Introduction to Research in Education Using Microcase Explorit (with InfoTrac)

, by Ary, Donald; Jacobs, Lucy Cheser; Razavieh, Asghar

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780534246655 | 0534246656
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/16/2001

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Ary and Jacob's classic introduction to research and education provides an overview of the topics of research methods. This well respected author team strives to help students master the basic competencies needed for evaluating published research and conducting original research. The authors have also updated this popular book by further expanding their coverage of qualitative research. The book continues in the tradition of teaching students to become more competent consumers and producers of research.

Preface

xxv

PART ONE Foundations: The Scientific Approach in Education

The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

(20)

Instructional Objectives

(1)

Sources of Knowledge

(8)

Experience

(1)

Authority

(1)

Deductive Reasoning

(1)

Inductive Reasoning

(2)

The Scientific Approach

(1)

An Example of the Scientific Approrach

(3)

The Nature of Science

(6)

Assumptions That Scientists Make

(1)

Attitudes of Scientists

(1)

Scientific Theory

(2)

Limitations of the Scientific Approach in the Social Sciences

(2)

The Nature of Research

(1)

Educational Research

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(3)

Key Concepts

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Answers

(1)

InfoTrac College Education

(1)

The Scientific Approach in Education

(20)

Instructional Objectives

(3)

Quantitative Research

(1)

Experimental Research

(1)

Nonexperimental Research

(1)

Qualitative Research

(4)

Ethnography

(2)

Case Studies

(1)

Document or Content Analysis

(1)

Naturalistic Observation

(1)

Focused Interviews

(1)

Phenomenologic Studies

(1)

Grounded Theory

(1)

Historical Research

(1)

Typical Stages in Research

(1)

Questions That Educational Researchers Ask

(1)

Theoretical Questions

(1)

Practical Questions

(1)

Basic and Applied Research

(1)

The Language of Research

(5)

Constructs

(1)

Specification of Meaning

(1)

Constitutive Definiton

(1)

Operational Definition

(1)

Variables

(1)

Types of Variables

(3)

Constants

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(3)

Key Concepts

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Answers

(1)

InfoTrac College Education

(1)

PART TWO Research Background

The Research Problem

(22)

Instructional Objectives

(1)

The Sources of Problems

(6)

Experience

(1)

Deductions from Theory

(1)

Related Literature

(2)

Noneducation Sources

(1)

Evaluating the Problem

(2)

Stating the Problem

(2)

The Problem in Quantitative Research

(1)

Identifying Population and Variables

(5)

The Journal Article

(2)

The Problem in Qualitative Research

(2)

Sources of Qualitative Problems

(1)

Criteria for a Qualitative Problem

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(4)

Key Concepts

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Answers

(1)

InfoTrac College Education

(1)

Reviewing the Literature

(33)

Instructional Objectives

(1)

The Role of Related Literature in a Research Project

(2)

Reference Sources in Education

(20)

Basic Guides

(1)

Reviews of Education-Related Literature

(2)

Periodical Indexes, Abstract Journals, and Citation Indexes

(8)

Government Publications

(1)

Test Sources

(1)

Dictionaries

(1)

Statistical Sources

(1)

Other Periodical Indexes

(1)

Using Electronic Indexes and Abstracts

(2)

The Internet

(2)

Authority

(1)

Accuracy

(1)

Timeliness

(1)

Organizing the Related Literature

(2)

Summary

(1)

References

(8)

Key Concepts

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Answers

(1)

InfoTrac College Education

(1)

The Hypothesis

(21)

Instructional Objectives

(2)

Purpose of the Hypothesis

(1)

Suggestions for Deriving Hypotheses

(4)

Inductive Hypotheses

(1)

Deductive Hypotheses

100

(1)

Theory

101

(1)

Going from Theory to Hypothesis

101

(2)

Characteristics of a Usable Hypothesis

103

(4)

A Hypothesis Must State the Expected Relationship between Variables

103

(1)

A Hypothesis Must Be Testable

104

(1)

A Hypothesis Should Be Consistent with the Existing Body of Knowledge

105

(1)

A Hypothesis Should Be Stated as Simply and Concisely as Possible

105

(2)

Types of Hypotheses

107

(1)

The Research Hypothesis

107

(1)

The Null Hypothesis

107

(1)

Testing the Hypothesis

108

(2)

A Classroom Example of Testing a Hypothesis

109

(1)

The Research Plan

110

(1)

The Pilot Study

111

(1)

Summary

111

(1)

References

112

(5)

Key Concepts

112

(1)

Exercises

112

(2)

Answers

114

(2)

InfoTrac College Education

116

(1)

