Jerusalem : Portrait of the City in the

Jerusalem in the Second Temple period experienced dramatic growth as it achieved unprecedented political, religious, and spiritual prominence. Lee Levine traces the development of Jerusalem during this time -- through its urban, demographic, topographical, and archeological features, its political regimes, public institutions, and its cultural and religious life.

International recognition as a temple-city accorded Jerusalem a distinguished position in Jewish and non-Jewish eyes alike. It was the seat of all major national institutions and the home of important priestly and aristocratic families, as well as of various religious sects. It was here that the synagogue emerged as the central Jewish communal institution, with its innovative liturgy that revolved around the reading of the Torah.

Dramatic photos, maps, illustrations, extensive notes, and an index support Levine's impeccable research.

Lee I. Levine is on the faculty of the Department of History and the Institute of Archeology of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Preface

xi

Introduction

xiii

Part I. From Cyrus to the Hasmoneans

The Persian Era (539--332 B.C.E.)

3

(42)

The Restoration of City and Temple

8

(4)

The First Returnees: Hopes Thwarted by Hardships

12

(3)

The Temple Rebuilt

15

(5)

The Era of Ezra and Nehemiah

20

(11)

Ezra

20

(3)

Nehemiah

23

(5)

Religious Reforms

28

(3)

The Enigmatic Fourth Century B.C.E.

31

(11)

The Persian Era in Perspective

42

(3)

The Hellenistic Era (332--141 B.C.E.)

45

(46)

The Ptolemaic Era (301--198 B.C.E.)

48

(17)

Leadership of the City

51

(3)

In the Hellenistic Orbit

54

(6)

Judaism in Ptolemaic Jerusalem

60

(5)

The Seleucid Era (198-141 B.C.E.)

65

(26)

The Decrees of Antiochus III

65

(4)

Jason's Reforms and Their Aftermath

69

(6)

The Seleucid Akra

75

(3)

Jerusalem during the Maccabean Revolt

78

(4)

Dedication of the Temple and the Festival of Hanukkah

82

(4)

Jerusalem under Jonathan the Hasmonean

86

(5)

The Hasmonean Era (141--63 B.C.E.)

91

(60)

The Hasmonean Factor in Jerusalem Society

92

(7)

Biblical Precedents

93

(2)

The Wedding of Politics and Religion

95

(2)

Between Judaism and Hellenism

97

(2)

Three Episodes in Hasmonean Jerusalem

99

(7)

The Great Assembly and Simon's Installation---140 B.C.E.

99

(3)

The Siege of Jerusalem by Antiochus VII (ca. 134-132 B.C.E.)

102

(2)

Civil Disobedience and Rebellion under Alexander Jannaeus

104

(2)

The Urban Setting

106

(8)

Political and Religious Groupings in Hasmonean Jerusalem

114

(19)

Hever Ha-Yehudim

114

(1)

The Priesthood

115

(4)

Religious Sects

119

(5)

Pharisees and Sadducees

124

(1)

The Ideological Dimension

124

(2)

The Sociopolitical Dimension

126

(3)

Other Aspects of Hasmonean Pharisaism

129

(1)

Essenes

130

(2)

Other Religious Circles: The Literary Evidence

132

(1)

Common Judaism under the Hasmoneans

133

(10)

The Temple in Hasmonean Jerusalem

134

(3)

Temple-Related Observances

137

(2)

``Purity Burst Forth in Israel''

139

(3)

The Avoidance of Figural Art

142

(1)

Hellenization in Hasmonean Jerusalem

143

(4)

The End of an Era

147

(4)

Part II. Herodian Jerusalem

The Historical Dimension

151

(36)

Transition to Roman Rule

151

(7)

From Pompey's Conquest to the Rise of Herod (63--37 B.C.E.)

158

(7)

Herodian Politics: At Home and Abroad (37--4 B.C.E.)

165

(5)

Herodian Rule in Jerusalem

170

(9)

Herod's Domestic Woes

179

(2)

Evaluating Herod and His Rule

181

(2)

The Reign of Archelaus (4 B.C.E.--6 C.E.)

183

(4)

The Urban Landscape

187

(32)

The Antonia

194

(2)

The Western Towers

196

(2)

Herod's Palace

198

(3)

Entertainment Institutions

201

(5)

Funerary Remains

206

(7)

Water Supply and Installations

213

(6)

The Temple and Temple Mount

219

(36)

The Temple Mount: Physical Dimensions and Functions

226

(11)

The Temple and Its Courts

237

(6)

Temple Functionaries

243

(2)

The Temple as a Religious Focus

245

(10)

Jerusalem in the Greco-Roman Orbit: The Extent and Limitations of Cultural Fusion

255

(30)

The Temple

257

(3)

Residential Quarters

260

(1)

Funerary Remains

261

(4)

Political Institutions

265

(5)

Language

270

(6)

Pharisaic Exegesis

276

(2)

Defining the Limits of Acculturation

278

(7)

Part III. The First Century C.E.

The Historical Dimension

285

(28)

Direct Roman Rule: The Earlier Period (6--41 C.E.)

285

(10)

Jerusalem under Agrippa I (41--44 C.E.)

295

(7)

Procuratorial Rule (44--66 C.E.): The Collapse of Jerusalem Society

302

(11)

The Urban Configuration

313

(38)

Geographical Expansion

313

(2)

The Third Wall

315

(3)

Topography

318

(1)

The Lower City

319

(7)

The Upper City

326

(9)

The Northern Commercial Quarter

335

(2)

The Bezetha Quarter (the New City)

337

(3)

Demography

340

(3)

Economic Activity

343

(6)

Appendix: The Use of Rabbinic Literature in the Study of Second Temple Jerusalem

349

(2)

Social Stratification

351

(24)

The Social Dimension

351

(1)

High Priests

352

(6)

Priests

358

(3)

The Herodian Dynasty

361

(4)

The Nonpriestly Aristocracy

365

(4)

Diaspora Jews

369

(6)

Religious Ambience

375

(26)

Religious Life in First-Century Jerusalem

375

(6)

Scribes

381

(1)

The Christian Community

382

(5)

Common Judaism in First-Century Jerusalem

387

(7)

Synagogues

394

(7)

The Destruction of Jerusalem (66--70 C.E.)

401

(12)

Causes of the Revolt

401

(3)

Jerusalem during the Revolt (66--70 C.E.)

404

(2)

The Siege and Fall of the City

406

(7)

Epilogue

413

(4)

Glossary

417

(3)

Abbreviations

420

(3)

Bibliography

423

(47)

Modern Sources

423

(46)

Critical Editions

469

(1)

Illustration Credits

470

(2)

Subject Index

472

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Jerusalem : Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period (538 B. C. E. -70 C. E. )

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