of constitutional and statutory interpretation, conflict rules, and the self-execution doctrine. Questions and comments sections provide critical analyses of issues raised in the materials. The last chapter addresses theoretical issues facing contemporary international human rights and humanitarian law and its enforcement.

Table of Selected Authorities

xxi

Selected International Instrument Citations

xxi

Selected Cases, General Comments, & Advisory Opinions

xxiii

Preface

xxix

Researching International Human Rights Law

xxx

Note Regarding Editing

xxxi

Acknowledgments

xxxi

An Overview of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Development and Their Protection Mechanisms

(21)

The Historical and Conceptual Development of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law

(5)

Overview of International Protection Mechanisms: History, Organization, and Operations

(16)

United Nations Mechanisms

(1)

UN Treaty-Based Tribunals

(1)

International Criminal Court

(1)

Human Rights Committee

(2)

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

(1)

Committee Against Torture

(1)

Committee to Eliminate Discrimination Against Women

(1)

Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

(1)

UN Charter-Based Tribunals and Other Mechanisms

(1)

International Court of Justice

(1)

International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda

(1)

UN High Commissioner for Human Rights

(1)

Procedure under ECOSOC Resolution No. 1503

(1)

Philip Alston, The Commission on Human Rights in Alston (ed.) The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal 126 (1992)

(1)

Procedure under ECOSOC Resolution No. 1235

(1)

Thematic and Country Mechanisms

(1)

International Labour Organisation

(1)

UN High Commissioner for Refugees

(1)

Regional Tribunals

(1)

European Court of Human Rights

(1)

Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights

(2)

African Commission and Court of Human and Peoples' Rights

(1)

Caribbean Court of Justice

(1)

Other Tribunals

(1)

Human Rights Commission for Bosnia and Herzegovina

(1)

Hybrid National-International, Criminal Tribunals

(2)

Formal Sources and Principles of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law

(153)

Formal Sources

(24)

ICJ Statute, art. 38

(1)

Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law 3, 4 (4th ed. 1990)

(1)

Treaties

(2)

Reservations

(1)

U.S. Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings to the ICCPR (1992)

(2)

Questions & Comments

(1)

Customary International Law

(1)

Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law 5--7, 10 (4th ed. 1990)

(1)

Questions & Comments

(1)

Jus Cogens

(1)

Francisco Forrest Martin, Delineating a Hierarchical Outline of International Law Sources and Norms, 65 Sask. L. Rev. 333 (2002)

(8)

Aloeboetoe et al. v. Suriname, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1993)

(1)

Questions & Comments

(1)

Advisory Opinion, Judicial Guarantees in States of Emergency, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1987)

(6)

Principles of Interpretation

(25)

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, arts. 31 and 32

(1)

Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Martens Clause

(1)

ICC Statute, art. 21

(1)

Advisory Opinion, ``Other Treaties'' Subject to the Consultative Jurisdiction of the Court (Art. 64 of the American Convention on Human Rights), Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1982)

(6)

Questions & Comments

(1)

Paul Mahoney, Judicial Activism and Judicial Self-Restraint in the European Court of Human Rights, 11 Hum. Rts. L.J. 57 (1990)

(2)

Laurence R. Helfer, Consensus, Coherence and the European Convention on Human Rights, 26 Cornell Int'l L.J. 133 (1993)

(12)

Questions & Comments

(3)

Principles of Liability

(104)

Dinah L. Shelton, Private Violence, Public Wrongs, and the Responsibility of States, 13 Fordham Int'l L.J. 1 (1990)

(3)

Questions & Comments

(1)

State Liability

(6)

Instruments

Velasquez Rodriguez v. Honduras, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1988)

(5)

Questions & Comments

(4)

Francisco Forrest Martin, ``U.S. Opposition to the International Criminal Court: What Now?'' 1 Accountability 2--8 (2002)

(6)

Questions & Comments

(1)

X. and Y. v. The Netherlands, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1985)

(3)

Questions & Comments

(1)

Andrew Clapham, Human Rights in the Private Sphere 93--104 (1993)

100

(2)

Questions & Comments

102

(1)

Individual Liability: State and Non-State Actors

103

(7)

Instruments

Superior Responsibility

110

(1)

Memorial Amicus Curiae submitted by Rights International, Benavides Cevallos v. Ecuador, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1998)

110

(4)

Questions & Comments

114

(1)

Prosecutor v. Kayishema & Ruzindana, ICTR (2001)

115

(6)

Questions & Comments

121

(1)

Conspiracy and Corporate Responsibility

122

(1)

Judgment for the Trial of German Major War Criminals, International Military Tribunal (1946)

122

(9)

Questions & Comments

131

(1)

Steven R. Ratner, Corporations and Human Rights: A Theory of Legal Responsibility, 111 Yale L. J. 443 (2001)

132

(15)

Defenses

147

(1)

Statute of the International Criminal Court, Articles 31 and 33

147

(1)

State and Official Immunity

148

(1)

Al-Adsani v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2001)

148

(11)

Questions & Comments

159

(1)

Democratic Republic of Congo v. Belgium, ICJ (2002)

159

(4)

Questions & Comments

163

(1)

Combat Immunity

164

(1)

Geneva Convention (III) Relative to the Protection of Prisoners of War

164

(1)

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I)

165

(3)

Questions & Comments

168

(1)

Superior Orders, Coercion, and Duress

168

(1)

In re Ohlendorf and Others (Einsatzgruppen Trial), IMT (1948)

168

(3)

Questions & Comments

171

(1)

Other Viable and Non-Viable Defenses

171

(4)

Incorporation of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in U.S. Law

175

(95)

U.S. Constitution

175

(1)

Construction Rules

175

(30)

Constitutional Construction

175

(1)

Mandatory International Legal Construction Rule

176

(1)

Francisco Forrest Martin, Our Constitution as Federal Treaty: A New Theory of United States Constitutional Construction Based on an Originalist Understanding for Addressing a New World, 31 Hastings Const. L. Quart. 258 (2004)

176

(13)

Questions & Comments

189

(1)

Persuasive Authority Rule

189

(1)

Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003)

189

(2)

Questions & Comments

191

(1)

Federal and State Statutory Construction

191

(1)

Federal Mandatory Rule: The Charming Betsy and Rossi Rules

191

(1)

Weinberger v. Rossi, 456 U.S. 25 (1982)

191

(1)

Questions & Comments

192

(1)

Curtis A. Bradley, The Charming Betsy Canon and Separation of Powers: Rethinking the Interpretive Role of International Law, 86 Geo. L.J. 479, 495--533 (1998)

192

(11)

Questions & Comments

203

(1)

Persuasive Authority Rule

203

(1)

Laurence R. Helfer and Alice M. Miller, Sexual Orientation and Human Rights: Toward a United States and Transnational Jurisprudence, 9 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 61 (1996)

203

(2)

Questions & Comments

205

(1)

Conflict Rules

205

(15)

Treaties and Federal Statutes: The Last-in-Time Rule

205

(1)

Chae Chan Ping v. United States (The Chinese Exclusion Case), 130 U.S. 581 (1889)

205

(7)

Questions & Comments

212

(1)

212

(4)

Customary International Law and Other Federal Law: The Garcia-Mir Rule

216

(1)

Garcia-Mir v. Meese, 788 F.2d 1446 (11th Cir. 1986)

217

(2)

Questions & Comments

219

(1)

219

(1)

Self-Execution Doctrine

220

(50)

Treaties

220

(1)

Francisco Forrest Martin, Challenging Human Rights Violations: Using International Law in U.S. Courts (2001)

221

(14)

Questions & Comments

235

(1)

John C. Yoo, Globalism and the Constitution: Treaties, Non-Self-Execution, and the Original Understanding, 99 Colum. L. Rev. 1955 (1999)

236

(3)

Questions & Comments

239

(1)

John C. Yoo, Rejoinder, Treaties and Public Lawmaking: A Textual and Structural Defense of Non-Self-Execution, 99 Colum. L. Rev. 2218, 2233 et passim (1999)

240

(4)

Questions & Comments

244

(2)

246

(8)

Customary International Law

254

(1)

Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 124 S. Ct. 2739 (2004)

254

(13)

Questions & Comments

267

(3)

International Human Rights Tribunal Procedure and Remedies

270

(37)

Jurisdiction

270

(16)

Advisory Opinion, Interpretation of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man within the Framework of Article 64 of the American Convention on Human Rights, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1989)

271

(5)

Bankovic and Others v. Belgium and Others, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2001)

276

(8)

Francisco Forrest Martin, The International Human Rights Aspects of the Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine, 35 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 101, 106--109 (2003)

284

(2)

Standing

286

(3)

A group of associations . . . v. Italy, UNHRC (1990)

287

(1)

Questions & Comments

288

(1)

Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies

289

(12)

Velasquez Rodriguez v. Honduras, Preliminary Objections, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1989)

291

(3)

Questions & Comments

294

(1)

Advisory Opinion, Exceptions to the Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies in Cases of Indigency or Inability to Obtain Legal Representation Because of a Generalized Fear Within the Legal Community, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1990)

295

(6)

Questions & Comments

301

(1)

Remedies and State Compliance

301

(6)

Restitution

302

(2)

Satisfaction

304

(1)

Indemnity

305

(1)

Questions & Comments

305

(2)

Substantive International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Protections

307

(631)

Fundamental International Human Rights Protections

307

(146)

Rights to Life and Humane Treatment

307

(8)

Instruments

Torture; Cruel, Inhuman, Degrading Treatment or Punishment; and Sexual Violence

315

(1)

Ireland v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1978)

315

(5)

Questions & Comments

320

(2)

Hernandez Rivas v. El Salvador, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R. (1994)

322

(4)

Questions & Comments

326

(1)

UNHRC General Comment 20 (Article 7)

326

(3)

Abortion

329

(1)

``The Baby Boy'' Case, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R. (1981)

330

(2)

Questions & Comments

332

(1)

Vo v. France, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2004)

333

(5)

Questions & Comments

338

(1)

Death Penalty

339

(1)

Instruments

Domingues v. United States, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R. (2002)

339

(12)

Questions & Comments

351

(1)

Soering v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1989)

351

(6)

Questions & Comments

357

(4)

Judge v. Canada, UNHRC (2003)

361

(3)

Questions & Comments

364

(1)

Abductions, Disappearances, and Summary Executions

364

(1)

Saldias de Lopez v. Uruguay, UNHRC (1981)

365

(4)

Questions & Comments

369

(1)

Velasquez Rodriguez v. Honduras, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1988)

370

(1)

Questions & Comments

370

(1)

Rights to Personal Security and Liberty

371

(3)

Instruments

Murray v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1994)

374

(15)

Questions & Comments

389

(2)

Suarez Rosero v. Ecuador, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1997)

391

(7)

Questions & Comments

398

(1)

Advisory Opinion, Judicial Guarantees in States of Emergency, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1987)

399

(1)

Questions & Comments

399

(5)

Right to Freedom from Discrimination

404

(3)

Instruments

Intentional Discrimination

407

(1)

Advisory Opinion, Proposed Amendments to the Naturalization Provisions of the Constitution of Costa Rica, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1984)

407

(7)

Questions & Comments

414

(2)

Salgueiro da Silva Mouta v. Portugal, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1999)

416

(4)

Questions & Comments

420

(1)

Unintentional and Disparate Impact Discrimination

421

(1)

Simunek, Hastings, Tuzilova and Prochazka v. The Czech Republic, UNHRC (1995)

421

(4)

Questions & Comments

425

(1)

Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1985)

425

(19)

Questions & Comments

444

(3)

Affirmative Action

447

(1)

Marschall v. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, Eur. Ct. J. (1997)

447

(5)

Questions & Comments

452

(1)

International Humanitarian Law Protections and Human Rights-Related International Crimes

453

(99)

Genocide

453

(1)

Instruments

Prosecutor v. Akayesu, ICTR (1998)

454

(19)

Questions & Comments

473

(2)

Crimes Against Humanity

475

(2)

Instruments

Prosecutor v. Tadic (Final Judgment), ICTY (1997)

477

(13)

Questions & Comments

490

(2)

Prosecutor v. Akayesu, ICTR (1998)

492

(10)

Questions & Comments

502

(1)

War Crimes

503

(19)

Instruments

International and Noninternational Conflicts

522

(1)

Prosecutor v. Tadic (Final Judgment), ICTY (1997)

522

(5)

Questions & Comments

527

(2)

The Proportionality Rule and Superfluous Injury and Unnecessary Suffering (SIrUS) Rule

529

(1)

Francisco Forrest Martin, Using International Human Rights Law for Establishing a Unified Use of Force Rule in the Law of Armed Conflict, 64(2) Sask. L. Rev. 347 (2002)

529

(4)

Questions & Comments

533

(1)

Rights International Memorial Amicus Curiae in Prosecutor v. Galic, ICTY (2003)

534

(8)

Questions & Comments

542

(1)

Francisco Forrest Martin, Challenging Human Rights Violations: Using International Law in U.S. Courts 130--41 (2001)

543

(9)

Criminal and Civil Procedural Rights

552

(107)

Instruments

Presumption of Innocence

563

(1)

Allenet de Ribemont v. France, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1995)

563

(4)

Questions & Comments

567

(1)

Assistance of Legal Counsel

568

(1)

Grant v. Jamaica, UNHRC (1994)

568

(5)

Questions & Comments

573

(4)

Advisory Opinion, The Right to Information on Consular Assistance in the Framework of the Guarantees of the Due Process of Law Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1999)

577

(12)

Questions & Comments

589

(1)

Judicial and Jury Impartiality

590

(1)

Andrews v. United States, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R. (1997)

590

(14)

Questions & Comments

604

(1)

Equality of Arms: Examination of Witnesses and Documents

604

(1)

Harward v. Norway, UNHRC (1994)

604

(2)

Questions & Comments

606

(3)

Edwards v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1992)

609

(10)

Questions & Comments

619

(1)

Kostovski v. The Netherlands, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1989)

619

(11)

Questions & Comments

630

(2)

Prosecutor v. Kayishema & Ruzindana, ICTR (2001)

632

(2)

Questions & Comments

634

(1)

Self-Incrimination

634

(1)

Funke v. France, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1993)

634

(5)

Questions & Comments

639

(1)

Length of Proceedings

640

(1)

Firmenich v. Argentina, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R. (1989)

640

(4)

Questions & Comments

644

(2)

Retrospective Criminal Laws

646

(1)

Welch v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1995)

646

(6)

Questions & Comments

652

(1)

Punishment

653

(2)

Instruments

Prosecutor v. Kambanda, ICTR (2000)

655

(2)

Questions & Comments

657

(2)

Rights to Privacy and Respect for Family Life

659

(75)

Instruments

Surveillance, Search and Seizure, and the Exclusionary Rule

662

(1)

Peck v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2003)

662

(8)

Questions & Comments

670

(1)

Klass and Others v. Germany, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1978)

670

(6)

Questions & Comments

676

(2)

Garcia Perez v. Peru, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R. (1995)

678

(2)

Questions & Comments

680

(1)

Cremieux v. France, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1993)

680

(4)

Questions & Comments

684

(1)

Sexual Orientation and Practice

685

(1)

Toonen v. Australia, UNHRC (1994)

685

(4)

Questions & Comments

689

(3)

Transgendered Persons

692

(1)

Goodwin v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2002)

692

(19)

Questions & Comments

711

(1)

Parental Rights and the Right to Familial Integrity

711

(1)

Fei v. Colombia, UNHRC (1995)

711

(8)

Questions & Comments

719

(5)

Abortion

724

(1)

Bruggemann and Scheuten v. Federal Republic of Germany, Eur. Cm. H.R. (1977)

724

(3)

Questions & Comments

727

(2)

Paton v. United Kingdom, Eur. Cm. H.R. (1980)

729

(5)

Questions & Comments

734

(1)

Freedom of Conscience

734

(16)

Instruments

Kokkinakis v. Greece, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1993)

736

(11)

Questions & Comments

747

(3)

Freedom of Expression

750

(94)

Instruments

Defamation

753

(1)

Lingens v. Austria, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1986)

753

(9)

Questions & Comments

762

(6)

Offensive Expression

768

(1)

J.R.T. and the W.G. Party v. Canada, UNHRC (1983)

768

(2)

Questions & Comments

770

(2)

Muller and Others v. Switzerland, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1988)

772

(14)

Questions & Comments

786

(4)

Open Door Counselling and Dublin Well Woman v. Ireland, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1992)

790

(10)

Questions & Comments

800

(3)

National Security

803

(1)

The Observer and Guardian v. United Kingdom (``The Spycatcher Case''), Eur. Ct. H.R. (1991)

803

(19)

Questions & Comments

822

(3)

Media Access and Licensing, and Commercial Expression

825

(1)

Barthold v. Federal Republic of Germany, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1985)

825

(15)

Questions & Comments

840

(4)

Freedom of Association and Assembly

844

(7)

Instruments

Plattform `Artze fur das Leben' v. Austria, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1988)

846

(3)

Questions & Comments

849

(2)

Right to Marriage

851

(15)

Instruments

Goodwin v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2002)

852

(2)

Questions & Comments

854

(1)

Johnston v. Ireland, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1986)

855

(9)

Questions & Comments

864

(2)

Right to Vote

866

(15)

Instruments

Statehood Solidarity Committee v. United States, Inter-Am. Cm H.R. (2003)

869

(11)

Questions & Comments

880

(1)

Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

881

(57)

Instruments

The Nature of States Parties Obligations, ECOSOC Ctte. General Comment No. 3 (1990)

891

(3)

Questions & Comments

894

(1)

Five Pensioners Case, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (2003)

895

(4)

Questions & Comments

899

(1)

Employment

900

(1)

Advisory Opinion, Juridical Condition and Rights of the Undocumented Migrants, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (2003)

900

(11)

Questions & Comments

911

(1)

Property

911

(2)

Instruments

The Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (2001)

913

(2)

Questions & Comments

915

(1)

James v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1986)

916

(14)

Questions & Comments

930

(1)

Stran Greek Refineries and Stratis Andreadis v. Greece (Merits), Eur. Ct. H.R. (1994)

931

(5)

Questions & Comments

936

(2)

Theory and Critique

938

(49)

Richard Falk, The End of World Order: Essays on Normative International Relations (1983)

938

(2)

Questions & Comments

940

(1)

Louis Henkin, the Age of Rights (1990)

941

(2)

Questions & Comments

943

(1)

Yash Ghai, Universalism and Relativism: Human Rights as a Framework for Negotiating Interethnic Claims, 21 Cardozo L. Rev. 1095--1102 (2000)

944

(5)

Abdullah Ahmen An-Na'im, Human Rights in the Muslim World: Socio-Political Conditions and Scriptural Imperatives, 3 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 13 (1990)

949

(7)

Questions & Comments

956

(1)

Hilary Charlesworth, Christine Chinkin & Shelley Wright, Feminist Approaches to International Law, 85 Am. J. Int'l L. 613 (1991)

956

(2)

Questions & Comments

958

(1)

Thomas M. Franck, Legitimacy in the International System, 82 Am. J. Int'l L. 705 (1988)

958

(9)

David Kennedy, The International Human Rights Movement: Part of the Problem?, 15 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 101 (2002)

967

(19)

Questions & Comments

986

(1)

Index

987

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International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: Treaties, Cases, and Analysis

Summary

Table of Contents

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