PART THREE Statistical Analysis

Descriptive Statistics

117

(44)

Instructional Objectives

117

(2)

Scales of Measurement

119

(4)

Nominal Scale

119

(1)

Ordinal Scale

120

(1)

Interval Scale

121

(1)

Ratio Scale

122

(1)

Organizing Research Data

123

(3)

Frequency Distributions

123

(1)

Graphic Presentations

123

(3)

Measures of Central Tendency

126

(5)

The Mode

126

(1)

The Median

126

(2)

The Mean

128

(1)

Comparison of the Three Indexes of Central Location

129

(2)

Measures of Variability

131

(4)

Range

131

(1)

Variance and Standard Deviation

132

(3)

Measures of Relative Position

135

(5)

Stanine Scores

137

(1)

Other Standard Scores

138

(1)

Percentile Rank

139

(1)

The Normal Curve

140

(2)

Correlation

142

(9)

Scattergrams

143

(1)

Correlation Coefficients

144

(2)

The Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation

146

(5)

Effect Size

151

(1)

Meta-Analysis

152

(2)

Calculators and Computer Programs for Statistics

154

(1)

Summary

154

(2)

References

156

(5)

Key Concepts

156

(1)

Exercises

157

(2)

Answers

159

(1)

InfoTrac College Education

160

(1)

Sampling and Inferential Statistics

161

(53)

Instructional Objectives

161

(1)

Sampling

162

(13)

Rationale of Sampling

163

(1)

Steps in Sampling

164

(1)

Probability Sampling

165

(4)

Nonprobability Sampling

169

(1)

The Size of the Sample (Fundamentals)

170

(1)

The Concept of Sampling Error

171

(1)

The Lawful Nature of Sampling Errors

172

(3)

The Strategy of Inferential Statistics

175

(3)

The Null Hypothesis

175

(1)

Type I and Type II Errors

176

(2)

Level of Significance

178

(5)

Directional and Nondirectional Tests

179

(2)

The Size of the Sample (Calculation)

181

(2)

The t-Test

183

(10)

Degrees of Freedom

184

(1)

The t-Test for Independent Samples

185

(4)

The Logic of the t-Test

189

(1)

The t-Test for Dependent Samples

189

(3)

The t-Test for Pearson r Correlation Coefficients

192

(1)

Analysis of Variance

193

(10)

Computing the F-Ratio (Simple Analysis of Variance)

193

(4)

Multifactor Analysis of Variance

197

(6)

The Chi-Square Test of Significance

203

(4)

The One-Variable Chi-Square (Goodness of Fit)

203

(2)

The Two-Variable Chi-Square (Chi-Square Test of Independence)

205

(2)

Assumptions of Chi-Square

207

(1)

Using Computers in Statistics

207

(1)

Summary

207

(1)

References

208

(6)

Key Concepts

209

(1)

Exercises

209

(3)

Answers

212

(1)

InfoTrac College Education

213

(1)

PART FOUR Fundamentals

Tools of Research

214

(27)

Instructional Objectives

214

(2)

Tests

216

(6)

Achievement Tests

216

(2)

Test Performance Range

218

(2)

Performance Assessments

220

(1)

Aptitude Tests

221

(1)

Measures of Personality

222

(1)

Inventories

222

(1)

Projective Techniques

223

(1)

Attitude Scales

223

(9)

Likert Scales: Method of Summated Ratings

224

(3)

Validity

227

(1)

Reliability

227

(1)

Semantic Differential Scales

228

(2)

Rating Scales

230

(2)

Errors in Rating

232

(1)

Direct Observation

232

(4)

Devices for Recording Observations

233

(2)

Evaluation of Direct Observation

235

(1)

Contrived Observations

236

(1)

Data Collection in Qualitative Research

236

(1)

Summary

237

(1)

References

237

(4)

Key Concepts

238

(1)

Exercises

239

(1)

Answers

239

(1)

InfoTrac College Education

240

(1)

Validity and Reliability

241

(34)

Instructional Objectives

241

(1)

Validity

242

(7)

Evidential Basis of Test Interpretation

243

(6)

Reliability

249

(18)

Theory of Reliability

250

(2)

Equations for Reliability

252

(2)

Approaches to Reliability

254

(1)

The Reliability Coefficients

254

(2)

Internal-Consistency Measures of Reliability

256

(4)

Interpretation of Reliability Coefficients

260

(2)

Standard Error of Measurement

262

(2)

Reliability of Criterion-Referenced Tests

264

(2)

Reliability of Observational Data

266

(1)

Validity and Reliability Compared

267

(1)

Summary

267

(1)

References

268

(7)

Key Concepts

269

(1)

Exercises

269

(3)

Answers

272

(2)

InfoTrac College Education

274

(1)

PART FIVE Research Methods

Experimental Research

275

(59)

Instructional Objectives

275

(2)

Characteristics of Experimental Research

277

(2)

Control

277

(2)

Manipulation

279

(1)

Observation

279

(1)

Experimental Comparison

279

(1)

Experimental Design

280

(9)

Internal Validity of Research Designs

281

(8)

Dealing with Threats to Internal Validity

289

(7)

Random Assignment

289

(1)

Randomized Matching

290

(2)

Homogeneous Selection

292

(1)

Building Variables into the Design

292

(1)

Analysis of Covariance

292

(1)

Using Subjects as Their Own Controls

293

(1)

Controlling Situational Differences

294

(2)

External Validity of Research Designs

296

(6)

Population External Validity

297

(1)

Ecological External Validity

298

(2)

External Validity of Operations

300

(1)

Dealing with Threats to External Validity

301

(1)

Classifying Experimental Designs

302

(25)

Preexperimental Designs

303

(2)

True Experimental Designs

305

(6)

Factorial Designs

311

(4)

Quasi-Experimental Designs

315

(5)

Time Series Designs

320

(2)

Validity Problems with Experimental Designs

322

(1)

Single-Subject Experimental Designs

322

(4)

Comparison of Single-Subject and Group Designs

326

(1)

Summary

327

(1)

References

328

(6)

Key Concepts

328

(1)

Exercises

329

(2)

Answers

331

(2)

InfoTrac College Education

333

(1)

Ex Post Facto Research

334

(19)

Instructional Objectives

334

(1)

Ex Post Facto and Experimental Approaches Compared

335

(3)

Conducting an Ex Post Facto Research Study

338

(6)

Alternative Explanations in Ex Post Facto Research

340

(3)

An Application of Alternative Explanations

343

(1)

Partial Control in Ex Post Facto Research

344

(4)

Matching

345

(1)

Homogeneous Groups

346

(1)

Building Extraneous Variables into the Design

347

(1)

Analysis of Covariance

347

(1)

Partial Correlation

348

(1)

The Role of Ex Post Facto Research

348

(1)

Summary

349

(1)

References

350

(3)

Key Concepts

350

(1)

Exercises

351

(1)

Answers

351

(1)

InfoTrac College Education

352

(1)

Correlational Research

353

(20)

Instructional Objectives

353

(2)

Uses of Correlation

355

(2)

Determining Relationships

355

(1)

Assessing Consistency

356

(1)

Prediction

356

(1)

Design of Correlational Studies

357

(1)

Correlation Coefficients

358

(1)

Pearson's Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation

358

(1)

Spearman's Rho-Coefficient of Correlation

358

(1)

The Phi Coefficient

359

(1)

Considerations for Interpreting a Correlation Coefficient

359

(3)

Absolute Size and Predictive Validity

359

(1)

Correlation to Effect Size

360

(1)

Comparison as Other Correlations

360

(1)

Statistical Significance

361

(1)

Practical Utility

361

(1)

Correlation and Causation

362

(1)

Partial and Multiple Correlation

363

(1)

Discriminant Analysis

364

(1)

Factor Analysis

365

(1)

Cannonical Correlation

366

(1)

Path Analysis

366

(1)

Summary

367

(1)

References

368

(5)

Key Concepts

368

(1)

Exercises

368

(3)

Answers

371

(1)

InfoTrac College Education

372

(1)

Survey Research

373

(47)

Instructional Objectives

373

(2)

Types of Surveys

375

(5)

Surveys Classified According to Focus and Scope

375

(3)

Surveys Classified According to the Time Dimension

378

(2)

The Survey Technique

380

(6)

The Six Basic Steps Involved in Survey Research

380

(1)

Data Gathering Techniques

381

(5)

Selecting the Sample

386

(3)

Sample Size

386

(1)

Margin of Error

386

(1)

Calculating Sample Size

387

(2)

Constructing the Instrument

389

(6)

Format of Questions

389

(2)

Structure of Questions

391

(1)

Writing Survey Questions

392

(3)

Conducting the Interview

395

(1)

Training the Interviewer

396

(1)

Using a Mailed Questionnaire

396

(13)

Directions

397

(1)

Order of Questions

397

(1)

Matrix Sampling

398

(1)

Format of the Questionnaire

398

(2)

Recording Answers

400

(2)

Field-Testing

402

(2)

Preparing the Cover Letter

404

(2)

Monetary Incentive

406

(1)

Follow-Ups

407

(1)

Dealing with Nonresponse

407

(2)

Validity

409

(1)

Reliability

409

(1)

Statistical Analysis in Surveys

410

(4)

Controlling Variables in a Survey Analysis

411

(2)

Statistics for Crosstabs

413

(1)

Summary

414

(1)

References

414

(6)

Key Concepts

416

(1)

Exercises

416

(2)

Answers

418

(1)

InfoTrac College Education

419

(1)

Qualitative Research

420

(44)

Instructional Objectives

420

(1)

Qualitative Inquiry

421

(3)

Distinguishing Qualitative Inquiry from Quantitative Inquiry

421

(3)

Major Characteristics of Qualitative Research

424

(2)

Concern for Context

424

(1)

Natural Setting

424

(1)

Human Instrument

424

(1)

Descriptive Data

425

(1)

Emergent Design

425

(1)

Inductive Analysis

425

(1)

Designing Qualitative Research

426

(4)

Choosing a Problem

427

(1)

Choosing and Becoming Part of a Site

428

(1)

Sampling

428

(2)

Data Collection Methods

430

(7)

Observation

430

(1)

Field Notes

431

(3)

Interviews

434

(1)

Focus Groups

434

(1)

Documents

435

(1)

Strategies Used in Qualitative Inquiry

435

(2)

Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Research

437

(3)

Types of Qualitative Research

440

(11)

Naturalistic Observation

440

(1)

Case Studies

440

(2)

Content or Document Analysis

442

(2)

Focused Interviews

444

(1)

Ethnographic Research

444

(3)

Phenomenological Studies

447

(1)

Grounded Theory

448

(1)

Historical Research

449

(1)

Primary and Secondary Sources

450

(1)

External and Internal Criticism

450

(1)

Validity and Reliability of Qualitative Research

451

(6)

Validity/Credibility in Qualitative Research

451

(1)

Evidence of Credibility in Qualitative Research

452

(2)

Transferability/External Validity

454

(1)

Dependability/Reliability

455

(1)

Confirmability/Objectivity

456

(1)

Summary

457

(1)

References

458

(6)

Key Concepts

461

(1)

Exercises

461

(1)

Answers

462

(1)

InfoTrac College Education

463

(1)

Qualitative Research: Data Analysis and Reporting

464

(27)

Instructional Objectives

464

(1)

Analyzing Data

465

(6)

Organizing

465

(4)

Summarizing

469

(1)

Interpreting

470

(1)

Reporting

471

(2)

Abstract

472

(1)

Introduction

472

(1)

Research Design

472

(1)

Methods

472

(1)

Outcomes

473

(1)

Implications

473

(1)

References

473

(1)

Appendix

473

(1)

Writing Qualitative Research Reports

473

(2)

Evaluating Qualitative Studies

475

(1)

Summary

476

(1)

Example of a Qualitative Research Study

476

(13)

References

489

(2)

Key Concepts

489

(1)

Exercises

489

(1)

Answers

490

(1)

InfoTrac College Education

490

(1)

PART SIX Communicating Research

Guidelines for Writing Research Proposals

491

(25)

Instructional Objectives

491

(1)

Writing a Research Proposal

492

(10)

Qualitative Research Proposal

492

(1)

Quantitative Research Proposal

492

(10)

Critiquing the Proposal

502

(1)

The Importance of Completing the Proposal Before Collecting the Data

503

(1)

Ethical and Legal Considerations

503

(9)

Obligation to Subjects

504

(1)

Obligation to the Profession

505

(1)

Legal Obligations

506

(6)

Summary

512

(1)

References

513

(3)

Key Concepts

514

(1)

Exercises

514

(1)

Answers

515

(1)

InfoTrac College Education

515

(1)

Analyzing, Interpreting, and Reporting Results of Quantitative Research

516

(19)

Instructional Objectives

516

(1)

Interpreting and Reporting Quantitative Research

517

(1)

Writing the Final Report

518

(5)

The Results

518

(1)

The Discussion

519

(3)

Conclusions and Summary

522

(1)

Putting It All Together

523

(5)

The Thesis or Dissertation

524

(1)

Preliminary Pages

525

(1)

Text

526

(1)

Supplementary Pages

526

(1)

The Journal Article

526

(1)

The Professional Convention Paper

527

(1)

Poster Session Presentations

528

(1)

Checklist for Evaluating Quantitative Research Reports

528

(2)

Style Manuals

530

(1)

Summary

530

(1)

References

531

(4)

Key Concepts

531

(1)

Exercises

531

(1)

Answers

532

(1)

InfoTrac College Education

533

(2)

Appendix

535

(20)

Glossary

555

(16)

Index

571

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Introduction to Research in Education Using Microcase Explorit (with InfoTrac)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials