Introducing Phonology

This accessible textbook provides a clear and practical introduction to phonology, the study of sound patterns in language. Designed for undergraduates with only a basic knowledge of linguistics, it logically develops the techniques of phonological analysis. Over sixty graded exercises encourage students to make their own analyses of phonological patterns and processes, based on extensive data and problem sets from a variety of languages.

About this book

ix

Acknowledgments

x

A note on languages

xi

List of abbreviations

xiv

1 What is phonology?

1

(18)

1.1 Concerns of phonology

2

(2)

1.2 Phonetics - what is physical sound?

4

(10)

1.3 The symbolic representation of speech

14

(3)

Summary

17

(1)

Exercises

17

(1)

Suggestions for further reading

17

(2)

2 Phonetic transcriptions

19

(24)

2.1 Vowels: their symbols and properties

20

(6)

2.2 Consonants: their symbols and properties

26

(8)

2.3 IPA symbols

34

(2)

2.4 Illustrations with English transcription

36

(1)

Summary

37

(3)

Exercises

40

(1)

Suggestions for further reading

41

(2)

3 Allophonic relations

43

(24)

3.1 English consonantal allophones

44

(5)

3.2 Allophony in other languages

49

(12)

Summary

61

(1)

Exercises

61

(4)

Suggestions for further reading

65

(2)

4 Underlying representations

67

(32)

4.1 The importance of correct underlying forms

68

(3)

4.2 Refining the concept of underlying form

71

(2)

4.3 Finding the underlying form

73

(7)

4.4 Practice at problem solving

80

(2)

4.5 Underlying forms and sentence-level phonology

82

(3)

4.6 Underlying forms and multiple columns in the paradigm

85

(9)

Summary

94

(1)

Exercises

94

(4)

Suggestions for further reading

98

(1)

5 Interacting Processes

99

(30)

5.1 Separating the effects of different rules

100

(12)

5.2 Different effects of rule ordering

112

(9)

Summary

121

(1)

Exercises

122

(5)

Suggestions for further reading

127

(2)

6 Feature theory

129

(40)

6.1 Scientific questions about speech sounds

130

(5)

6.2 Distinctive feature theory

135

(15)

6.3 Features and classes of segments

150

(4)

6.4 Possible phonemes and rules - an answer

154

(3)

6.5 The formulation of phonological rules

157

(3)

6.6 Changing the theory

160

(6)

Summary

166

(1)

Exercises

167

(1)

Suggestions for further reading

168

(1)

7 Doing an analysis

169

(56)

7.1 Yawelmani

170

(7)

7.2 Hehe

177

(8)

7.3 Icelandic

185

(6)

7.4 Modern Hebrew

191

(6)

7.5 Japanese

197

(10)

Summary

207

(1)

Exercises

207

(16)

Suggestions for further reading

223

(2)

8 Phonolocial typology and naturalness

225

(32)

8.1 Inventories

226

(2)

8.2 Segmental processes

228

(16)

8.3 Prosodically based processes

244

(6)

8.4 Why do things happen?

250

(5)

Summary

255

(1)

Suggestions for further reading

255

(2)

9 Abstractness and psychological reality

257

(44)

9.1 Why limit abstractness?

258

(15)

9.2 Independent evidence: historical restructuring

273

(4)

9.3 Well-motivated abstractness

277

(10)

9.4 Grammar-external evidence for abstractness

287

(10)

9.5 How abstract is phonology?

297

(1)

Exercises

298

(2)

Suggestions for further reading

300

(1)

10 Nonlinear representations

301

(32)

10.1 The autosegmental theory of tone: the beginnings of change

302

(19)

10.2 Extension to the segmental domain

321

(8)

Summary

329

(1)

Exercises

329

(2)

Suggestions for further reading

331

(2)

Glossary

333

(6)

References

339

(6)

Index of languages

345

(2)

General Index

347

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Introducing Phonology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials