Japanese-Russian Relations Under Brezhnev and

This study by the leading Japanese specialist in the field offers a comprehensive analysis of the deterioration of Soviet-Japanese relations in the 1970s and 1980s -- a period when the two countries clashed over issues ranging from military security to fishing rights and their competing claims to the southern Kuriles, Japan's "Northern Territories", awarded to Stalin at Yalta.

Hiroshi Kimura is a Professor at the International Research Center for Japanese Studies in Kyoto and serves as first vice president of the International Council for Central and East European Studies

Preface

xi

Acknowledgments

xiii

Abbreviations

xvii

Introduction

xix

PART ONE WHAT MADE JAPAN AND THE SOVIET UNION ``DISTANT NEIGHBORS''?

1

(72)

Basic Determinants of Japanese-Soviet Relations

3

(18)

Background Factors

4

(5)

Basic Framework: Politico-Diplomatic Factors

9

(6)

Perceptions, Policies, and International Behavior

15

(3)

Issues and Disputes

18

(3)

Approaches to National Security

21

(34)

Solving International Conflicts: The Legacy of World War II

21

(4)

Basic Views on National Security

25

(16)

Contrasting Views on Military Forces

41

(14)

Japanese and Soviet Views on Territory

55

(18)

Territorial Dispute as a Symbol

55

(3)

The Concept of ``Inherent'' Territory

58

(5)

What Determines Boundaries?

63

(4)

The Value of the Northern Territories

67

(6)

PART TWO SOVIET POLICIES TOWARD JAPAN: WHY WERE THEY COUNTERPRODUCTIVE?

73

(38)

Soviet Policy Toward Asia

75

(9)

Soviet Perception of the Changing U.S. Policy Toward Asia

75

(2)

Soviet Approach to Asia

77

(3)

Unsuccessful Outcome: Its Reasons

80

(4)

Soviet Strategy and Tactics Toward Japan

84

(27)

The Importance of Japan

84

(3)

Decision-Making Structure

87

(2)

Perceptions, Objectives, and Strategy

89

(3)

Separation of Japan from the United States

92

(3)

Prevention of Japan's ``Globalization'' and ``Remilitarization''

95

(4)

Attempts to Improve Relations Through Bargaining (``The Carrot'')

99

(3)

Accommodation with China

102

(4)

Military Buildup and Bluff (``The Stick'')

106

(2)

Interaction of the Determinants

108

(3)

PART THREE THE DETERIORATION IN SOVIET-JAPANESE RELATIONS

111

(90)

Japanese and Soviet Negotiating Behavior: The Spring 1977 Fisheries Talks

115

(25)

A Chronicle: December 1976--May 1977

116

(1)

Negotiating Behavior and Cultural Differences

117

(20)

Negotiating Behavior and Cultural Similarities: Non-Western ``Rules of the Game''

137

(3)

The Conclusion of the Japan--China Peace Treaty (1978)

140

(37)

The significance of the Treaty for the Soviet Union

140

(4)

Soviet Attempts to Prevent the Signing of the Treaty

144

(4)

Japan's Responses and the Assessment of Soviet Policy

148

(2)

Why the Soviets Failed

150

(2)

No Concessions on the Northern Territories Issue

152

(4)

Proposal of a Substitute Treaty

156

(2)

The Soviets' Immediate Reactions

158

(3)

Japan as a Victim

161

(3)

Prevention of an Anti-Soviet Tripartite Alliance

164

(3)

Limits of Improvements in Sino-Japanese Relations

167

(2)

Rationale for Improvement in Soviet-Japanese Relations

169

(2)

Did Moscow Really ``Retaliate'' Against Tokyo?

171

(2)

Deployment of Troops on the Disputed Islands

173

(4)

The Soviets Propose Substitute Treaties

177

(24)

Are CBMs Applicable to Asia?

177

(2)

Different Geographic Circumstances

179

(2)

Different Negotiating Circumstances

181

(3)

Psychological Factors

184

(3)

Moscow Wants Legal Document

187

(4)

Asian Collective Security Scheme or Any Other Treaty

191

(4)

Soviet Offensive and Japan's Counter-Strategy

195

(6)

PART FOUR A CHANGING GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT

201

(62)

The Impact of the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)

205

(19)

Zigzagging Between Two Policy Alternatives

206

(3)

Cooperative Policy Toward the United States

209

(3)

Economic Sanctions: Difficult Implementation

212

(2)

Soviet Position Toward Japan

214

(2)

``The Pacific Basin Concept'': Three Major Soviet Criticism

216

(5)

Soviet Tactics: Sympathy, Bluff, and Material Incentives

221

(3)

From Clouded to ``Somewhat Crystal'': Suzuki to Nakasone

224

(17)

Japan's Puzzling Policies

225

(6)

Causes of Ambiguities

231

(4)

Yasuhiro Nakasone and the United States

235

(3)

Self-Confidence and Comprehensive Approach

238

(3)

Andropov's Policy: Any Change?

241

(22)

Continuity in Basic Attitude

241

(4)

More Military Buildup in the Far East

245

(2)

Diplomatic Offensive with SS-20s

247

(4)

Andropov's New Proposal

251

(2)

An Agreement on Nonuse of Nuclear Weapons

253

(2)

The Downing of KAL 007

255

(2)

Impact of the KAL Incident

257

(6)

Conclusions

263

(6)

Notes

269

(44)

Selected Bibliography

313

(10)

Name Index

323

(5)

Subject Index

328

(7)

About the Author

335

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Japanese-Russian Relations Under Brezhnev and Andropov

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials