Introduction To Learning And Behavior

, by Powell, Russell A.; Symbaluk, Diane G.; MacDonald, Suzanne E.

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ISBN: 9780534634513 | 0534634516
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/19/2004

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1. Introduction. 2. Research Methods. 3. Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning. 4. Classical Conditioning: Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities. 5. Classical Conditioning: Underlying Processes and Practical Applications. 6. Operant Conditioning: Introduction. 7. Operant Conditioning: Schedules and Theories Of Reinforcement. 8. Extinction and Stimulus Control. 9. Escape, Avoidance, and Punishment. 10. Choice, Matching, and Self-Control. 11. Biological Dispositions In Learning. 12. Observational Learning, Language, and Rule-Governed Behavior. Glossary.

Preface

xiv

CHAPTER 1. Introduction

(46)

AND FURTHERMORE: Notation for Conditioning Diagrams

(2)

Historical Background

(8)

Aristotle: Empiricism and the Laws of Association

(2)

Descartes: Mind-Body Dualism and the Reflex

(1)

The British Empiricists

(1)

Structuralism: The Experimental Study of Consciousness

(1)

Functionalism: The Study of the Adaptive Mind

(1)

Behaviorism: The Study of Observable Behavior

(3)

AND FURTHERMORE: John B. Watson: Behaviorism's Controversial Founder

(1)

Five Schools of Behaviorism

(22)

Watson's Methodological Behaviorism

(2)

Hull's Neobehaviorism

(4)

AND FURTHERMORE: Deliberate Practice and Expert Performance

(3)

Tolman's Cognitive Behaviorism

(5)

AND FURTHERMORE: How to Read Graphs

(2)

Bandura's Social Learning Theory

(2)

Skinner's Radical Behaviorism

(20)

ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN

(1)

The Life of B.F. Skinner

(3)

Summary

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

Concept Review

(2)

Chapter Test

(3)

Answers to Chapter Test

(1)

CHAPTER 2. Research Methods

(42)

Basic Terms and Definitions

(7)

Independent and Dependent Variables

(1)

Functional Relationships

(1)

Stimulus and Response

(1)

Overt and Covert Behavior

(1)

Appetitive and Aversive Stimuli

(1)

Establishing Operations: Deprivation and Satiation

(1)

Contiguity and Contingency

(2)

Measurement of Behavior

(6)

Behavioral Definitions

(1)

Recording Methods

(5)

Research Designs

(17)

Descriptive Research

(3)

Experimental Research

(26)

ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN

(1)

Use of Animals in Behavioral Research

(3)

AND FURTHERMORE: Enhanced Motivation or Cruel Starvation: The Ethics of Food Deprivation

(1)

Summary

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

Concept Review

(2)

Chapter Test

(2)

Answers to Chapter Test

(2)

CHAPTER 3. Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning

(38)

Elicited Behaviors

(5)

Reflexes

(2)

Fixed Action Patterns

(3)

Simple Mechanisms of Learning

(8)

Habituation and Sensitization

(2)

Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion

(6)

ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN

102

(1)

Classical Conditioning

103

(17)

Pavlov's Discovery of Classical Conditioning

104

(1)

Basic Procedure and Definitions

105

(6)

Appetitive and Aversive Conditioning

111

(3)

Excitatory and Inhibitory Conditioning

114

(2)

AND FURTHERMORE: Classical Conditioning and Interpersonal Attraction

115

(1)

Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli

116

(4)

Summary

120

(1)

Suggested Readings

120

(1)

Study Questions

121

(1)

Concept Review

121

(1)

Chapter Test

122

(3)

Answers to Chapter Test

125

(2)

CHAPTER 4. Classical Conditioning: Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities

127

(40)

Some Basic Conditioning Phenomena

128

(9)

Acquisition

128

(1)

Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, and Disinhibition

129

(3)

Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination

132

(3)

Discrimination Training and Experimental Neurosis

135

(2)

Two Extensions to Classical Conditioning

137

(7)

Higher-Order Conditioning

137

(4)

Sensory Preconditioning

141

(3)

Three Limitations to Classical Conditioning

144

(8)

Overshadowing

145

(2)

Blocking

147

(2)

Latent Inhibition

149

(3)

ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN

152

(1)

Additional Phenomena

152

(7)

Temporal Conditioning

152

(1)

Occasion Setting

153

(1)

External Inhibition

154

(1)

US Revaluation

155

(2)

Pseudoconditioning

157

(2)

Summary

159

(1)

Suggested Readings

160

(1)

Study Questions

160

(1)

Concept Review

161

(1)

Chapter Test

162

(3)

Answers to Chapter Test

165

(2)

CHAPTER 5. Classical Conditioning: Underlying Processes and Practical Applications

167

(43)

Underlying Processes in Classical Conditioning

168

(12)

S-S Versus S-R Learning

168

(1)

Stimulus-Substitution Versus Preparatory-Response Theory

169

(2)

Compensatory-Response Model

171

(4)

AND FURTHERMORE: Conditioned Compensatory Responses and Drug Overdose: Two Anecdotes

174

(1)

Rescorla-Wagner Theory

175

(5)

ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN

179

(1)

Practical Applications of Classical Conditioning

180

(23)

Understanding Phobias

180

(9)

AND FURTHERMORE: The Ethics of the Little Albert Experiment

184

(5)

Treating Phobias

189

(8)

AND FURTHERMORE: Was Sigmund Freud a Behavior Analyst?

195

(2)

Aversion Therapy for Eliminating Problem Behaviors

197

(2)

Medical Applications of Classical Conditioning

199

(13)

AND FURTHERMORE: Classical Conditioning, Gulf War Syndrome, and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity

202

(1)

Summary

203

(1)

Suggested Readings

204

(1)

Study Questions

205

(1)

Concept Review

205

(1)

Chapter Test

206

(3)

Answers to Chapter Test

209

(1)

CHAPTER 6. Operant Conditioning: Introduction

210

(45)

Historical Background

212

(4)

Thorndike's Law of Effect

212

(2)

Skinner's Selection by Consequences

214

(2)

Operant Conditioning

216

(9)

Operant Behavior

217

(1)

Operant Consequences: Rein forcers and Punishers (and Extinction)

218

(3)

Operant Antecedents: Discriminative Stimuli

221

(4)

Four Types of Contingencies

225

(8)

Positive Reinforcement

226

(1)

Negative Reinforcement

227

(1)

Positive Punishment

228

(1)

Negative Punishment

229

(4)

AND FURTHERMORE: Four Types of Contingencies: Tricky Examples

232

(1)

Positive Reinforcement: Further Distinctions

233

(9)

Immediate Versus Delayed Reinforcement

233

(1)

Primary and Secondary Rein forcers

234

(2)

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reinforcement

236

(4)

AND FURTHERMORE: Learned Industriousness

237

(2)

AND FURTHERMORE: Positive Reinforcement of Artistic Appreciation

239

(1)

Natural and Artificial Rein forcers

240

(2)

Shaping

242

(6)

AND FURTHERMORE: Training Ishmael

244

(3)

ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN

247

(1)

Summary

248

(1)

Suggested Readings

249

(1)

Study Questions

249

(1)

Concept Review

250

(1)

Chapter Test

251

(3)

Answers to Chapter Test

254

(1)

CHAPTER 7. Operant Conditioning: Schedules and Theories of Reinforcement

255

(40)

Schedules of Reinforcement

256

(22)

Continuous Versus Intermittent Schedules

256

(1)

Four Basic Intermittent Schedules

257

(9)

Other Simple Schedules of Reinforcement

266

(7)

Complex Schedules of Reinforcement

273

(5)

Theories of Reinforcement

278

(8)

Drive Reduction Theory

279

(1)

The Premack Principle

280

(2)

Response Deprivation Hypothesis

282

(1)

Behavioral Bliss Point Approach

283

(13)

ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN

285

(1)

Summary

286

(1)

Suggested Readings

287

(1)

Study Questions

287

(1)

Concept Review

288

(1)

Chapter Test

289

(3)

Answers to Chapter Test

292

(3)

CHAPTER 8. Extinction and Stimulus Control

295

(44)

Extinction

296

(12)

Side Effects of Extinction

297

(4)

ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN

301

(1)

Resistance to Extinction

301

(4)

Spontaneous Recovery

305

(1)

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior

306

(2)

AND FURTHERMORE: Extinction of Bedtime Tantrums in Young Children

307

(1)

Stimulus Control

308

(22)

Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination

308

(3)

The Peak Shift Effect

311

(3)

Multiple Schedules and Behavioral Contrast

314

(5)

AND FURTHERMORE: St. Neot's Margin

318

(1)

Fading and Errorless Discrimination Learning

319

(2)

Stimulus Control Procedures for the Study of Memory

321

(4)

Stimulus Control: Additional Applications

325

(15)

AND FURTHERMORE: Edwin Guthrie: Stimulus Control for the Practical Person

328

(2)

Summary

330

(1)

Suggested Readings

331

(1)

Study Questions

331

(1)

Concept Review

332

(2)

Chapter Test

334

(3)

Answers to Chapter Test

337

(2)

CHAPTER 9. Escape, Avoidance, and Punishment

339

(40)

Escape and Avoidance

340

(13)

Two-Process Theory of Avoidance

342

(5)

AND FURTHERMORE: Repression: Avoidance of Distressing Thoughts?

