Introduction To Normal Auditory Perception

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ISBN: 9781418080778 | 1418080772
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 11/10/2008

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Taking a classical approach to psychoacoutstics, Introduction to Normal Auditory Perception guides students toward a basic understanding of hearing science and theory. The book explores the germinal research published in the field of auditory perception and then clearly interprets the findings which have formed the foundations of modern auditory theory. Complex theories are broken down for easy comprehension. Starting with the basic principles of acoustics, the text moves through seminal experiments in psychoacoustics regarding the role of stimulus intensity, frequency, and duration on fundamental auditory perceptions. Basic principles of binaural listening are also covered.

Acoustics: Characteristics of the Sound Source and the Medium Important to Auditory Perception	p. 1
Simple Harmonic Motion, Sine Waves, and Pure Tones	p. 3
Vibration	p. 4
Repetitive Linear Motion	p. 4
Simple Harmonic Motion	p. 6
Sine Waves	p. 13
Important Characteristics of Sine Waves	p. 14
Adding Sine Waves	p. 21
Special Cases	p. 24
Fourier Synthesis and Fourier Analysis	p. 25
Vibrations and Sound	p. 27
Pure Tones	p. 27
Complex Tones	p. 28
Aperiodic Sounds	p. 29
Sound Transmission and Sound Waves	p. 33
Sound Transmission	p. 34
The Source	p. 34
The Medium	p. 36
The Receiver	p. 38
Important Characteristics of Sound Transmission and Sound Waves	p. 40
Propagation Velocity	p. 40
Wavelength	p. 41
Sound Wave Motion	p. 42
Sound Measurement and the Decibel Scale	p. 45
The Decibel Scale	p. 46
Logarithmic Scales	p. 46
Ratios	p. 52
References Used in the Decibel Scale	p. 52
The Sound Pressure Level Reference (dB SPL)	p. 52
The Hearing Level Reference (dB HL)	p. 53
The Sensation Level Reference (dB SL)	p. 54
Some Caveats Regarding the Decibel	p. 54
Decibel Computation	p. 55
Applying the Equations	p. 56
Conceptual Application of the Decibel	p. 58
The Pressure Formula	p. 58
The Intensity Formula	p. 59
Everyday Examples	p. 60
Given the Intensity or Pressure Ratio	p. 60
Applying the Decibel Concept to a New Problem	p. 62
Intensity: Intensity as an Important Stimulus Variable to Auditory Perception	p. 65
Auditory Sensitivity	p. 67
Detection and the Absolute Threshold	p. 68
Measuring Absolute Threshold and the Psychometric Function	p. 69
Audibility and Sensitivity	p. 71
Previous Studies of Normal Human Auditory Sensitivity	p. 72
What the Sivian and White Results Tell Us About Normal Human Auditory Sensitivity	p. 73
Loudness	p. 79
Perception Versus Stimulus Variables	p. 80
Stimulus Intensity and Its Effect on Loudness	p. 80
Direct Magnitude Estimation	p. 80
Direct Magnitude Production	p. 83
Units of Loudness Estimation	p. 84
Stimulus Frequency and Its Effect on Loudness	p. 84
Generating an Equal Loudness Contour Using a Loudness Balance Procedure	p. 86
Fletcher and Munson's Equal Loudness Contours	p. 92
Units of Loudness Estimation Using a Loudness Balance Procedure	p. 92
What Fletcher and Munson Tell Us About the Effect of Frequency on Loudness	p. 93
What Fletcher and Munson Tell Us About Loudness Growth Across Frequency	p. 95
Explaining Loudness Perception	p. 97
Intensity Discrimination	p. 103
Discrimination Thresholds: Terminology and Relevance	p. 104
Experimental Measurements of Normal Auditory Intensity Discrimination	p. 105
Another Method for Estimating Intensity Discrimination Thresholds	p. 107
Normal Human Auditory Differential Thresholds for Intensity	p. 112
The Role of Intensity on Differential Sensitivity for Intensity	p. 113
The Role of Frequency on Differential Sensitivity for Intensity	p. 114
Scientific Interest in Differential Sensitivity	p. 116
A Model to Explain Our Differential Sensitivity for Intensity	p. 118
Frequency: Frequency as an Important Stimulus Variable to Auditory Perception	p. 123
Masking	p. 125
Experimental Paradigm and Important Terms	p. 126
Some Caveats Regarding the Amount of Masking	p. 128
When the Masker is a Wideband Noise	p. 129
When the Masker Is a Pure Tone	p. 131
When the Masker Is a Narrow Band of Noise	p. 135
Getting Ready for Theory	p. 137
Frequency Selectivity and the Critical Band	p. 139
Filters	p. 141
High-Pass Filters	p. 141
Low-Pass Filters	p. 144
Band-Pass Filters	p. 145
Early Work on the Critical Band Theory	p. 148
Fletcher's Logic	p. 148
Fletcher's Legacy	p. 153
Frequency Discrimination	p. 163
Measuring Frequency Discrimination	p. 164
Frequency Discrimination as a Function of Signal Frequency	p. 167
Frequency Discrimination and the Critical Band	p. 168
Frequency Discrimination and Weber's Law	p. 169
Frequency Discrimination as a Function of Intensity	p. 171
Pitch Perception	p. 177
Stimulus Frequency and Its Effect on Pitch	p. 178
Stimulus Intensity and Its Effect on Pitch	p. 181
Comparing Pitch Estimation Procedures	p. 188
Competing Theories of Pitch Perception	p. 189
The Place Theory of Pitch Perception	p. 190
The Volley Theory of Pitch Perception	p. 190
Place Theory or Volley Theory-Which Is The Right One?	p. 192
Pitch Perception of Simple Sounds	p. 193
Pitch Perception of Complex Sounds	p. 197
A Modern-Day Theory of Pitch Perception	p. 201
Duration: Duration as an Important Stimulus Variable to Auditory Perception	p. 205
Stimulus Duration and Its Role in Audibility, Loudness, and Discrimination	p. 207
Stimulus Duration and Audibility	p. 208
Stimulus Duration and Loudness Perception	p. 212
Stimulus Duration and Discrimination	p. 212
Differential Thresholds for Duration	p. 212
The Effect of Stimulus Duration on Other Differential Thresholds	p. 215
Auditory Fatigue and Adaptation	p. 219
Long-Term Poststimulatory Auditory Fatigue	p. 220
Interpreting the Magnitude of TTS	p. 222
Experimental Parameters Affecting the Amount of Temporary Threshold Shift	p. 223
Summary Remarks Regarding Long-Term Poststimulatory Auditory Fatigue	p. 226
Loudness Adaptation	p. 226
Measuring Loudness Adaptation	p. 227
Important Characteristics of Loudness Adaptation	p. 228
Comparison of Long-Term Poststimulatory Auditory Fatigue to Loudness Adaptation	p. 230
Introduction to Binaural Hearing	p. 233
Localization	p. 234
Acoustic and Auditory Cues Involved in Localization	p. 235
Other Auditory perceptions as a Consequence of Interaural Phase and Interaural Intensity Differences	p. 239
Binaural Masking Level Differences	p. 243
Glossary	p. 247
Index	p. 257
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Introduction To Normal Auditory Perception

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