Introduction to Psychology Gateways to Mind and Behavior (with Gateways to Psychology: Visual Guides and Technology Tools and InfoTrac)

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ISBN: 9780534612276 | 053461227X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/21/2003

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Introduction: The Psychology of Studying. 1. Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods. 2. Brain and Behavior. 3. Child Development. 4. From Birth to Death: Lifespan Development. 5. Sensation and Reality. 6. Perceiving the World. 7. States of Consciousness. 8. Conditioning and Learning. 9. Memory. 10. Cognition and Language. 11. Intelligence. 12. Motivation and Emotion. 13. Gender and Sexuality. 14. Personality. 15. Health, Stress, and Coping. 16. Psychological Disorders. 17. Therapies. 18. Social Behavior. 19. Attitudes, Culture, and Human Relations. 20. Applied Psychology. 21. Appendix: Behavioral Statistics.

Introduction: The Psychology of Studying

(1)

The SQ4R Method---How to Tame a Textbook

(2)

How to Use Gateways to Mind and Behavior

(1)

Survey

(1)

Question

(1)

Read

(1)

Recite and Relate

(1)

Review

(1)

Effective Note-Taking---Good Students, Take Note!

(1)

Using and Reviewing Your Notes

(1)

Summary

(1)

Study Strategies---Making a Habit of Success

(1)

Study in a Specific Place

(1)

Use Spaced Study Sessions

(1)

Try Mnemonics

(1)

Test Yourself

(1)

Overlearn

(1)

Self-Regulated Learning---Academic All-Stars

(1)

Procrastination---Avoiding the Last-Minute Blues

(1)

Time Management

(1)

Goal Setting

(1)

Learning as an Adventure

(1)

Taking Tests---Are You ``Test Wise''?

(1)

General Test-Taking Skills

(1)

Objective Tests

(1)

Essay Tests

(1)

Short-Answer Tests

(1)

Using Electronic Media---Netting New Knowledge

(5)

Electronic Gateways

(1)

Using the Net

(1)

The Psychology Resource Center

(1)

Psych Sites

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

(1)

PsyclNFO

(1)

CD-ROM Databases

(1)

PsycLIT and ClinPSYC

(1)

Multimedia CD-ROMs

(1)

PsychNow!

(1)

Using Multimedia CD-ROMs

(1)

A Final Word

(1)

Psychology on the Net

(1)

Interactive Learning

(1)

Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

(44)

Preview: Why Study Psychology?

(1)

Psychology---Spotlight on Behavior

(5)

Defining Psychology

(1)

Empiricism

(1)

Psychological Research

(1)

Science and Critical Thinking

(1)

Thinking About Behavior

(1)

Research Specialties

(1)

Animals and Psychology

(1)

Psychology's Goals

(1)

Description

(1)

Understanding

(1)

Prediction

(1)

Control

(1)

A Brief History of Psychology---Psychology's Family Album

(5)

Into the Lab

(1)

Structuralism

(1)

Functionalism

(1)

Behaviorism

(1)

Radical Behaviorism

(1)

Cognitive Behaviorism

(1)

Gestalt Psychology

(1)

Psychoanalytic Psychology

(1)

Humanistic Psychology

(1)

Psychology Today---Five Views of Behavior

(1)

Positive Psychology

(1)

Summary

(1)

Human Diversity---Appreciating Social and Cultural Differences

(2)

The Impact of Culture

(1)

Cultural Relativity

(1)

A Broader View of Diversity

(1)

Psychologists---Guaranteed Not to Shrink

(4)

Psychologists

(1)

Other Mental Health Professionals

(1)

The Profession of Psychology

(1)

Ethics

(1)

Specialties in Psychology

(1)

Scientific Research---How to Think Like a Psychologist

(3)

The Scientific Method

(1)

Hypothesis Testing

(1)

Operational Definitions

(1)

Clever Hans

(1)

Theories

(1)

Publication

(1)

Summary

(1)

Research Methods

(1)

Naturalistic Observation---Psychology Steps Out!

(1)

Limitations

(1)

The Anthropomorphic Error

(1)

Recording Observations

(1)

Correlational Studies---In Search of the Perfect Relationship

(3)

Correlation Coefficients

(1)

Correlation and Causation

(1)

Relationships in Psychology

(1)

Graphical Data

(1)

The Psychology Experiment---Where Cause Meets Effect

(2)

Variables and Groups

(1)

Experimental Control

(1)

Cause and Effect

(1)

Evaluating Results

(1)

Meta-analysis

(1)

Placebo Effects---Sugar Pills and Saltwater

(2)

Controlling Placebo Effects

(1)

The Experimenter Effect

(1)

The Clinical Method---Data by the Case

(1)

Survey Method---Here, Have a Sample

(2)

Sampling

(1)

Internet Surveys

(1)

Social Desirability

(1)

Summary

(1)

Critical Thinking Revisited---Evaluating Claims and Evidence

(1)

A Case Study of Critical Thinking

(1)

Anecdotal Evidence

(1)

Casual Observation

(1)

Authority

(1)

Formal Evidence

(1)

Pseudo-psychologies---Palms, Planets, and Personality

(11)

Problems in the Stars

(1)

Uncritical Acceptance

(1)

Positive Instances

(1)

The Barnum Effect

(1)

Summary: Science and Critical Thinking

(1)

A Look Ahead

(1)

Psychology in Action: Psychology in the News---Separating Fact from Fiction

(3)

A Step Beyond: Research Ethics---Smile, You're on Candid Camera!

(2)

Chapter in Review

(1)

Psychology on the Net

(1)

Interactive Learning

(1)

Brain and Behavior

(36)

Preview: Finding Music in Tofu

(1)

Neurons---Building a ``Biocomputer''

(4)

Parts of a Neuron

(1)

The Nerve Impulse

(2)

Synapses and Neurotransmitters

(1)

Neural Regulators

(1)

The Nervous System---Wired for Action

(3)

Neurons and Nerves

(1)

Neural Networks

(1)

The Peripheral Nervous System

(1)

The Spinal Cord

(1)

Research Methods---Charting the Brain's Inner Realms

(4)

New Images of the Living Brain

(1)

CT Scan

(1)

MRI Scan

(1)

PET Scan

(2)

The Cerebral Cortex---My, What a Big Brain You Have!

(8)

Cerebrum

(1)

Corticalization

(1)

Cerebral Hemispheres

(1)

Hemispheric Specialization

(1)

``Split Brains''

(1)

Right Brain/Left Brain

(1)

One Brain, Two Styles

(1)

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

(1)

The Occipital Lobes

(1)

The Parietal Lobes

(1)

The Temporal Lobes

(1)

The Frontal Lobes

(1)

Association Areas

(3)

The Subcortex---At the Core of the (Brain) Matter

(3)

The Hindbrain

(1)

Reticular Formation

(1)

The Forebrain

(1)

The Limbic System

(1)

The Magnificent Brain

(1)

The Endocrine System---Hormones and Behavior

(13)

A Look Ahead

(1)

Psychology in Action: Handedness---If Your Brain Is Right, What's Left?