344

(3)

Avoidance Conditioning and Phobias

347

(3)

Avoidance Conditioning and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

350

(3)

Punishment

353

(11)

Types of Punishment

353

(4)

Problems With the Use of Punishment

357

(2)

Benefits and the Effective Use of Punishment

359

(2)

Theories of Punishment

361

(3)

AND FURTHERMORE: Punishment and Procrastination

364

(1)

Effects of Noncontingent Punishment

364

(8)

Learned Helplessness

365

(3)

ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN

367

(1)

Masserman's Experimental Neurosis

368

(12)

AND FURTHERMORE: Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Behavioral Perspective

370

(2)

Summary

372

(1)

Suggested Readings

373

(1)

Study Questions

373

(1)

Concept Review

374

(1)

Chapter Test

375

(3)

Answers to Chapter Test

378

(1)

CHAPTER 10. Choice, Matching, and Self-Control

379

(41)

Choice and Matching

380

(14)

Concurrent Schedules

380

(2)

The Matching Law

382

(3)

Deviations From Matching

385

(5)

AND FURTHERMORE: Basketball and the Matching Law

386

(4)

Matching and Melioration

390

(4)

ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN

393

(1)

Self-Control

394

(18)

Skinner on Self-Control

395

(3)

AND FURTHERMORE: B.F. Skinner, the Master of Self-Control

398

(1)

Self-Control as a Temporal Issue

398

(3)

The Ainslie-Rachlin Model of Self-Control

401

(9)

Cognitive Factors in Self-Control

410

(2)

Summary

412

(2)

Suggested Readings

414

(1)

Study Questions

414

(1)

Concept Review

415

(1)

Chapter Test

415

(4)

Answers to Chapter Test

419

(1)

CHAPTER 11. Biological Dispositions in Learning

420

(36)

Preparedness and Conditioning

421

(7)

Preparedness in Classical Conditioning

421

(6)

AND FURTHERMORE: Conditioned Food Preferences

426

(1)

Preparedness in Operant Conditioning

427

(1)

Operant-Respondent Interactions

428

(6)

Instinctive Drift

428

(1)

Sign Tracking

429

(5)

ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN

432

(1)

AND FURTHERMORE: The CAM Model of Drug Addiction

433

(1)

Adjunctive Behavior

434

(6)

Basic Procedure and Defining Characteristics

434

(3)

Adjunctive Behavior in Humans

437

(1)

AND FURTHERMORE: Extreme Polydipsia: Not Just a "Rat Thing"

438

(1)

Adjunctive Behavior as Displacement Activity

438

(2)

Activity Anorexia

440

(6)

Basic Procedure and Defining Characteristics

440

(1)

Comparisons With Anorexia Nervosa

441

(2)

Underlying Mechanisms

443

(1)

Clinical Implications

444

(13)

AND FURTHERMORE: The Healthy Side of the Diet-Activity Connection

445

(1)

Behavior Systems Theory

446

(3)

Summary

449

(1)

Suggested Readings

450

(1)

Study Questions

450

(1)

Concept Review

451

(1)

Chapter Test

452

(3)

Answers to Chapter Test

455

(1)

CHAPTER 12. Observational Learning, Language, and Rule-Governed Behavior

456

(39)

Observational Learning

457

(9)

Observational Learning in Classical Conditioning

458

(2)

Observational Learning in Operant Conditioning

460

(3)

Observational Learning in Animals

463

(3)

Language

466

(8)

Can Animals "Talk"?

467

(1)

Sign Language Experiments

468

(2)

Artificial Language Experiments

470

(4)

AND FURTHERMORE: Talking to the Animals

472

(2)

Rule-Governed Behavior

474

(14)

Definitions and Characteristics

474

(2)

Some Disadvantages of Rule-Governed Behavior

476

(2)

Psychopathology, Psychotherapy, and Rule-Governed Behavior

478

(6)

ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN

479

(3)

AND FURTHERMORE: Morita Therapy: Acceptance and Commitment the Japanese Way

482

(2)

Personal Rules in Self-Regulation

484

(4)

AND FURTHERMORE: Say-Do Correspondence and Willpower

486

(2)

Summary

488

(1)

Suggested Readings

489

(1)

Study Questions

490

(1)

Concept Review

491

(1)

Chapter Test

491

(3)

Answers to Chapter Test

494

(1)

Glossary

495

(10)

References

505

(22)

Index

527

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Introduction To Learning And Behavior

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials