Introduction to Wireless Systems

Provides necessary training in the field of mobile communications.

P. M. Shankar is the author of Introduction to Wireless Systems, published by Wiley.

Preface

iv

Acknowledgments

vii

Historical Overview of Wireless Systems

1

(9)

Overview

1

(1)

North American Cellular Systems

1

(3)

Pan-European Cellular Systems

4

(1)

Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC) Systems

4

(1)

Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT 2000)

5

(1)

Components of a Cellular System

5

(2)

Summary

7

(3)

Bibliography

8

(2)

Propagation Characteristics of Wireless Channels

10

(47)

Introduction

10

(2)

Attenuation

12

(10)

Hata Model

17

(3)

Lee's Model

20

(2)

Indoor Propagation Models

22

(2)

Extra Large Zone

22

(1)

Large Zone

23

(1)

Middle Zone

23

(1)

Small Zone and Microzone

24

(1)

Fading

24

(16)

Multipath Fading

24

(4)

Dispersive Characteristics of the Channel

28

(6)

Time-Dispersive Behavior of the Channel

34

(3)

Level Crossing and Average Fade Duration

37

(2)

Frequency Dispersion versus Time Dispersion

39

(1)

Other Fading Models

40

(6)

Rician Fading

40

(1)

Lognormal Fading

41

(3)

Nakagami Distribution

44

(1)

Suzuki Distribution

45

(1)

Summary of Fading

46

(1)

Testing of Fading Models

46

(5)

Power Units

51

(1)

Summary

52

(5)

Problems

53

(4)

Modems for Wireless Communications

57

(81)

Introduction

57

(1)

Analog Modulation

58

(9)

Amplitude Modulation

58

(4)

Angle Modulation

62

(3)

Comparison of Analog Modulation Schemes

65

(2)

Digital Modulation

67

(19)

Pulse Trains and Pulse Shaping

68

(9)

General Analysis of Receivers

77

(9)

Modems

86

(39)

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

87

(1)

Binary Phase-Shift Keying

87

(10)

M-ary Modulation Schemes

97

(12)

Constant Envelope Modulation Techniques

109

(16)

General M-ary Modulation Schemes

125

(3)

M-ary Phase Modulation

125

(1)

M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

126

(2)

Comparison of Modems for Wireless Communications

128

(4)

Shannon's Theorem

128

(3)

Channel Capacity in Rayleigh Fading

131

(1)

Summary

132

(6)

Problems

134

(4)

Cells and Cellular Traffic

138

(30)

Introduction

138

(2)

Geometry of a Hexagonal Cell

140

(2)

Co-Channel Interference (CCI)

142

(4)

Special Cases of Co-Channel Interference

144

(2)

CCI Reduction Techniques

146

(3)

Directional Antenna Using Three Sectors

146

(1)

Directional Antenna Using Six Sectors

147

(1)

Geographical Model with Several Tiers of Interferers

148

(1)

Cell Splitting

149

(1)

Microcells, Picocells, and Fiberoptic Mobile Systems

150

(2)

Coverage Area Estimation

152

(4)

Traffic Capacity and Trunking

156

(5)

Trunking Efficiency of Omni versus Sectorized Antennae

161

(1)

Adjacent Channel Interference

162

(3)

Summary

165

(3)

Problems

166

(2)

Fading Mitigation In Wireless Systems

168

(39)

Introduction

168

(1)

Effects of Fading and the Concept of Diversity

168

(5)

Other Signal Degradation Effects

173

(5)

Effects of Random Frequency Modulation

174

(1)

Effects of Frequency-Selective Fading and Co-Channel Interference

175

(3)

Forms of Diversity

178

(4)

Space or Spatial Diversity

179

(1)

Angle Diversity

180

(1)

Frequency Diversity

180

(1)

Polarization Diversity

180

(1)

Time Diversity

181

(1)

Multipath Diversity

181

(1)

Diversity Combining Methods

182

(9)

Selection Combining

182

(4)

Maximal Ratio Combining

186

(3)

Equal Gain Combining

189

(2)

Performance Improvement from Diversity in Terms of Reduced Bit Error Rate

191

(2)

Macroscopic Diversity

193

(1)

Equalization/Frequency-Selective Fading

194

(13)

Linear Transversal Equalizer

197

(4)

Nonlinear Equalizer

201

(3)

Summary

204

(1)

Problems

205

(2)

Multiple-Access Techniques

207

(42)

Introduction

207

(1)

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

208

(2)

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

210

(2)

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

212

(12)

Description of a PN Code Generator

214

(1)

Properties of Pseudonoise or Pseudorandom Sequences

215

(1)

Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Modulation

216

(4)

RAKE Receiver in DS-CDMA Systems

220

(1)

Frequency-Hopping Spread-Spectrum Technique

221

(1)

Comparison of DS and FH Systems

222

(2)

Overview of Wireless Systems and Standards

224

(4)

Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS)

224

(2)

United States Digital Cellular (IS 54)

226

(1)

Japanese Digital System (JDC)

227

(1)

GSM

227

(1)

North American Digital Cellular Systems Based on CDMA

228

(2)

Forward CDMA Channel

228

(1)

Reverse CDMA Channel

229

(1)

Power Control in CDMA Systems

229

(1)

Hand-off Procedure

230

(1)

Diversity in CDMA Systems

230

(1)

Comparison of Multiple-Access Systems in Wireless Communications

230

(10)

Capacity of CDMA Systems

232

(7)

Comparison of Features and Standards

239

(1)

CDMA2000

240

(5)

Other New Developments: Bluetooth Networks

245

(1)

Summary

246

(3)

Problems

247

(2)

APPENDIX A TOPICS IN SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

249

(28)

A.1 Fourier Transforms

249

(2)

A.2 Linear Networks and Impulse Response

251

(2)

A.3 Orthogonal Functions

253

(3)

A.4 Probability, Random Variables and Random Processes

256

(17)

A.4.1 Probability

256

(3)

A.4.2 Random Variables

259

(10)

A.4.3 Random Processes

269

(4)

A.5 Noise in Communication Systems

273

(1)

A.6 Power Spectra of Digital Signals

273

(4)

APPENDIX B TOPICS IN COMMUNICATIONS THEORY

277

(22)

B.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

277

(2)

B.2 Teletraffic Considerations

279

(3)

B.3 Coding

282

(9)

B.3.1 Speech Coding

282

(5)

B.3.2 Channel Coding

287

(4)

B.4 Synchronization

291

(3)

B.4.1 Carrier Synchronization or Carrier Recovery

292

(1)

B.4.2 Symbol Synchronization

292

(2)

B.5 Channel Capacity in Fading Channels

294

(1)

B.6 Intersymbol Interference and Eye Patterns

295

(2)

B.7 Error Function

297

(2)

APPENDIX C TOPICS IN ATTENUATION AND FADING

299

(14)

C.1 Coherence Bandwidth and Coherence Time

299

(4)

C.1.1 Dispersion versus Distortion

301

(2)

C.2 Path Loss Models for Microcells and PCS Systems

303

(4)

C.2.1 Path Loss Calculations in PCS Systems

303

(4)

C.3 Macrodiversity Systems

307

(6)

Acronyms

313

(4)

References

317

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Introduction to Wireless Systems

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials