Introduction to Seismology

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ISBN: 9780521882101 | 0521882109
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/20/2009

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This book provides an approachable and concise introduction to seismic theory, designed as a first course in seismology for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. It clearly explains the fundamental concepts, emphasizing intuitive understanding over lengthy derivations.

Preface to the first edition	p. xi
Preface to the second edition	p. xiii
Acknowledgment	p. xiv
Introduction	p. 1
A brief history of seismology	p. 2
Exercises	p. 15
Stress and strain	p. 17
The stress tensor	p. 17
Example: Computing the traction vector	p. 19
Principal axes of stress	p. 20
Example: Computing the principal axes	p. 22
Deviatoric stress	p. 23
Values for stress	p. 24
The strain tensor	p. 25
Values for strain	p. 29
Example: Computing strain for a seismic wave	p. 29
The linear stress-strain relationship	p. 30
Units for elastic moduli	p. 32
Exercises	p. 33
The seismic wave equation	p. 39
Introduction: The wave equation	p. 39
The momentum equation	p. 40
The seismic wave equation	p. 42
Potentials	p. 46
Plane waves	p. 46
Example: Harmonic plane wave equation	p. 48
Polarizations of P and S waves	p. 48
Spherical waves	p. 50
Methods for computing synthetic seismograms^å	p. 51
The future of seismology?^å	p. 53
Equations for 2-D isotropic finite differences^å	p. 56
Exercises	p. 61
Ray theory: Travel times	p. 65
Snell's law	p. 65
Ray paths for laterally homogeneous models	p. 67
Example: Computing X(p) and T(p)	p. 70
Ray tracing through velocity gradients	p. 71
Travel time curves and delay times	p. 72
Reduced velocity	p. 73
The ¿(p) function	p. 73
Low-velocity zones	p. 76
Summary of 1-D ray tracing equations	p. 77
Spherical-Earth ray tracing	p. 80
The Earth-flattening transformation	p. 82
Three-dimensional ray tracing^å	p. 83
Ray nomenclature	p. 86
Crustal phases	p. 86
Whole Earth phases	p. 87
PKJKP: The Holy Grail of body wave seismology	p. 88
Global body-wave observations	p. 89
Exercises	p. 98
Inversion of travel time data	p. 103
One-dimensional velocity inversion	p. 103
Straight-line fitting	p. 106
Example: Solving for a layer-cake model	p. 108
Other ways to fit the T(X) curve	p. 109
¿(p) Inversion	p. 110
Example: The layer-cake model revisited	p. 111
Obtaining ¿(p) constraints	p. 112
Linear programming and regularization methods	p. 115
Summary: One-dimensional velocity inversion	p. 117
Three-dimensional velocity inversion	p. 117
Setting up the tomography problem	p. 118
Solving the tomography problem	p. 122
Tomography complications	p. 124
Finite frequency tomography	p. 125
Earthquake location	p. 127
Iterative location methods	p. 133
Relative event location methods	p. 134
Exercises	p. 135
Ray theory: Amplitude and phase	p. 139
Energy in seismic waves	p. 139
Geometrical spreading in 1-D velocity models	p. 142
Reflection and transmission coefficients	p. 144
SH-wave reflection and transmission coefficients	p. 145
Example: Computing SH coefficients	p. 149
Vertical incidence coefficients	p. 149
Energy-normalized coefficients	p. 151
Dependence on ray angle	p. 152
Turning points and Hilbert transforms	p. 156
Matrix methods for modeling plane waves^å	p. 159
Attenuation	p. 163
Example: Computing intrinsic attenuation	p. 164
t^* and velocity dispersion	p. 165
The absorption band model^å	p. 168
The standard linear solid^å	p. 171
Earth's attenuation	p. 173
Observing Q	p. 175
Non-linear attenuation	p. 176
Seismic attenuation and global politics	p. 177
Exercises	p. 177
Reflection seismology	p. 181
Zero-offset sections	p. 182
Common midpoint stacking	p. 184
Sources and deconvolution	p. 188
Migration	p. 191
Huygens' principle	p. 192
Diffraction hyperbolas	p. 193
Migration methods	p. 195
Velocity analysis	p. 197
Statics corrections	p. 198
Receiver functions	p. 199
Kirchhoff theory^å	p. 202
Kirchhoff applications	p. 208
How to write a Kirchhoff program	p. 210
Kirchhoff migration	p. 210
Exercises	p. 211
Surface waves and normal modes	p. 215
Love waves	p. 215
Solution for a single layer	p. 218
Rayleigh waves	p. 219
Dispersion	p. 224
Global surface waves	p. 226
Observing surface waves	p. 228
Normal modes	p. 231
Exercises	p. 238
Earthquakes and source theory	p. 241
Green's functions and the moment tensor	p. 241
Earthquake faults	p. 245
Non-double-couple sources	p. 248
Radiation patterns and beach balls	p. 251
Example: Plotting a focal mechanism	p. 259
Far-field pulse shapes	p. 260
Directivity	p. 262
Source spectra	p. 265
Empirical Green's functions	p. 267
Stress drop	p. 268
Self-similar earthquake scaling	p. 271
Radiated seismic energy	p. 273
Earthquake energy partitioning	p. 277
Earthquake magnitude	p. 280
The b value	p. 288
The intensity scale	p. 290
Finite slip modeling	p. 291
The heat flow paradox	p. 293
Exercises	p. 297
Earthquake prediction	p. 301
The earthquake cycle	p. 301
Earthquake triggering	p. 309
Searching for precursors	p. 314
Are earthquakes unpredictable?	p. 316
Exercises	p. 318
Instruments, noise, and anisotropy	p. 321
Instruments	p. 321
Modern seismographs	p. 327
Earth noise	p. 330
Anisotropy^å	p. 332
Snell's law at an interface	p. 337
Weak anisotropy	p. 337
Shear-wave splitting	p. 339
Hexagonal anisotropy	p. 341
Mechanisms for anisotropy	p. 343
Earth's anisotropy	p. 344
Exercises	p. 346
The PREM model	p. 349
Math review	p. 353
Vector calculus	p. 353
Complex numbers	p. 358
The eikonal equation	p. 361
Fortran subroutines	p. 367
Time series and Fourier transforms	p. 371
Convolution	p. 371
Fourier transform	p. 373
Hilbert transform	p. 373
Bibliography	p. 377
Index	p. 391
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Introduction to Seismology

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