(3)

A Step Beyond: Neurogenesis and Plasticity---The Plastic, Fantastic Brain

(3)

Chapter in Review

(1)

Psychology on the Net

(1)

Interactive Learning

(2)

Child Development

(44)

Preview: A Star Is Born---Here's Amy!

(1)

Heredity and Environment---The Nurture of Nature

(7)

Heredity

(1)

Genetic Programming

(1)

Temperament

(1)

Environment

(1)

Sensitive Periods

(1)

Prenatal Influences

(1)

Fetal Vulnerability

(1)

Teratogens

(1)

Healthy Pregnancies/Healthy Babies

(1)

Childbirth

(1)

Prepared Childbirth

(1)

Deprivation and Enrichment

(1)

Enriched Environments

(1)

Summary

(1)

Nature-Nurture Interactions

(1)

Reciprocal Influences

100

(1)

The Newborn Baby---The Basic Model Comes with Options

100

(5)

The World of the Neonate

101

(2)

Maturation

103

(1)

Motor Development

103

(1)

Readiness

103

(1)

Emotional Development

104

(1)

Social Development---Baby, I'm Stuck on You

105

(6)

Social Referencing

105

(1)

Imprinting

106

(1)

Attachment

106

(2)

Attachment Quality

108

(1)

Promoting Secure Attachment

108

(1)

Motherless Monkeys

109

(1)

Contact Comfort

109

(1)

Breast-feeding

109

(1)

Day Care

110

(1)

Quality

110

(1)

Play and Social Skills

110

(1)

Affectional Needs

110

(1)

Maternal and Paternal Influences---Life with Mom and Dad

111

(4)

Optimal Caregiving

111

(1)

Parenting Styles

112

(1)

Culture

113

(1)

Ethnic Differences in Child-rearing

113

(1)

African-American Families

113

(1)

Hispanic Families

114

(1)

Asian-American Families

114

(1)

Arab-American Families

114

(1)

Implications

114

(1)

Side Effects of Child Discipline

114

(1)

Types of Discipline

114

(1)

Self-Esteem

115

(1)

Language Development---Fast-Talking Babies

115

(4)

Language Acquisition

116

(1)

Language and the Terrible Twos

116

(1)

The Roots of Language

116

(1)

Early Communication

117

(1)

Parentese

118

(1)

Cognitive Development---How Do Children Learn to Think?

119

(17)

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

120

(1)

Mental Adaptations

120

(1)

The Sensorimotor Stage (0--2 Years)

120

(1)

The Preoperational Stage (2--7 Years)

120

(1)

The Concrete Operational Stage (7--11 Years)

121

(1)

The Formal Operations Stage (11 Years and Up)

122

(1)

Piaget and Parenting

122

(1)

Drawbacks of Forced Teaching

123

(1)

Piaget Today

123

(1)

Infant Cognition

123

(1)

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

124

(1)

Summary

125

(1)

Psychology in Action: Effective Parenting---Raising Healthy Children

126

(3)

A Step Beyond: The Brave New World of Genetics and Reproduction

129

(4)

Chapter in Review

133

(1)

Psychology on the Net

134

(1)

Interactive Learning

134

(2)

From Birth to Death: Life-Span Development

136

(38)

Preview: The Story of a Lifetime

136

(1)

The Cycle of Life---Rocky Road or Garden Path?

137

(4)

Development Across a Life Span

137

(1)

Stage One, First Year of Life: Trust Versus Mistrust

137

(1)

Stage Two, 1 to 3 Years: Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt

138

(1)

Stage Three, 3 to 5 Years: Initiative Versus Guilt

138

(1)

Stage Four, 6 to 12 Years: Industry Versus Inferiority

138

(1)

Stage Five, Adolescence: Identity Versus Role Confusion

138

(1)

Stage Six, Young Adulthood: Intimacy Versus Isolation

138

(1)

Stage Seven, Middle Adulthood: Generativity Versus Stagnation

139

(1)

Stage Eight, Late Adulthood: Integrity Versus Despair

140

(1)

The Life Span in Perspective

140

(1)

Problems of Childhood---Why Parents Get Gray Hair

141

(4)

Normal Childhood Problems

141

(1)

Typical Difficulties

141

(1)

Rivalry and Rebellion

141

(1)

Serious Childhood Problems

142

(1)

Toilet-Training Disturbances

142

(1)

Feeding Disturbances

142

(1)

Speech Disturbances

143

(1)

Learning Disorders

143

(1)

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

143

(1)

Conduct Disorder

144

(1)

Autism

144

(1)

Child Abuse---Cycles of Violence

145

(2)

Characteristics of Abusive Parents

145

(1)

The Abuse Cycle

145

(1)

Preventing Child Abuse

146

(1)

Helpful Strategies

146

(1)

Dangerous Attitudes

147

(1)

Adolescence---The Best of Times, the Worst of Times

147

(4)

Puberty

148

(1)

Early and Late Maturation

148

(1)

Timing

148

(1)

Hurried into Adulthood?

149

(1)

The Search for Identity

149

(1)

Parents and Teens

149

(1)

Imaginary Audiences

150

(1)

Peer Groups

151

(1)

The Transition to Adulthood

151

(1)

Moral Development---Growing a Conscience

151

(2)

Moral Dilemmas

152

(1)

Justice or Caring?

153

(1)

Challenges of Adulthood---Charting Life's Ups and Downs

153

(4)

Adult Development

154

(1)

Ages 16 to 18: Escape from Dominance

154

(1)

Ages 18 to 22: Leaving the Family

154

(1)

Ages 22 to 28: Building a Workable Life

154

(1)

Ages 29 to 34: Crisis of Questions

154

(1)

Ages 35 to 43: Crisis of Urgency

154

(1)

Ages 43 to 50: Attaining Stability

154

(1)

Age 50 and Up: Mellowing

155

(1)

A Midlife Crisis?

155

(1)

Midcourse Corrections

156

(1)

Middle Age

156

(1)

The Empty Nest

156

(1)

Well-being at Midlife

156

(1)

Aging---Will You Still Need Me When I'm 64?

157

(5)

The Course of Aging

157

(2)

Mental Abilities

159

(1)

Successful Aging

159

(1)

Compensation and Optimization

160

(1)

Ageism

161

(1)

Countering Myths About Aging

161

(1)

Myth Versus Fact

161

(1)

Death and Dying---The Curtain Falls

162

(12)

Reactions to Impending Death

163

(2)

Implications

165

(1)

Bereavement and Grief

165

(1)

A Look Ahead

166

(1)

Psychology in Action: Well-being and Happiness---What Makes a Good Life?

167

(2)

A Step Beyond: Approaching Death---New Pathways

169

(3)

Chapter in Review

172

(1)

Where to Write for Info

173

(1)

Psychology on the Net

173

(1)

Interactive Learning

173

(1)

Sensation and Reality

174

(38)

Preview: Sensation---A Window on the World

174

(1)

General Properties of Sensory Systems---What You See Is What You Get

175

(2)

Psychophysics---Life at the Limit

177

(3)

Difference Thresholds

178

(1)

Perceptual Defense and Subliminal Perception

178

(1)

Subliminal Persuasion?

178

(2)

Vision---Catching Some Rays

180

(4)

Structure of the Eye

180

(1)

Visual Problems

181

(1)

Light Control

181

(2)

Rods and Cones

183

(1)

Visual Acuity

184

(1)

Peripheral Vision

184

(1)

Color Vision---There's More to It Than Meets the Eye

184

(3)

Color Theories

185

(1)

Constructing Colors

186

(1)

Color Blindness and Color Weakness

186

(1)

Dark Adaptation---Let There Be Light!

187

(2)

Hearing---Good Vibrations

189

(4)

Mechanisms of Hearing

191

(1)

Deafness

191

(2)

Smell and Taste---The Nose Knows When the Tongue Can't Tell

193

(4)

The Sense of Smell

193

(1)

Taste

194

(3)

The Somesthetic Senses---Flying by the Seat of Your Pants

197

(5)

Skin Senses

197

(2)

Pain

199

(1)

Dynamic Touch

199

(1)

The Vestibular System

200

(2)

Adaptation, Attention, and Gating---Tuning In and Tuning Out

202

(10)

Sensory Adaptation

202

(1)

Selective Attention

203

(1)

Sensory Gating

203

(1)

Pain Gates

203

(1)

Conclusion and a Look Ahead

204

(1)

Psychology in Action: Controlling Pain---This Won't Hurt a Bit

205

(2)

A Step Beyond: Synesthesia---Hearing Colors, Tasting Light

207

(2)

Chapter in Review

209

(1)

Psychology on the Net

210

(1)

Interactive Learning

210

(2)

Perceiving the World

212

(38)

Preview: Murder!

212

(1)

Perceptual Constancies---Taming an Unruly World

213

(2)

Perceptual Organization---Getting It All Together

215

(4)

Gestalt Principles

215

(4)

Depth Perception---What If the World Were Flat?

219

(4)

Muscular Cues

220

(1)

Stereoscopic Vision

221

(1)

A Bird's-Eye View

222

(1)

Pictorial Cues for Depth---A Deep Topic

223

(4)

Pictorial Depth Cues

223

(3)

The Moon Illusion

226

(1)

Perceptual Learning---What If the World Were Upside Down?

227

(7)

Perceptual Habits

229

(1)

Inverted Vision

230

(1)

Adaptation Level

230

(1)

Illusions

231

(3)

Motives and Perception---May I Have Your ... Attention!

234

(2)

Attention and Perception

235

(1)

Habituation

235

(1)

Motives

235

(1)

Perceptual Expectancies---On Your Mark, Get Set

236

(14)

Perceptual Set

237

(1)

Categories

238

(1)

A Look Ahead

238

(1)

Psychology in Action: Perception and Objectivity---Believing Is Seeing

239

(4)

A Step Beyond: Extrasensory Perception---Do You Believe in Magic?

243

(4)

Chapter in Review

247

(1)

Psychology on the Net

248

(1)

Interactive Learning

248

(2)

States of Consciousness

250

(42)

Preview: A Visit to Several States (of Consciousness)

250

(1)

States of Consciousness---The Many Faces of Awareness

251

(1)

Altered States of Consciousness

251

(1)

Sleep---A Nice Place to Visit

252

(3)

The Need for Sleep

252

(1)

Sleep Deprivation

253

(1)

Sleep Patterns

254

(1)

Stages of Sleep---The Nightly Roller-Coaster Ride

255

(3)

Stages of Sleep

255

(1)

Stage 1

256

(1)

Stage 2

256

(1)

Stage 3

256

(1)

Stage 4

256

(1)

Two Basic States of Sleep

256

(1)

REM and NREM Sleep

257

(1)

REM Sleep and Dreaming

257

(1)

REM Sleep Deprivation

257

(1)

Functions of REM Sleep

257

(1)

Sleep Disturbances---Showing Nightly: Sleep Wars!

258

(4)

Insomnia

258

(1)

Types and Causes of Insomnia

258

(1)

Sleepwalking and Sleeptalking

259

(1)

Nightmares and Night Terrors

259

(1)

How to Eliminate a Nightmare

260

(1)

Narcolepsy

260

(1)

Sleep Apnea

261

(1)

SIDS

261

(1)

``Back to Sleep''

261

(1)

Dreams---A Separate Reality?

262

(1)

Dream Worlds

262

(1)

Dream Theories

262

(1)

Psychodynamic Dream Theory

262

(1)

The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

262

(1)

Hypnosis---Look into My Eyes

263

(3)

Hypnotic Susceptibility

264

(1)

Inducing Hypnosis

264

(1)

Effects of Hypnosis

265

(1)

Stage Hypnosis

265

(1)

Sensory Deprivation---Life on a Sensory Diet

266

(2)

Disruptive Effects

266

(1)

Benefits of Sensory Restriction

267

(1)

Sensory Enhancement

267

(1)

Relaxation

267

(1)

Changing Habits

267

(1)

Prospect

267

(1)

Drug-Altered Consciousness---The High and Low of It

268

(1)

How Drugs Affect the Brain

268

(1)

Dependence

269

(1)

Patterns of Abuse

269

(1)

Drugs of Abuse

269

(1)

Uppers---Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

269

(6)

Abuse

270

(1)

Cocaine

271

(1)

Abuse

272

(1)

MDMA (``Ecstasy'')

273

(1)

Abuse

273

(1)

Caffeine

273

(1)

Abuse

273

(1)

Nicotine

274

(1)

Abuse

274

(1)

Impact on Health

274

(1)

Dynamics of Smoking

275

(1)

Quitting Smoking

275

(1)

Downers---Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol

275

(5)

Barbiturates

276

(1)

GHB

276

(1)

Abuse

276

(1)

Tranquilizers

276

(1)

Abuse

277

(1)

Alcohol

277

(1)

Abuse

277

(1)

At Risk

278

(1)

Recognizing Problem Drinking

279

(1)

The Development of a Drinking Problem

279

(1)

Moderated Drinking

279

(1)

Treatment

280

(1)

Marijuana---What's in the Pot?

280

(12)

Hallucinogens

280

(1)

Marijuana

280

(1)

Dangers of Marijuana Use

281

(1)

Health Risks

282

(1)

A Look Ahead

282

(1)

Psychology in Action: Exploring and Using Dreams

283

(3)

A Step Beyond: Drug Abuse---Many Questions, Few Answers

286

(3)

Chapter in Review

289

(1)

Psychology on the Net

290

(1)

Interactive Learning

290

(2)

Conditioning and Learning

292

(38)

Preview: What Did You Learn in School Today?

292

(1)

What Is Learning---Does Practice Make Perfect?

293

(1)

Antecedents and Consequences

293

(1)

Classical Conditioning

294

(1)

Operant Conditioning

294

(1)

Classical Conditioning---Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell?

294

(1)

Pavlov's Experiment

294

(1)

Principles of Classical Conditioning---Teach Your Little Brother to Salivate

295

(3)

Acquisition

296

(1)

Higher Order Conditioning

296

(1)

Expectancies

296

(1)

Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery

296

(1)

Generalization

297

(1)

Discrimination

297

(1)

Classical Conditioning in Humans---An Emotional Topic

298

(1)

Conditioned Emotional Responses

298

(1)

Learned Fears

298

(1)

Vicarious, or Secondhand, Conditioning

299

(1)

Operant Conditioning---Can Pigeons Play Ping-Pong?

299

(5)

Positive Reinforcement

300

(1)

Acquiring an Operant Response

300

(1)

Information

301

(1)

Contingent Reinforcement

302

(1)

The Timing of Reinforcement

302

(1)

Superstitious Behavior

303

(1)

Shaping

303

(1)

Operant Extinction

303

(1)

Negative Reinforcement

304

(1)

Punishment

304

(1)

Operant Reinforcers---What's Your Pleasure?

304

(5)

Primary Reinforcers

304

(1)

Secondary Reinforcers

305

(1)

Tokens

305

(1)

Social Reinforcers

306

(1)

Feedback

306

(1)

Knowledge of Results

307

(1)

Learning Aids

307

(2)

Partial Reinforcement---Las Vegas, a Human Skinner Box?

309

(2)

Schedules of Partial Reinforcement

310

(1)

Fixed Ratio (FR)

310

(1)

Variable Ratio (VR)

310

(1)

Fixed Interval (FI)

310

(1)

Variable Interval (VI)

311

(1)

Stimulus Control---Red Light, Green Light

311

(2)

Generalization

311

(1)

Discrimination

311

(2)

Punishment---Putting the Brakes on Behavior

313

(3)

Variables Affecting Punishment

313

(1)

Using Punishment Wisely

314

(1)

Side Effects of Punishment

314

(1)

Escape and Avoidance

315

(1)

Aggression

316

(1)

Should You Punish or Not?

316

(1)

Cognitive Learning---Beyond Conditioning

316

(3)

Cognitive Maps

317

(1)

Latent Learning

317

(1)

Discovery Learning

318

(1)

Modeling---Do as I Do, Not as I Say

319

(11)

Observational Learning

319

(1)

Imitating Models

319

(1)

Modeling and Television

320

(1)

Life After TV

320

(1)

Televised Aggression

321

(1)

A Look Ahead

322

(1)

Psychology in Action: Behavioral Self-Management---A Rewarding Project

322

(3)

A Step Beyond: Biological Constraints on Learning---Snakes, Spiders, and the Reluctant Raccoon

325

(2)

Chapter in Review

327

(2)

Psychology on the Net

329

(1)

Interactive Learning

329

(1)

Memory

330

(36)

Preview: ``What the Hell's Going on Here?''

330

(1)

Stages of Memory---Do You Have a Mind Like a Steel Trap? Or a Sieve?

331

(2)

Sensory Memory

332

(1)

Short-Term Memory

332

(1)

Long-Term Memory

332

(1)

Dual Memory

333

(1)

Short-Term Memory---Do You Know the Magic Number?

333

(1)

Recoding

334

(1)

Rehearsal

334

(1)

Long-Term Memory---Where the Past Lives

334

(6)

Permanence

335

(1)

Constructing Memories

335

(1)

Organization

336

(2)

Redintegrative Memories

338

(1)

Skill Memory and Fact Memory

338

(1)

Skills

338

(1)

Facts

338

(1)

Semantic Memory

338

(1)

Episodic Memory

338

(1)

How Many Types of Memory?

339

(1)

Measuring Memory---The Answer Is on the Tip of My Tongue

340

(2)

Recall

340

(1)

Recognition

340

(1)

Relearning

341

(1)

Implicit and Explicit Memories

342

(1)

Priming

342

(1)

Exceptional Memory---Wizards of Recall

342

(3)

Eidetic Imagery

342

(1)

Exceptional Memory

343

(1)

Learned Strategies

344

(1)

Memory Champions

344

(1)

Forgetting---Why We, Uh, Let's See; Why We, Uh ... Forget!

345

(8)

Encoding Failure

346

(1)

Decay

346

(1)

Disuse

347

(1)

Cue-Dependent Forgetting

347

(1)

State-Dependent Learning

348

(1)

Interference

348

(1)

Order Effects

349

(1)

Transfer of Training

350

(1)

Repression and Suppression

350

(2)

Flashbulb Memories

352

(1)

Memory Formation---Some ``Shocking'' Findings

353

(2)

Consolidation

353

(1)

The Brain and Memory

353

(2)

Improving Memory---Keys to the Memory Bank

355

(11)

Memory Strategies

355

(1)

Knowledge of Results

355

(1)

Recitation

355

(1)

Rehearsal

355

(1)

Selection

356

(1)

Organization

356

(1)

Whole Versus Part Learning

356

(1)

Serial Position

356

(1)

Cues

356

(1)

Overlearning

356

(1)

Spaced Practice

356

(1)

Sleep

357

(1)

Hunger

357

(1)

Extend How Long You Remember

357

(1)

Review

357

(1)

Using a Strategy to Aid Recall

357

(1)

A Look Ahead

357

(2)

Psychology in Action: Mnemonics---Memory Magic

359

(3)

A Step Beyond: Why Does Memory Fail Us?

362

(2)

Chapter in Review

364

(1)

Psychology on the Net

365

(1)

Interactive Learning

365

(1)

Cognition, Language, and Creativity

366

(36)

Preview: Gizmos and Doohickeys

366

(1)

What Is Thinking?---It's All in Your Head!

367

(1)

Some Basic Units of Thought

368

(1)

Mental Imagery---Does a Frog Have Lips?

368

(3)

The Nature of Mental Images

368

(1)

``Reverse Vision''

369

(1)

Using Mental Images

369

(1)

Kinesthetic Imagery

370

(1)

Concepts---I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit

371

(2)

Forming Concepts

371

(1)

Types of Concepts

371

(1)

Prototypes

372

(1)

Connotative Meaning

372

(1)

Faulty Concepts

372

(1)

Language---Don't Leave Home Without It

373

(6)

The Structure of Language

375

(1)

Gestural Languages

376

(1)

The Animal Language Debate

376

(1)

Talking Chimps

377

(1)

Criticisms

377

(1)

Problems with Syntax

378

(1)

Lexigrams

378

(1)

Problem Solving---Getting an Answer in Sight

379

(4)

Mechanical Solutions

379

(1)

Solutions by Understanding

379

(1)

Heuristics

380

(1)

Ideal Problem Solving

380

(1)

Insightful Solutions

380

(1)

The Nature of Insight

380

(1)

Fixations

381

(1)

Common Barriers to Problem Solving

382

(1)

Artificial Intelligence---I Compute, Therefore I Am

383

(2)

AI and Cognition

383

(1)

Experts and Novices

383

(1)

The Future of AI

384

(1)

Creative Thinking---Down Roads Less Traveled

385

(5)

Tests of Creativity

386

(1)

Stages of Creative Thought

387

(2)

The Creative Personality

389

(1)

Logic and Intuition---Mental Shortcut? Or Dangerous Detour?

390

(12)

Intuition

391

(1)

Representativeness

391

(1)

Underlying Odds

392

(1)

Framing

392

(1)

Wisdom

393

(1)

A Look Ahead

393

(1)

Psychology in Action: Enhancing Creativity---Brainstorms

394

(3)

A Step Beyond: Animal Intelligence

397

(3)

Chapter in Review

400

(1)

Psychology on the Net

401

(1)

Interactive Learning

401

(1)

Intelligence

402

(28)

Preview: What Day Is It?

402

(1)

Defining Intelligence---Intelligence Is. . . You Know, It's . . .

403

(2)

Defining Intelligence

404

(1)

Aptitudes

404

(1)

Reliability and Validity

404

(1)

Tester's Last Stand

405

(1)

Testing Intelligence---The IQ and You

405

(5)

Five Aspects of Intelligence

405

(1)

Fluid Reasoning

405

(1)

Knowledge

405

(1)

Quantitative Reasoning

406

(1)

Visual-Spatial Processing

406

(1)

Working Memory

406

(1)

Intelligence Quotients

406

(1)

Deviation IQs

407

(1)

The Stability of IQ

407

(1)

The Wechsler Tests

408

(1)

Group Tests

408

(1)

Scholastic Aptitude Tests

409

(1)

Variations in Intelligence---The Numbers Game

410

(1)

Sex

410

(1)

IQ and Achievement

410

(1)

The Mentally Gifted---Smart, Smarter, Smartest

411

(1)

Gifted Children

411

(1)

Giftedness and Achievement

411

(1)

Identifying Gifted Children

412

(1)

GATE Programs

412

(1)

Mental Retardation---A Difference That Makes a Difference

412

(4)

Levels of Retardation

412

(2)

Causes of Retardation

414

(1)

Organic Sources of Retardation

414

(1)

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

414

(1)

Microcephaly

414

(1)

Hydrocephaly

414

(1)

Cretinism

415

(1)

Down Syndrome

415

(1)

Fragile X Syndrome

415

(1)

Retardation in Perspective

415

(1)

Heredity and Environment---Super Rats and Family Trees

416

(2)

Hereditary Influences

416

(1)

Twin Studies

416

(1)

Environmental Influences

417

(1)

IQ and Environment

417

(1)

Summary

418

(1)

New Approaches to Intelligence---Intelligent Alternatives

418

(12)

The Intelligent Nervous System

418

(1)

Intelligent Information Processing

419

(1)

Multiple Intelligences

420

(1)

Frames of Mind

420

(1)

A Look Ahead

420

(1)

Psychology in Action: How Intelligent Are Intelligence Tests?

421

(4)

A Step Beyond: The Larry P. Case---``Six-Hour Retardates''

425

(2)

Chapter in Review

427

(1)

Psychology on the Net

428

(1)

Interactive Learning

428

(2)

Motivation and Emotion

430

(44)

Preview: Flight of the Gossamer Albatross

430

(1)

Motivation---Forces That Push and Pull

431

(2)

A Model of Motivation

431

(1)

Incentives

432

(1)

Types of Motives

432

(1)

Primary Motives and Homeostasis

432

(1)

Hunger---Pardon Me, That's Just My Hypothalamus Growling

433

(7)

Brain Mechanisms

433

(2)

Set Point

435

(1)

Obesity

435

(1)

Diet

436

(1)

The Paradox of Yo-Yo Dieting

436

(1)

Other Factors in Hunger

437

(1)

Cultural Factors

437

(1)

Taste

437

(1)

Eating Disorders

437

(2)

Causes

439

(1)

Treatment

440

(1)

Culture, Ethnicity, and Dieting

440

(1)

Primary Motives Revisited---Thirst, Sex, and Pain

440

(2)

Thirst

440

(1)

Pain

441

(1)

The Sex Drive

441

(1)

Stimulus Drives---Skydiving, Horror Movies, and the Fun Zone

442

(5)

Arousal Theory

443

(1)

Sensation Seekers

443

(1)

Levels of Arousal

444

(1)

Circadian Rhythms

444

(1)

Shift Work and Jet Lag

445

(2)

Learned Motives---The Pursuit of Excellence

447

(3)

Opponent-Process Theory

447

(1)

Social Motives

448

(1)

The Need for Achievement

448

(1)

Power

448

(1)

Characteristics of Achievers

448

(1)

The Key to Success?

449

(1)

Self-Confidence

450

(1)

Motives in Perspective---A View from the Pyramid

450

(3)

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

451

(1)

Turning Play into Work

452

(1)

Creativity

452

(1)

Inside an Emotion---How Do You Feel?

453

(2)

Primary Emotions

453

(1)

The Brain and Emotion

454

(1)

Physiology and Emotion---Arousal, Sudden Death, and Lying

455

(3)

Fight or Flight

455

(1)

Sudden Death

456

(1)

Lie Detectors

456

(2)

Expressing Emotions---Making Faces and Talking Bodies

458

(4)

Facial Expressions

458

(1)

Cultural Differences in Emotion

458

(1)

Gender and Emotion

459

(1)

Universal Expressions

459

(1)

Body Language

459

(3)

Theories of Emotion---Several Ways to Fear a Bear

462

(12)

The James-Lange Theory (1884--1885)

462

(1)

The Cannon-Bard Theory (1927)

463

(1)

Schachter's Cognitive Theory of Emotion (1971)

463

(1)

Attribution

464

(1)

The Facial Feedback Hypothesis

464

(1)

A Contemporary Model of Emotion

465

(1)

A Look Ahead

466

(1)

Psychology in Action: Emotional Intelligence---The Fine Art of Self-Control

467

(2)

A Step Beyond: love---Stalking an Elusive Emotion

469

(2)

Chapter in Review

471

(1)

Psychology on the Net

472

(1)

Interactive Learning

472

(2)

Gender and Sexuality

474

(34)

Preview: That Magic Word

474

(1)

Sexual Development---Circle One: XX or XY?

475

(6)

Female or Male?

475

(1)

Sex Hormones

476

(1)

Dimensions of Sex

476

(1)

Prenatal Sexual Development

477

(1)

Gender Identity

478

(1)

Origins of Male-Female Differences

478

(1)

Gender Roles

479

(1)

Culture

479

(1)

Gender Role Socialization

480

(1)

``Female'' and ``Male'' Behavior

481

(1)

Androgyny---Are You Masculine, Feminine, or Androgynous?

481

(2)

Psychological Androgyny

482

(1)

Adaptability

482

(1)

Sexual Behavior---Mapping the Erogenous Zone

483

(3)

Sexual Arousal

484

(1)

Sexual Scripts

484

(1)

Sex Drive

485

(1)

Masturbation

486

(1)

Sexual Orientation---Who Do You Love?

486

(3)

Homosexuality

488

(1)

Human Sexual Response---Sexual Interactions

489

(2)

Female Response

489

(1)

Male Response

490

(1)

Comparing Male and Female Responses

490

(1)

Atypical Sexual Behavior---Trench Coats, Whips, Leathers, and Lace

491

(1)

Paraphilias

491

(1)

Exhibitionism

491

(1)

Child Molestation

491

(1)

Attitudes and Sexual Behavior---The Changing Sexual Landscape

492

(2)

Attitudes

492

(1)

Behavior

492

(1)

Is the Revolution Over?

493

(1)

Slow Death of the Double Standard

493

(1)

Choices

493

(1)

The Crime of Rape

493

(1)

Rape Myths

493

(1)

Forcible Rape

494

(1)

STDs and Safer Sex---Choice, Risk, and Responsibility

494

(14)

AIDS

495

(1)

Populations at Risk

496

(1)

Behavioral Risk Factors

496

(1)

Risk and Responsibility

497

(1)

A Look Ahead

498

(1)

Psychology in Action: Sexual Problems---When Pleasure Fades

498

(6)

A Step Beyond: Touching---Does It Always Have Sexual Implications?

504

(2)

Chapter in Review

506

(1)

Psychology on the Net

507

(1)

Interactive Learning

507

(1)

Personality

508

(40)

Preview: The Hidden Essence

508

(1)

The Psychology of Personality---Do You Have Personality?

509

(3)

Traits

510

(1)

When Is the Plaster Set?

510

(1)

Types

510

(1)

Self-Concept

511

(1)

Self-Esteem

511

(1)

Personality Theories

512

(1)

The Trait Approach---Describe Yourself in 18,000 Words or Less

512

(6)

Predicting Behavior

513

(1)

Describing People

513

(1)

Classifying Traits

514

(1)

Central Traits

514

(1)

Source Traits

514

(1)

The Big Five

514

(1)

Five Key Dimensions

515

(1)

Traits, Consistency, and Situations

516

(1)

Do We Inherit Personality?

517

(1)

Twins and Traits

517

(1)

Psychoanalytic Theory---Id Came to Me in a Dream

518

(4)

The Structure of Personality

519

(1)

The Id

519

(1)

The Ego

519

(1)

The Superego

520

(1)

The Dynamics of Personality

520

(1)

Levels of Awareness

520

(1)

Personality Development

521

(1)

A Freudian Fable?

521

(1)

The Oral Stage

521

(1)

The Anal Stage

521

(1)

The Phallic Stage

521

(1)

Latency

522

(1)

The Genital Stage

522

(1)

Critical Comments

522

(1)

Psychodynamic Theories---Freud's Descendants

522

(2)

Alfred Adler (1870--1937)

522

(1)

Karen Horney (1885--1952)

523

(1)

Carl Jung (1875--1961)

523

(1)

Learning Theories of Personality---Habit I Seen You Before?

524

(5)

Personality = Behavior

525

(1)

Social Learning Theory

526

(1)

Self-Efficacy

526

(1)

Self-Reinforcement

526

(1)

Behavioristic View of Development

527

(1)

Critical Situations

527

(1)

Becoming Male or Female

527

(2)

Humanistic Theory---Peak Experiences and Personal Growth

529

(4)

Maslow and Self-Actualization

529

(1)

Characteristics of Self-Actualizers

529

(2)

Carl Rogers' Self Theory

531

(1)

Personality Structure and Dynamics

531

(1)

Humanistic View of Development

532

(1)

Personality Theories---Overview and Comparison

533

(1)

Trait Theories

533

(1)

Psychoanalytic Theory

533

(1)

Behavioristic and Social Learning Theories

533

(1)

Humanistic Theory

533

(1)

Personality Assessment---Psychological Yardsticks

534

(5)

The Interview

534

(1)

Computerized Interviews

534

(1)

Limitations

535

(1)

Direct Observation and Rating Scales

535

(1)

Situational Testing

536

(1)

Personality Questionnaires

536

(3)

Projective Tests of Personality---Inkblots and Hidden Plots

539

(1)

The Rorschach Inkblot Test

539

(1)

The Thematic Apperception Test

539

(1)

Limitations of Projective Testing

540

(1)

Sudden Murderers---A Research Example

540

(8)

A Look Ahead

541

(1)

Psychology in Action: Barriers and Bridges---Understanding Shyness

541

(3)

A Step Beyond: Self-Monitoring---Which Me Do You See?

544

(2)

Chapter in Review

546

(1)

Psychology on the Net

547

(1)

Interactive Learning

547

(1)

Health, Stress, and Coping

548

(38)

Preview: Taylor's (Not So Very) Fine Adventure

548

(1)

Health Psychology---Here's to Your Good Health

549

(3)

Behavioral Risk Factors

549

(1)

Lifestyle

550

(1)

Health-Promoting Behaviors

550

(1)

Early Prevention

551

(1)

Health and Wellness---Job Number One

552

(2)

A Model Program

553

(1)

Wellness

553

(1)

Stress---Thrill or Threat?

554

(4)

When Is Stress a Strain?

554

(1)

Appraising Stressors

555

(1)

``Am I Okay or in Trouble?''

556

(1)

The Nature of Threat

556

(1)

Coping with Threat

556

(2)

Frustration---Blind Alleys and Lead Balloons

558

(2)

Reactions to Frustration

558

(2)

Conflict---Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, Well, Maybe

560

(2)

Approach-Approach Conflicts

560

(1)

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts

560

(1)

Approach-Avoidance Conflicts

561

(1)

Multiple Conflicts

561

(1)

Psychological Defense---Mental Karate?

562

(2)

Denial

562

(1)

Repression

562

(1)

Reaction Formation

562

(1)

Regression

562

(1)

Projection

563

(1)

Rationalization

563

(1)

Compensation

564

(1)

Sublimation

564

(1)

Learned Helplessness---Is There Hope?

564

(4)

Depression

565

(1)

Hope

565

(1)

Depression, a Problem for Everyone

566

(1)

Why Students Get the Blues

566

(1)

Recognizing Depression

566

(2)

Stress and Health---Unmasking a Hidden Killer

568

(18)

Life Events and Stress

568

(1)

Evaluation

569

(1)

The Hazards of Hassles

569

(1)

Psychosomatic Disorders

570

(1)

Biofeedback

571

(1)

The Cardiac Personality

572

(1)

Type A

572

(1)

Hardy Personality

573

(1)

Hardiness and Happiness

574

(1)

The General Adaptation Syndrome

574

(1)

Stress, Illness, and the Immune System

575

(1)

A Look Ahead

575

(1)

Psychology in Action: Stress Management

576

(5)

A Step Beyond: Meditation---The 20-Minute Vacation

581

(2)

Chapter in Review

583

(1)

Psychology on the Net

584

(1)

Interactive Learning

584

(2)

Psychological Disorders

586

(42)

Preview: Beware the Helicopters

586

(1)

Normality---What Is Normal?

587

(3)

Core Features of Disordered Behavior

589

(1)

Psychiatric Labeling

589

(1)

Social Stigma

590

(1)

Classifying Mental Disorders---Problems by the Book

590

(5)

An Overview of Psychological Disorders

591

(2)

General Risk Factors

593

(2)

Ethnic Group Membership

595

(1)

Insanity

595

(1)

Personality Disorders---Blueprints for Maladjustment

595

(2)

Maladaptive Personality Patterns

595

(1)

Antisocial Personality

595

(2)

Anxiety-Based Disorders---When Anxiety Rules

597

(5)

Adjustment Disorders

598

(1)

Anxiety Disorders

598

(1)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

598

(1)

Panic Disorder (Without Agoraphobia)

598

(1)

Panic Disorder (with Agoraphobia)

598

(1)

Agoraphobia

599

(1)

Specific Phobia

599

(1)

Social Phobia

599

(1)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

600

(1)

Stress Disorders

600

(1)

Dissociative Disorders

601

(1)

Somatoform Disorders

601

(1)

Anxiety and Disorder---Four Pathways to Trouble

602

(2)

Psychodynamic Approach

603

(1)

Humanistic-Existential Approaches

603

(1)

Behavioral Approach

603

(1)

Cognitive Approach

604

(1)

Summary

604

(1)

Psychotic Disorders---Life in the Shadow of Madness

604

(3)

The Nature of Psychosis

605

(1)

Types of Psychosis

606

(1)

Dementia

606

(1)

Delusional Disorders---An Enemy Behind Every Tree

607

(1)

Paranoid Psychosis

607

(1)

Schizophrenia---Shattered Reality

608

(6)

Disorganized Schizophrenia

608

(1)

Catatonic Schizophrenia

609

(1)

Paranoid Schizophrenia

609

(1)

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

610

(1)

The Causes of Schizophrenia

610

(1)

Environment

610

(1)

Heredity

611

(1)

Brain Chemistry

611

(2)

The Schizophrenic Brain

613

(1)

Implications

613

(1)

Mood Disorders---Peaks and Valleys

614

(14)

Major Mood Disorders

615

(1)

The Causes of Mood Disorders

616

(1)

Seasonal Affective Disorder

617

(1)

Treating Mental Disorders

618

(1)

Prospect

618

(1)

A Final Note---You're Okay, Really!

618

(1)

A Look Ahead

618

(1)

Psychology in Action: Suicide---Lives on the Brink

619

(3)

A Step Beyond: Who Is ``Crazy''? What Should Be Done About It?

622

(3)

Chapter in Review

625

(1)

Psychology on the Net

626

(1)

Interactive Learning

627

(1)

Therapies

628

(38)

Preview: Cold Terror on a Warm Afternoon

628

(1)

Psychotherapy---Getting Better by the Hour

629

(1)

Dimensions of Therapy

629

(1)

Myths

630

(1)

Origins of Therapy---Bored Skulls and Hysteria on the Couch

630

(2)

Psychoanalysis---Expedition into the Unconscious

632

(1)

Free Association

632

(1)

Dream Analysis

632

(1)

Analysis of Resistance

632

(1)

Analysis of Transference

632

(1)

Psychoanalysis Today

632

(1)

Humanistic Therapies---Restoring Human Potential

633

(3)

Client-Centered Therapy

634

(1)

Health-Promoting Conditions

634

(1)

Personal Growth

634

(1)

Existential Therapy

634

(1)

Gestalt Therapy

635

(1)

Therapy at a Distance---Psych Jockeys and Cybertherapy

636

(1)

Media Psychologists

636

(1)

Telephone Therapists

636

(1)

Cybertherapy

636

(1)

Telehealth

637

(1)

Summary

637

(1)

Behavior Therapy---Healing by Learning

637

(5)

Aversion Therapy

638

(1)

Desensitization

639

(1)

Who's Afraid of a Hierarchy?

639

(1)

Performing Desensitization

639

(1)

Vicarious Desensitization

640

(1)

Virtual Reality Exposure

641

(1)

Operant Therapies---All the World Is a Skinner Box?

642

(2)

Nonreinforcement and Extinction

642

(1)

Reinforcement and Token Economies

643

(1)

Cognitive Therapy---Think Positive!

644

(3)

Cognitive Therapy for Depression

644

(1)

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy

645

(2)

Group Therapy---People Who Need People

647

(2)

Psychodrama

647

(1)

Family Therapy

648

(1)

Group Awareness Training

648

(1)

Psychotherapy---An Overview

649

(3)

Core Features of Psychotherapy

649

(1)

Master Therapists

650

(1)

The Future of Psychotherapy

650

(1)

Basic Counseling Skills

650

(1)

Active Listening

650

(1)

Clarify the Problem

650

(1)

Focus on Feelings

650

(1)

Avoid Giving Advice

651

(1)

Accept the Person's Frame of Reference

651

(1)

Reflect Thoughts and Feelings

651

(1)

Silence

651

(1)

Questions

651

(1)

Maintain Confidentiality

651

(1)

Medical Therapies---Psychiatric Care

652

(14)

Drugs

652

(1)

Limitations of Drug Therapy

652

(1)

Shock

652

(1)

The ECT Debate

652

(1)

Psychosurgery

653

(1)

Hospitalization

654

(1)

Deinstitutionalization

654

(1)

Community Mental Health Programs

655

(1)

A Look Ahead

655

(1)

Psychology in Action: Self-Management and Finding Professional Help

656

(5)

A Step Beyond: Cultural Issues in Counseling and Psychotherapy

661

(2)

Chapter in Review

663

(1)

Psychology on the Net

664

(1)

Interactive Learning

664

(2)

Social Behavior

666

(30)

Preview: The Social Animal

666

(1)

Humans in a Social Context---People, People, Everywhere

667

(4)

Roles

667

(1)

Group Structure and Cohesion

668

(1)

Status

668

(1)

Norms

668

(2)

Spatial Norms

670

(1)

Social Perception---Behind the Mask

671

(3)

Attribution Theory

671

(1)

Making Attributions

671

(1)

Actor and Observer

672

(1)

Ye Old Double Standard

673

(1)

The Need for Affiliation---Come Together

674

(1)

Social Comparison Theory

674

(1)

Interpersonal Attraction---Social Magnetism?

675

(3)

Physical Proximity

675

(1)

Physical Attractiveness

675

(1)

Competence

676

(1)

Similarity

676

(1)

Self-Disclosure

676

(2)

Gendered Friendships

678

(1)

Social Exchange Theory

678

(1)

Loving and Liking---Dating, Rating, Mating

678

(3)

Love and Attachment

679

(1)

Evolution and Mate Selection

680

(1)

Social Influence---Follow the Leader

681

(3)

Conformity

682

(1)

The Asch Experiment

682

(1)

Group Factors in Conformity

683

(1)

Social Power---Who Can Do What to Whom?

684

(1)

Obedience---Would You Electrocute a Stranger?

684

(3)

Milgram's Obedience Studies

685

(1)

Milgram's Follow-Up

686

(1)

Implications

686

(1)

Compliance---A Foot in the Door

687

(9)

The Foot-in-the-Door Effect

687

(1)

The Door-in-the-Face Effect

687

(1)

The Low-Ball Technique

687

(1)

Passive Compliance

688

(1)

A Look Ahead

689

(1)

Psychology in Action: Assertiveness Training---Standing Up for Your Rights

690

(2)

A Step Beyond: Social Traps---The Tragedy of the Commons

692

Chapter in Review

663

(1)

Psychology on the Net

664

(1)

Interactive Learning

664

(32)

Attitudes, Culture, and Human Relations

696

(32)

Preview: Doomsday for the Seekers

696

(1)

Attitudes---Belief + Emotion + Action

697

(3)

Attitude Formation

698

(2)

Attitude Measurement

700

(1)

Attitude Change---Why the ``Seekers'' Went Public

700

(3)

Persuasion

700

(2)

Role-Playing

702

(1)

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

702

(1)

Forced Attitude Change---Brainwashing and Cults

703

(3)

Brainwashing

703

(1)

Cults

704

(1)

Recruitment

704

(1)

Conversion

704

(2)

Prejudice---Attitudes That Injure

706

(1)

Becoming Prejudiced

706

(1)

The Prejudiced Personality

706

(1)

Intergroup Conflict---The Roots of Prejudice

707

(6)

Experiments in Prejudice

709

(1)

Equal-Status Contact

710

(1)

Superordinate Goals

711

(1)

``Jigsaw'' Classrooms

711

(2)

Aggression---The World's Most Dangerous Animal

713

(5)

Instincts

713

(1)

Biology

713

(1)

Frustration

714

(1)

Aversive Stimuli

714

(1)

Social Learning

715

(1)

The World According to TV

715

(1)

Televised Violence

716

(1)

Preventing Aggression

716

(1)

Parents as TV Guides

717

(1)

TV as a Positive Model

717

(1)

Anger Control

718

(1)

Prosocial Behavior---Helping Others

718

(10)

Bystander Intervention

719

(1)

Noticing

719

(1)

Defining an Emergency

720

(1)

Taking Responsibility

720

(1)

Who Will Help Whom?

720

(1)

``De-victimize'' Yourself

720

(1)

A Look Ahead

721

(1)

Psychology in Action: Multiculturalism---Living with Diversity

721

(3)

A Step Beyond: Evolutionary Psychology---The Inner Hunter-Gatherer?

724

(2)

Chapter in Review

726

(1)

Psychology on the Net

727

(1)

Interactive Learning

727

(1)

Applied Psychology

728

Preview: The Towering Inferno

728

(1)

Industrial-Organizational Psychology---Psychology at Work

729

(3)

Personnel Psychology

730

(1)

Job Analysis

730

(1)

Selection Procedures

730

(1)

Biodata

730

(1)

Interviews

730

(1)

Psychological Testing

730

(2)

Theories of Management---What Works at Work?

732

(5)

Theory X and Theory Y

732

(1)

Management Strategies

733

(1)

Job Satisfaction

734

(1)

Making Career Decisions

735

(1)

Job Enrichment

735

(1)

Organizational Culture

735

(2)

Environmental Psychology---Life in the Big City

737

(8)

Environmental Influences

738

(1)

Stressful Environments

738

(1)

Crowding

738

(2)

Overload

740

(1)

The High Cost of Noise

740

(1)

Toxic Environments

741

(1)

Sustainable Lifestyles

741

(1)

Wasted Resources

742

(1)

Conservation

742

(1)

Environmental Problem Solving

743

(1)

Problem: Urban Fears

743

(1)

Solution

744

(1)

Problem: Residential Crowding

744

(1)

Solution

744

(1)

Conclusion

744

(1)

Educational Psychology---An Instructive Topic

745

(2)

Elements of a Teaching Strategy

745

(1)

Effects of Teaching Styles

746

(1)

Psychology and Law---Judging Juries

747

(2)

Jury Behavior

747

(1)

Jury Selection

747

(2)

Sports Psychology---The Athletic Mind

749

Motor Skills

750

(1)

Peak Performance

751

(1)

A Look Ahead

751

(1)

Psychology in Action: Improving Communication at Work

752

(2)

A Step Beyond: Space Psychology---Life on the High Frontier

754

(3)

Chapter in Review

757

(1)

Psychology on the Net

758

(1)

Interactive Learning

758

Appendix Behavioral Statistics

Preview: Statistics from ``Heads'' to ``Tails''

(1)

Descriptive Statistics---Psychology by the Numbers

(5)

Graphical Statistics

(1)

Measures of Central Tendency

(1)

Measures of Variability

(1)

Standard Scores

(1)

The Normal Curve

(2)

Inferential Statistics---Significant Numbers

(1)

Samples and Populations

(1)

Significant Differences

(1)

Correlation---Rating Relationships

(3)

Relationships

(1)

The Correlation Coefficient

(2)

Appendix in Review

(1)

Psychology on the Net

(1)

Interactive Learning

Glossary

(1)

References

(1)

Credits

(1)

Name Index

(1)

Subject Index

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Introduction to Psychology Gateways to Mind and Behavior (with Gateways to Psychology: Visual Guides and Technology Tools and InfoTrac)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials