International Trade in Hazardous Wastes

This book discusses the need for a regulated and informed forum for international trade in hazardous waste. It is argued that with careful planning, health and ecological risks can be minimized and net economic benefits realized.

Preface

ix

Acknowledgements

xi

Introduction

1

(6)

The fate of hazardous wastes

2

(1)

Background to the waste trade problem

2

(2)

A prognosis: Can the waste trade be controlled?

4

(1)

Coming to terms with the international trade in hazardous waste

5

(2)

Legislative-regulatory controls affecting waste management schemes

7

(13)

Environmental laws in North America

8

(3)

The general character of hazardous waste legislation in Europe

11

(5)

Environmental laws within the European Union

12

(4)

Environmental laws and controls for the former Soviet bloc countries of Eastern and Central Europe

16

(1)

Environmental policies and regulations in Asia, the Pacific regions and other parts of the world

16

(1)

New trends and contemporary issues in the legislative-regulatory control systems

17

(1)

A paradigm of international environmental law

18

(2)

Global dimensions of waste disposal practices

20

(49)

Waste management practised in industrialized nations

21

(18)

Sources of wastes and hazardous waste streams in developed countries

22

(3)

Waste management strategies within the OECD countries

25

(1)

Issues affecting monitoring, control and waste disposal programmes

26

(1)

A synopsis of waste management methods and technologies

27

(11)

Where do we go from here?

38

(1)

Waste management practices in developing nations and countries with economies in transition

39

(21)

Sources of wastes and hazardous waste streams in developing countries

41

(6)

How are internally generated wastes managed?

47

(1)

Critical environmental issues in developing countries

48

(5)

The need for environmental laws and policies

53

(1)

General environmental control needs for developing countries

54

(6)

Waste facility siting problems and resolutions

60

(3)

Prescriptions for general waste management and related environmental management programmes

63

(6)

The transboundary shipments of hazardous wastes

69

(19)

Stimuli for the transfrontier movements of wastes

70

(2)

The `waste tourism': Where are the wastes travelling?

72

(10)

Past happenings: The fine line between illegal dumping and legally negotiated business transactions

74

(6)

Multilateral waste trade arrangements

80

(1)

Waste exchange programmes

81

(1)

Public outcry, indecisions and uncertainties about the future

82

(3)

Is a de facto double standard sustainable?

84

(1)

The fallacies and realities of the international waste trade

85

(3)

Controlling the transboundary movements of hazardous wastes

88

(24)

OECD and EU initiatives concerning the transfrontier movements of hazardous wastes

89

(7)

The OECD Core List of hazardous wastes

91

(2)

Development of an OECD system for the monitoring and control of transfrontier shipments of hazardous wastes

93

(1)

OECD legal requirements and actions concerning the export of hazardous wastes from the OECD area

94

(2)

Bilateral agreements on the transboundary movements of hazardous materials in North America

96

(1)

Initiatives by the UN to control the international trade in hazardous wastes

97

(6)

The Basel Convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal

98

(5)

Control measures by developing countries

103

(2)

Recent developments and actions by the international community

105

(5)

OECD and EU developments, initiatives and actions

108

(1)

Total ban on all exports of hazardous wastes from OECD countries to non-OECD countries: Is this for real or just a mirage?

109

(1)

The search for a global solution: Can the international trade in hazardous wastes be controlled?

110

(2)

Ramifications of a hazardous waste trade

112

(20)

The nature of hazardous wastes and waste classification

113

(3)

Hazardous waste management risk issues

116

(4)

Risks due to `status quo' waste management practices

116

(1)

Transportation risk issues

117

(1)

An `acceptable' risk concept

118

(2)

Health and environmental implications of waste trade programmes

120

(4)

Socio-economic indicators of waste trade impacts

124

(4)

Compensations from a hazardous waste trade

128

(4)

A conceptual formulation for waste trade evaluations

132

(7)

A framework for trade-offs analysis

132

(2)

Towards an informed decision-making

134

(3)

Logistical inputs to the decision-making process

137

(2)

Assessing the viability of a waste trade programme

139

(11)

A protocol for evaluating the viability of a waste trade programme

139

(3)

Justification for a waste trade programme

142

(1)

The case against waste trade activities

143

(2)

Should the toxic waste trade be supported?

145

(2)

Recommended guidelines for planning a waste trade activity

147

(3)

Towards a global environmental policy-making

150

(9)

Forging global environmental agreement between `unequal' partners

150

(1)

An agenda for global environmental protection

151

(3)

Multilateral cooperation on global environmental protection

153

(1)

Harmonizing global environmental policies

154

(3)

Pollution abatement strategies and policies

155

(1)

Global environmental management standards

156

(1)

Political and diplomatic issues in hazardous waste policy decision-making

157

(2)

An epilogue

159

(5)

Concluding remarks

160

(4)

References

164

(7)

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International Trade in Hazardous Wastes

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials