Introduction to Material and Energy Balances

A thorough introduction to balance equation concepts. Geared for the course offered to chemical engineering majors in their sophomore year. Develops a framework for the analysis of flowsheet problem information with extensive use of degree-of-freedom analysis. Presents systematic approaches for manual and computer-aided solution of full scale balance problems. Provides a detailed development of the structure, properties, and interrelationships of species and element balances based on the algebraic view of reaction-stoichiometry and the rate of reaction concept.

Gintaras V. Reklaitis is the author of Introduction to Material and Energy Balances, published by Wiley.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1

(32)

1.1 THE ROLE OF THE CHEMICAL ENGINEER

1

(6)

1.2 THE ROLE OF BALANCE CALCULATIONS

7

(4)

1.3 REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS

11

(20)

1.3.1 The Conservation Principles

12

(2)

1.3.2 Chemical Stoichiometry

14

(4)

1.3.3 Equation-Solving Concepts

18

(6)

1.3.4 Dimensional Quantities and Their Manipulation

24

(7)

1.4 PREVIEW OF SUBSEQUENT CHAPTERS

31

(2)

CHAPTER 2 MATERIAL BALANCES IN NONREACTING SYSTEMS

33

(73)

2.1 FORMULATING THE MATERIAL BALANCE PROBLEM

33

(16)

2.1.1 Material Balance Variables

34

(3)

2.1.2 Material Balance Equations and Their Properties

37

(5)

2.1.3 Material Balance Information

42

(7)

2.2 ANALYSIS OF THE MATERIAL BALANCE PROBLEM

49

(11)

2.2.1 The Degree of Freedom

50

(6)

2.2.2 Solution Strategy

56

(4)

2.3 SYSTEMS INVOLVING MULTIPLE UNITS

60

(25)

2.3.1 Independent Sets of Balance Equations

60

(5)

2.3.2 Degree-of-Freedom Analysis

65

(4)

2.3.3 Special Multiunit Configurations

69

(8)

2.3.4 Strategy of Solution

77

(8)

2.4 SUMMARY

85

(21)

CHAPTER 3 SPECIES BALANCES IN REACTING SYSTEMS

106

(81)

3.1 SPECIES BALANCES WITH A SINGLE CHEMICAL REACTION

107

(17)

3.1.1 The Rate of Reaction Concept

109

(3)

3.1.2 The Limiting Reactant and Conversion

112

(2)

3.1.3 Degree-of-Freedom Analysis

114

(10)

3.2 SPECIES BALANCES WITH MULTIPLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS

124

(25)

3.2.1 Generalized Stoichiometry

126

(7)

3.2.2 The Fractional Yield

133

(4)

3.2.3 Degree-of-Freedom Analysis

137

(12)

3.3 THE ALGEBRA OF MULTIPLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS

149

(15)

3.3.1 Linear Independence of Reactions

150

(4)

3.3.2 Determination of Linear Independence

154

(7)

3.3.3 Independent Specifications

161

(3)

3.4 SUMMARY

164

(23)

CHAPTER 4 ELEMENT BALANCES

187

(77)

4.1 THE ELEMENT BALANCE EQUATIONS

188

(21)

4.1.1 The Atom Matrix and General Balance Equations

190

(6)

4.1.2 The Algebra of Element Balances

196

(4)

4.1.3 Degree-of-Freedom Analysis

200

(9)

4.2 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELEMENT AND SPECIES BALANCES

209

(11)

4.2.1 Nonreacting Systems

210

(3)

4.2.2 Reacting Systems

213

(5)

4.2.3 The Maximum Number of Independent Reactions

218

(2)

4.3 APPLICATIONS INVOLVING CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF FOSSIL FUELS

220

(16)

4.3.1 Fossil Fuels and Their Constituents

220

(2)

4.3.2 Characterization of Fossil Fuels

222

(2)

4.3.3 Major Types of Chemical Processing Operations for Fossil Fuels

224

(12)

4.4 CONVERSION OF ELEMENT BALANCES TO SPECIES BALANCES

236

(15)

4.4.1 The Relation between Atom Matrix and Reaction Stoichiometry

237

(3)

4.4.2 Construction of a Set of Independent Reactions

240

(5)

4.4.3 Application to Systems with Incomplete Stoichiometry

245

(6)

4.5 SUMMARY

251

(13)

CHAPTER 5 MATERIAL BALANCES IN PROCESS FLOWSHEETS

264

(106)

5.1 STRATEGY FOR MANUAL COMPUTATIONS

264

(22)

5.1.1 Sequencing with Complete Solution

265

(2)

5.1.2 Sequencing with Partial Solution

267

(10)

5.1.3 Root-Finding Methods

277

(9)

5.2 STRATEGY FOR MACHINE COMPUTATIONS

286

(58)

5.2.1 The Sequential Solution Strategy

286

(46)

5.2.2 The Simultaneous Solution Strategy

332

(12)

5.3 SUMMARY

344

(26)

CHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY BALANCES

370

(29)

6.1 DEFINITION OF TERMS

371

(4)

6.2 FORMS OF ENERGY ASSOCIATED WITH MASS

375

(2)

6.3 FORMS OF ENERGY IN TRANSITION

377

(3)

6.4 SYSTEMS OF UNITS

380

(5)

6.5 THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

385

(10)

6.5.1 The Basic Closed-System Balance Equation

385

(2)

6.5.2 Superimposition of Energy Forms

387

(3)

6.5.3 The General Conservation Equation

390

(3)

6.5.4 The Enthalpy Function

393

(2)

6.6 SUMMARY

395

(4)

CHAPTER 7 ENERGY BALANCES FOR NONREACTING SYSTEMS

399

(79)

7.1 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE STATE OF A SYSTEM

400

(13)

7.1.1 The Phase Rule

400

(1)

7.1.2 Single-Component Systems

401

(3)

7.1.3 Multicomponent, Multiphase Systems

404

(9)

7.2 ENERGY BALANCES USING TABULAR THERMODYNAMIC DATA

413

(20)

7.2.1 The Steam Tables

415

(4)

7.2.2 Energy Balance Applications: Closed Systems

419

(5)

7.2.3 Energy Balance Applications: Open Systems

424

(9)

7.3 ENERGY BALANCES WITHOUT COMPLETE THERMODYNAMIC TABLES

433

(25)

7.3.1 Heat Capacities

434

(11)

7.3.2 Heats of Phase Transition

445

(7)

7.3.3 Enthalpy of Mixtures

452

(6)

7.4 ANALYSIS OF NONREACTING SYSTEMS

458

(10)

7.4.1 The Energy Balance Variables

459

(1)

7.4.2 Properties of the Energy Balance Equations

460

(5)

7.4.3 Degree-of-Freedom Analysis

465

(3)

7.5 SUMMARY

468

(10)

CHAPTER 8 ENERGY BALANCES FOR REACTING SYSTEMS

478

(59)

8.1 THE HEAT-OF-REACTION CONCEPT

478

(2)

8.2 HEAT-OF-REACTION CALCULATIONS

480

(9)

8.2.1 Correction of (XXX)H(R) for T, P, and Phase

481

(1)

8.2.2 Heats of Formation and Their Use

482

(4)

8.2.3 Heats of Combustion and Their Use

486

(3)

8.3 ENERGY BALANCES WITH SINGLE CHEMICAL REACTION

489

(7)

8.3.1 The Single-Input/Single-Output Case

489

(3)

8.3.2 Alternate Forms of the Balance Equation

492

(4)

8.4 ENERGY BALANCES WITH MULTIPLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS

496

(4)

8.5 ENERGY BALANCES WITH UNKNOWN STOICHIOMETRY

500

(10)

8.6 DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM ANALYSIS

510

(13)

8.6.1 Single-Unit Systems

510

(1)

8.6.2 Multiunit Systems

511

(12)

8.7 SUMMARY

523

(14)

CHAPTER 9 MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES IN PROCESS FLOWSHEETS

537

(98)

9.1 STRATEGY FOR MANUAL CALCULATIONS

539

(34)

9.1.1 The Single-Unit Case

540

(12)

9.1.2 The Multiunit Case

552

(21)

9.2 STRATEGY FOR MACHINE COMPUTATIONS

573

(40)

9.2.1 The Sequential Solution Strategy

574

(18)

9.2.2 The Simultaneous Solution Strategy

592

(21)

9.3 SUMMARY

613

(22)

APPENDIX PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DATA

635

(38)

INDEX

673

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Introduction to Material and Energy Balances

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Author Biography

Table of Contents

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