Koineization in Medieval Spanish

How and why do changes happen when and where they do? Is it possible to explain changes that occurred centuries ago? These are the central questions addressed in this book, in which the author argues that the development of numerous features of medieval (and modern) Spanish can best be explained as the results of koineization, a process in which mixing among speakers of different dialects leads to the rapid formation of a new mixed and generally simplified variety. The book includes a complete introduction to koineization and detailed study of three stages of dialect mixing in medieval Spanish.

Acknowledgements

v

1. Introduction

1

(8)

2. Koines and koineization

9

(85)

2.1. Koine and koines

9

(13)

2.1.1. The Greek Koine

9

(4)

2.1.2. Modern use of the term koine

13

(9)

2.2. Models of koineization

22

(25)

2.2.1. Siegel's stage-based model

23

(5)

2.2.2. Trudgill's process-based model

28

(19)

2.2.2.1. Accommodation and salience

29

(7)

2.2.2.2. Interdialect

36

(3)

2.2.2.3. Focusing

39

(2)

2.2.2.4. Mixing, leveling, reduction

41

(2)

2.2.2.5. Reallocation

43

(2)

2.2.2.6. Simplification

45

(2)

2.3. Elaborating the process model: Conditions of speaker activity

47

(16)

2.3.1. Norms, norm enforcement, and social networks

49

(5)

2.3.2. Language acquisition: Adults and children

54

(9)

2.4. Observing koineization: The Milton Keynes project

63

(10)

2.4.1. Interaction of acquisition and social networks

64

(3)

2.4.2. Focusing and the time scale of koineization

67

(6)

2.5. Koineization and other contact phenomena

73

(16)

2.5.1. Pidginization and creolization

74

(5)

2.5.2. Contact between stable dialects

79

(1)

2.5.3. Dialect leveling, homogenization, uniformity

80

(4)

2.5.4. Standardization and standards

84

(2)

2.5.5. Language shift and language death

86

(2)

2.5.6. Convergence

88

(1)

2.5.7. Borrowing

88

(1)

2.5.8. Interacting processes and the study of koineization

89

(1)

2.6. The model and its use

89

(5)

2.6.1. Definition of koineization

90

(1)

2.6.2. Methodological guidelines

91

(3)

3. The Burgos phase

94

(51)

3.1. Social history

94

(10)

3.2. Previous discussion of language change in early Castile

104

(8)

3.3. Linguistic changes

112

(31)

3.3.1. Leveling and simplification of articles and preposition + article contractions

114

(5)

3.3.2. Reorganization and simplification of the tonic vowel system

119

(12)

3.3.3. Koineization and other changes of the Burgos phase

131

(28)

3.3.3.1. The aspiration of F-

132

(4)

3.3.3.2. The development of /t/

136

(2)

3.3.3.3. The development of CL-, PL-, FL-

138

(5)

3.4. Conclusion

143

(2)

4. The Toledo phase

145

(70)

4.1. Social history

145

(8)

4.2. Koineization and language spread/dialect leveling

153

(6)

4.3. Linguistic changes

159

(55)

4.3.1. Leveling and reallocation in the development of apocope

160

(13)

4.3.2. Reanalysis and the rise of leismo

173

(31)

4.3.3. Reorganization and simplification of the possessive system

204

(10)

4.4. Conclusion

214

(1)

5. The Seville phase

215

(42)

5.1. Social history

215

(7)

5.2. Linguistic changes

222

(34)

5.2.1. Previous discussion of the origins of Andalusian

223

(8)

5.2.2. Documentary evidence

231

(2)

5.2.3. The decline of extreme apocope

233

(5)

5.2.4. Simplification of first-person singular possessives

238

(4)

5.2.5. Leveling and the rejection of leismo

242

(3)

5.2.6. Seseo: A 13th-century merger?

245

(11)

5.3. Conclusion

256

(1)

6. Conclusions

257

(12)

Maps

269

(5)

Notes

274

(28)

References

302

(30)

Index

332

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Koineization in Medieval Spanish

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