International Law and Infectious Diseases

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ISBN: 9780198268512 | 0198268513
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/29/1999

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International Law and Infectious Diseases is the first comprehensive analysis of the intersection between international law and infectious diseases. Infectious diseases pose a global threat and international law plays an important but under-explored role in infectious disease control. This book analyses the globalization of public health and examines the history of international law in this area.

Abbreviations

xix

Tables of Cases

xxv

Table of Treaties, Declarations, and Resolutions

xxviii

Introduction

(4)

Re-Emergence of an Old Challenge for the International Community

(16)

Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases

(1)

Globilization of Public Health

(12)

Microbialpolitik

(1)

Conclusion

(2)

Brief History of International Law on the Control of Infectious Diseases

(37)

Introduction

(1)

Overview of International Law on Infectious Disease Control, 1852--1951

(5)

Objectives of International Law on Infectious Diseases, 1851--1951

(26)

Infectious Disease Control Prior to 1851

(2)

To Protect Europe form 'Asiatic' Diseases

(7)

To Harmonize Quarantine

(7)

To Create an International Surveillance System

(5)

To Create a Permanent International Health Organization

(5)

Microbialpolitik---1851--1951

(6)

International Health Regulations

(23)

Introduction

(1)

Development

(1)

Legal Basis

(2)

Objectives

(4)

Maximum Security

(1)

Surveillance

(1)

Health Organizations

(1)

Handling Specific Diseases

(1)

Minimum Interference

(2)

Effectiveness

(6)

Surveillance Breakdown

(1)

Ineffectiveness of Protection Measures

(1)

Excessive Measures

(1)

Enforcement

(2)

Epidemiology as the Answer

(1)

WHO's Revision of the IHR

(8)

Changes Affecting the Maximum Security Objective

(1)

Syndrome Reporting

(1)

Greater Information Flows

(2)

Changes Affecting the Minimum Interference Objective

(3)

Summary on IHR Provisional Draft

(1)

IHR and Microbialpolitik

(2)

Sources of International Law and the Control of Infectious Diseases

(33)

Introduction

(1)

Conventions

(17)

Entering Agreements

(1)

Reservations

(2)

Interpretation

(1)

Interpretation of the Existing IHR

(4)

Interpretation under the IHR Provisional Draft

(1)

Amendments

(2)

Monitoring and Enforcement

(4)

Customary International Law

(11)

Treaty Rules into Custom?

(5)

Relevance of Other Customary International Legal Principles

104

(4)

Summary on Customary International Law

108

(1)

General Principles of Law

109

(1)

Judicial Decisions and the Writings of Publicists

110

(1)

Sources of International Law Outside Article 38(1)

111

(3)

International Trade Law and Infectious Diseases

114

(55)

Introduction

114

(1)

Trade, Quarantine, and Infectious Disease Control

115

(6)

Trade and the International Sanitary Conferences

115

(1)

International Sanitary Conventions and Trade

116

(1)

International Trade and Plant and Animal Diseases

117

(1)

Plant Diseases

117

(1)

Animal Diseases

118

(2)

International Health Regulations and Trade

120

(1)

Development of International Trade Law on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

121

(43)

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

121

(1)

Recognition of the Sovereign Right to Restrict Trade to Protect Public Health

122

(1)

GATT Discipline on the Sovereign Right

123

(1)

Chapeau

123

(2)

Necessary Requirement

125

(1)

Difficulties with Article XX(b)

126

(7)

Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

133

(2)

Requirement that SPS Measures be Based on Science

135

(1)

Preliminary Questions

136

(2)

SPS Agreement's Science-Based Disciplines

138

(8)

SPS Agreement's Trade-Related Disciplines

146

(1)

Article 2

147

(1)

Article 5

148

(4)

Summary on SPS Agreement

152

(1)

Regional Trade Agreements and SPS Measures

152

(1)

EC Law

153

(6)

NAFTA

159

(4)

Other International Trade Law Issues and Infectious Disease Control

163

(1)

International Trade Law and Microbiapolitik

164

(5)

International Human Rights Law and Infectious Diseases

169

(52)

Introduction

169

(1)

Limiting Human Rights to Protect Public Health

170

(9)

Historical Treatment of Individuals

170

(2)

After the Human Rights Revolution

172

(7)

The Human Right to Health and Infectious Disease Control

179

(18)

Right to Health in International Law

180

(1)

Content of the Right to Health

181

(1)

An Indeterminate Norm?

181

(2)

Consensus on Certain Principles

183

(2)

Maximum and Minimum Content

185

(2)

Minimum Content Analysis Through Treaty Law

187

(10)

Summary on the Right to Health

197

(1)

HIV/AIDS: Development of a Human Rights Discourse during an Infections Disease Pandemic

197

(20)

HIV/AIDS as the Catalyst for the Union of Public Health and Human Rights

197

(3)

Human Rights Implications of the HIV/AIDS Pandemic

200

(1)

HIV/AIDS and Civil and Political Rights

200

(1)

Dealing with Those Infected with HIV/AIDS

201

(5)

Surveillance in the Community

206

(3)

HIV/AIDS and Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

209

(4)

Implmentation and Enforcement

213

(4)

Convlusion: Human Rights, Infections Diseases, and Microbialpolitik

217

(4)

War, Weapons, and Infectious Diseases

221

(24)

Introduction

221

(1)

War as Disruption of the Human--Microbe Environment

222

(1)

International Legal Rules on How Force is Used: Regulating Weapons and Targets

223

(12)

Weapons

224

(1)

Biological Weapons

224

(7)

Conventional Weapons

231

(2)

Targets

233

(2)

Coping with the Adverse Public Health Consequences of War

235

(3)

Combatants

235

(1)

Wounded and Sick Combatants

235

(1)

Prissoners of War

236

(1)

Non-combatants

237

(1)

War Crimes and Public Health

238

(4)

Conclusion: Microbialpolitik and International Law on Armed Conflict

242

(3)

International Environmental Law and Infectious Diseases

245

(34)

Introduction

245

(1)

Environmental Degradation and Infectious Diseases

246

(6)

Air Pollution

246

(1)

Water Pollution

247

(1)

Marine Pollution

248

(1)

Deforestation

248

(2)

Depletion of the Ozone Layer

250

(1)

Climate Change

250

(2)

International Environmental Law and Infectious Diseases

252

(22)

Air Pollution

253

(6)

Water Pollution

259

(2)

Marine Pollution

261

(3)

Deforestation

264

(1)

Convention on Biodiversity

265

(3)

Statement of Forest Principles

268

(2)

Deforestation and the Health of Indigenous Peoples

270

(1)

Depletion of the Ozone Layer

270

(2)

Climate Change

272

(2)

International Environmental Law and Microbialpolitik

274

(5)

Microbialpolitik, International Law, and Global Health Jurisprudence

279

(31)

Introduction

279

(1)

Microbialpolitik and International Law

279

(14)

Evolution of Microbialpolitik and International Law on Infectious Diseases

279

(4)

An International Regime on Infectious Disease Control?

283

(1)

Lessons from WHO's Predecessor

283

(1)

Lessons from Other International Organizations

283

(4)

Critical Analysis of These Comparisons

287

(3)

Microbialpolitik in the Era of Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases

290

(2)

Microbialpolitik and International Law

292

(1)

Microbialpolitik and International Relations Theory

293

(10)

Is Traditional International Relations Theory Relevant?

294

(2)

Realism, Liberalism, and Microbialpolitik

296

(3)

Other Theoretical Approaches and Microbialpolitik

299

(1)

Critical Theory

299

(2)

Social Constructivism

301

(1)

Conclusion on Microbialpolitik and International Relations Theory

302

(1)

The Future of International Law in Microbialpolitik: Global Health Jurisprudence

303

(7)

Concept of Global Health Jurisprudence

303

(2)

Framework Convention on Infectious Diseases

305

(2)

Global Health Jurisprudence and New Areas of Infectious Disease Concern

307

(2)

Global Health Jurisprudence and Microbialpolitik

309

(1)

Conclusion: A `Never Ending Defeat'?

310

(7)

Appendix Proposal for a World Health Organization Framework Convention on Global Infectious Disease Prevention and Control

317

(20)

Bibliography

337

(20)

Index

357

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International Law and Infectious Diseases

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials