Introducing Public Administration

Updated in a new 7th edition,Introducing Public Administrationprovides readers with a solid, conceptual foundation in public administration, and contains the latest information on important trends in the discipline. Known for its lively and witty style this book covers the most important issues in public administration using examples from various disciplines and modern culture. This approach captivates readers and encourages them to think critically about the nature of public administration today.

Preface

Chapter 1: Defining Public Administration
Keynote: Go Tell the Spartans  
The Definitions of Public Administration 
Political Definitions of Public Administration 
Legal Definitions of Public Administration 
Managerial Definitions of Public Administration 
Occupational Definitions of Public Administration
The Evolution of Public Administration 
The Core Content 
It’s an Adventure!
Case Study: How a President Undeservedly Received Credit for Founding a Discipline
Summary 
Review Questions 
Key Concepts 
Bibliography 
Recommended Books 
Related Web Sites

Chapter 2: The Political and Cultural Environment of Public Policy and Its Administration
Keynote: Who Decides if the United States Should Wage War? 
What Is Public Policy?
Public Policymaking in a Republic 
Executive Powers 
The Policymaking Process 
Agenda Setting 
Decision Making 
A Single Calculating Decision Maker–Not! 
Implementation 
Evaluation 
Power–The External Perspective 
Pluralism 
Group Theory 
Power–The Internal Perspective 
Organizational Goals 
Internal Power Relationships 
The Cultures of Public Organizations 
The Outside Cultural Environment 
The Inside Cultural Environment 
Professional Socialization 
Symbolic Management 
Case Study: Were the Space Shuttle Astronauts Killed by Fog? 
Summary 
Review Questions 
Key Concepts 
Bibliography 
Recommended Books 
Related Web Sites

Chapter 3: The Continuous Reinventing of the Machinery of Government 
Keynote: The New Feudalism 
What Is the Machinery of Government? 
Fine-Tuning the Machinery 
The Rise and Fall of Governmental Machinery 
The Administrative Architecture of the U.S. Government 
Executive Branch Machinery 
State and Local Government Machinery 
State Government 
County Government 
Municipal Government 
Towns and Special Districts 
Local Management Machinery 
Metropolitan Government 
Continuous State and Local Reform 
Reforming the National Machinery of Government 
The Brownlow Committee 
The Hoover Commissions 
The Ash Council 
The President’s Private Sector Survey on Cost Control 
Reinventing Government 
The Gore Report 
Reinvention in Recess 
The Obama Revolution — The Return of Big Government
The Micromanagers 
The Pressure for Privatization 
Strategies for Privatization 
Privatization in the Military 
The Nonprofit Gambit 
The Faith Based Initiative 
Voluntarism and Philanthropy 
Case Study: The Revolution in the British Machinery of Government 1979—2005 
Summary 
Review Questions 
Key Concepts 
Bibliography 
Recommended Books 
Related Web Sites 

Chapter 4: Intergovernmental Relations 
Keynote: The Age of Devolution 
The Evolution of Federal Systems 
Alliances and Confederations 
Defining Intergovernmental Relations 
The Fundamental Settlement 
The Constitution 
The European Union 
The American Federal System 
Three Categories of Governments 
The Structure of Intergovernmental Relations 
The Effects of Pluralism 
The Marble-Cake Metaphor 
Dynamic Federalism 
Dual Federalism 
Cooperative Federalism 
Creative Federalism 
New Federalism 
New New Federalism 
Intergovernmental Management 
Picket Fence Federalism 
Councils of Government and Intergovernmental Agreements 
Mandate Mania 
Mandates and the War on Terrorism 
The Transformation of Governance 
Fiscal Federalism–Following the Money 
The Theory of Fiscal Federalism 
Grant Programs 
From Contractive to Coercive Federalism 
The Devolution Revolution 
The Public Choice Solution 
The Race to the Bottom
Case Study: Why Illegal Immigration Is an Intergovernmental Mess and Will Remain So 
Summary 
Review Questions
Key Concepts
Bibliography 
Recommended Books 
Related Web Sites 

Chapter 5: Honor, Ethics, and Accountability 
Keynote: Niccolo Machiavelli, the Preeminent Public Administration Ethicist 
The Origins and Nature of Honor 
National Honor 
Why Honor Precedes Ethics 
Dimensions of Honor 
Regime Values 
Corruption in Government 
Bribery 
Watergate 
Lying for Your Country 
The Dirty Hands Dilemma 
Lying About Sex
Hierarchy of Ethics 
The Four Levels of Ethics 
The Iran-Contra Affair 
The Higher Law Defense 
Codes of Honor, Conduct, and Ethics 
The New Face of Dueling 
Honorable Behavior
Was “Deep Throat’s” Behavior Honorable? 
Standards of Conduct 
The Challenge of Accountability 
Constitutional and Legal Constraints 
Obsessive Accountability 
Avoiding Accountability 
Legislative Oversight 
Hearings 
Casework 
Case Study: The Blood on Robert McNamara’s Hands–and Conscience 
Summary
Review Questions 
Key Concepts 
Bibliography 
Recommended Books 
Related Web Sites

Chapter 6: The Evolution of Management and Organization Theory 
Keynote: Moses Meets the First Management Consultant 
The Origins of Public Management 
The Continuing Influence of Ancient Rome 
The Military Heritage of Public Administration 
The Evolution of Management Principles 
Comparing Military and Civilian Principles 
The Principles Approach 
What Is Organization Theory? 
Classical Organization Theory 
Adam Smith and the Pin Factory 
The Origins of Scientific Management 
The Staff Concept 
The Influence of Frederick W. Taylor 
Fayol’s General Theory of Management 
The Period of Orthodoxy 
Paul Appleby’s Polemic 
Luther Gulick’s POSDCORB 
The Many Meanings of Bureaucracy 
All Government Offices 
All Public Officials 
A General Invective 
Max Weber’s Structural Arrangements 
Neoclassical Organization Theory 
Herbert A. Simon’s Influence 
The Impact of Sociology 
“Modern” Structural Organization Theory 
Basic Assumptions 
Mechanistic and Organic Systems 
Systems Theory 
Cybernetics 
The Learning Organization 
Complex Adaptive Systems 
Case Study: The Critical Importance of Administrative Doctrine 
Summary 
Review Questions 
Key Concepts 
Bibliography 
Recommended Books 
Related Web Sites 

Chapter 7: Organizational Behavior 
Keynote: Henry II of England, Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket, and Rufus Miles of the U.S. Bureau of the Budget: How a medieval king, a martyred saint and an American bureaucrat illustrate Miles’s Law.
Organizational Behavior
Group Dynamics 
Organization Development 
The Impact of Personality 
The Impact of Bureaucratic Structure on Behavior 
Bureaucratic Dysfunctions 
Bureaucratic Impersonality 
Bureaucrat Bashing 
The Case for Bureaucracy 
Motivation 
The Hawthorne Experiments 
The Needs Hierarchy 
The Motivation-Hygiene Theory 
Toward a Democratic Environment 
Theory X and Theory Y 
The Future of Organizations 
Postbureaucratic Organizations 
Postmodernism 
The Problem of Technocracy 
The Core Themes of Postmodernism 
Postmodern Public Administration 
A Feminist Perspective 
Case Study: The Dangers of Groupthink from Pearl Harbor to the War in Iraq 
Summary 
Review Questions 
Key Concepts 
Bibliography 
Recommended Books 
Related Web Sites 

Chapter 8: Managerialism and Performance Management 
Keynote: Socrates Discovers Universal Management 
Managerialism 
A New Managerial Revolution 
Policy Entrepreneurs 
Reengineering 
Radical as Opposed to Incremental Change 
Becoming a Reengineer 
Empowerment 
Empowering Teams 
Entrepreneurialism 
Toward a Competitive Public Administration 
The New Public Management 
What Is Performance Management? 
The Politics of Performance Management 
Management Control 
Productivity Improvement 
Productivity Measurement 
Barriers to Productivity Improvement 
Total Quality Management 
It’s the Customer, Stupid! 
Information Technology
Social Networks and New Media
E-Commerce to E-Government 
The Two Faces of E-Government 
Wired Citizens 
One-Stop Government 
Technology and Government Productivity 
Case Study: Is It Management or Is It Public Relations? Only Your Administrator Knows for Sure 
Summary 
Review Questions 
Key Concepts 
Bibliography 
Recommended Books 
Related Web Sites 

Chapter 9: Strategic Management and Government Regulation 
Keynote: Using Government Regulations of Business to Strategically Manage the Environment 
What Is Strategic Management? 
Objectives 
The Planning Horizon 
Capabilities 
Game Theory 
Strategic Management Tools 
Best Practices 
Benchmarking 
Management Scorecards 
Regulation for Health, Safety and Economic Equity 
Independent Regulatory Agencies 
The Rule-Making Process 
State Government Regulation 
Occupational Licensing (Who Puts the Certified in CPA?) 
Local Government Regulation 
Zoning 
Building Codes 
Public Health (Do You Want Roaches with Those Fries?) 
Case Study: Opportunity Lost: The Story of Bernie Madoff and The Securities and Exchange Commission
Summary 
Review Questions 
Key Concepts 
Bibliography 
Recommended Books 
Related Web Sites 

Chapter 10: Leadership
Keynote: The Hedgehog, the Fox, or Henry V 
Leading for Performance 
Defining Leadership 
Leadership and Management 
Trait Theories 
Transactional Approaches 
Contingency Approaches 
Transformational Leadership 
Too Much Leadership 
Micromanagement 
Overmanagement 
Moral Leadership 
The Bully Pulpit 
Rhetorical Leadership 
Case Study: Transforming the Postal Service 
Summary 
Review Questions 
Key Concepts 
Bibliography 
Recommended Books 
Related Web Sites 

Chapter 11: Personnel Management and Labor Relations 
Keynote: The Adventures of a Young Man as a Personnel Technician 
The Personnel Function 
Recruitment 
Merit Selection 
Position Classification and Pay 
Performance Appraisal 
Training 
Management Development 
The Bittersweet Heritage of Civil Service Reform 
The Netherworld of Public Personnel Administration 
From Spoils to Merit 
The Pendleton Act 
State and Local Reform 
The Rise and Fall of the Civil Service Commission 
The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 
Reinventing Public Personnel Administration 
Privatizing Public Personnel 
Contracting Out Personnel 
Patronage Appointments 
The Constitutionality of Patronage 
Veterans Preference 
Patronage Gone Bad 
Public Sector Labor Relations 
The AFL-CIO 
Administrative Agencies 
Collective Bargaining 
Strikes 
Case Study: The Air Traffic Controllers’ Strike 
Summary 
Review Questions 
Key Concepts 
Bibliography 
Recommended Books 
Related Web Sites 

Chapter 12: Social Equity 
Keynote: Three Thousand Years of Sexual Harassment 
What Is Social Equity? 
Mandating Social Equity 
The New Public Administration 
The Challenge of Equality 
Racism 
The Bitter Heritage of Slavery 
From Reconstruction to Second Reconstruction 
An Administrative Fix for Racism 
Equal Employment Opportunity 
Origins of Affirmative Action 
The Case for Affirmative Action 
The Case Against Affirmative Action 
Representative Bureaucracy 
Reverse Discrimination 
Justifying Diversity 
The Ongoing Role of Race in Public Administration 
Nonracial Discrimination 
Sex Discrimination 
Sexual Harassment 
Pregnancy Discrimination 
Age Discrimination 
Disabilities Discrimination 
Sexual Orientation Discrimination 
Case Study: Social Equity Through Social Insurance 
Summary 
Review Questions 
Key Concepts 
Bibliography 
Recommended Books 
Related Web Sites 

Chapter 13: Public Financial Management 
Keynote:  Arnold Gets Terminated:  A Hollywood Icon Sees his Political Fortunes Collapse Under the California Budget Crisis
The Importance of Public Financial Management 
Six Principles 
Balanced Budgets 
The Fiscal Year 
Budgeting Theory and Practice 
The Taft Commission 
The Influence of Keynes 
The Objectives of Budgeting 
The Two Types of Budgets 
Waves of Innovation in Budget Making 
The Executive Budget 
Line-Item Budgeting 
Performance Budgeting 
Program Budgeting Versus Incrementalism 
Zero-Based Budgeting 
Contemporary Budget Reform 
Integrated Budgets 
Multiyear Budgets 
Financing Public Expenditure 
Taxation 
The Ability-to-Pay Principle 
The Flat Tax 
User Charges 
Grants 
The Problem of Debt and Budgetary Manipulation 
Abuse of Public Debt 
Municipal Bonds 
The Rating Agencies 
Debt and Economic Recovery
Bonds, Debt, and Emergency Recovery 
Stealth Budgeting: Hiding the True Costs of the Iraq War 
Economic Policy 
Monetary Policy 
Fiscal Policy 
Case Study: Social Security Reform 
Summary 
Review Questions 
Key Concepts 
Bibliography 
Recommended Books 
Related Web Sites 

Chapter 14: Program Audit and Evaluation 
Keynote: Captain Bligh’s Program Evaluation of the Mutiny on the Bounty 
What Is an Audit? 
Multiple Applications 
History of Auditing 
The Government Accountability Office 
Types of Audit 
Compliance Audit 
Performance Audit 
Internal Audit 
Program Evaluation 
Policy Analysis Is Not Program Evaluation 
Legislative Program Evaluation 
Types of Evaluation 
Evaluation Standards 
Management Control: Evaluation in Microcosm 
Evaluation and the Democratic Process 
Case Study: Jeremy Bentham, the Philosopher of Policy Analysis and Program Evaluation 
Summary 
Review Questions 
Key Concepts 
Bibliography 
Recommended Books 
Related Web Sites 

Glossary 
Appendix: Additional Sources 
Index