Laboratory Guide for Conducting Soil Tests and Plant Analysis

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ISBN: 9780849302060 | 0849302064
Cover: Nonspecific Binding
Copyright: 6/28/2001

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With this guide, scientists can use obtained test results to evaluate the fertility status of soils and the nutrient element status of plants for crop production purposes. The book serves as an instructional manual on the techniques used to perform chemical and physical characteristic tests on soils. It describes the foundation for the tests and their procedures, including analytical instrumentation procedures and laboratory quality assurance requirements. The book covers sample preparation, standard preparation for calibrating analytical instruments, and the selection of methods and analytical procedures best suited for each assay procedure.

Introduction

(10)

Reference Methods

(1)

Reagents, Standards, and Water

(2)

Reagents

(1)

Standards

(1)

Water

(1)

Elemental and Compound Designation

(1)

Other Considerations

(1)

Interpretation of a Soil Test/Plant Analysis Result

(1)

Units

(1)

Disclaimer

(4)

References

(4)

Soil Analysis (Testing)

(180)

History and Purpose

(4)

Sequence of Procedures

(1)

Sampling

(3)

Transport to the Laboratory

(1)

Preparation of the Laboratory Sample

(2)

Drying

(1)

Crushing/Grinding/Sieving

(1)

Sample Aliquot Determination

(3)

Weighing vs. Scooping

(1)

Estimated Weight Scoops

(1)

NCR-13 Scoops

(1)

Procedure for Using a Soil Scoop

(1)

Laboratory Factors

(2)

Extraction Reagents

(1)

Extraction Procedure

(1)

Reagents and Standards

(1)

Long-Term Storage

(1)

Soil pH

(14)

Introduction

(1)

Using a pH Meter

(1)

Calibration of the pH Meter

(2)

Electrode Positioning

(1)

Preparation of pH Buffers

(1)

pH Determination in Water

(2)

pH Determination in 0.01 M Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)

(1)

pH Determination in 1 N Potassium Chloride (KC1)

(1)

pH Determination Using Indicators

(1)

Interpretation

(5)

Soil Storage

(1)

Soil Buffer pH (Lime Requirement)

(21)

Introduction

(1)

SMP Buffer

(4)

Adams-Evans Buffer

(2)

Mehlich Buffer

(5)

Titratable and Exchangeable Acidity

(1)

Determination of Exchangeable Acidity Using Barium Chloride-TEA Buffer

(1)

Determination of Exchangeable Acidity and Exchangeable Aluminum Using 1 N Potassium Chloride

(2)

Interpretation

(1)

Definition of Liming Materials

(3)

Acid-Neutralizing Values for AgLime Materials

(1)

Adjusting the AgLime Rate for Different Depths of Incorporation

(1)

Effect of Fineness on Availability of AgLime

(1)

Extractable Phosphorus

(17)

Introduction

(4)

Extraction Reagents and Procedures

(1)

Morgan

(1)

Bray P1

(1)

Bray P2

(2)

Mehlich No. 1 (North Carolina Double Acid)

(1)

Olsen's Sodium Bicarbonate

(1)

Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA

(1)

Mehlich No. 3

(2)

0.01 M Calcium Chloride

(1)

Methods of Phosphorus Determination

(1)

UV-VIS Spectrophotometry

(1)

Plasma Emission Spectrometry

(1)

Conversion Factors

(1)

Interpretation

(1)

Fertilizer Recommendations

(1)

Effect of Fertilizer Phosphorus on Phosphorus Soil Test Level

(1)

Major Cations (K, Ca, Mg, and Na)

(14)

Introduction

(2)

Extraction Reagents and Procedures

(1)

Neutral Normal Ammonium Acetate (K, Ca, Mg, and Na)

(1)

Mehlich No. 1 (North Carolina Double Acid) (K, Ca, Mg, and Na)

(1)

Mehlich No. 3 (K, Ca, Mg, and Na)

(1)

Morgan (K, Ca, and Mg)

(2)

Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA (K)

(1)

Water (K, Ca, Mg, and Na)

(1)

0.01 M Calcium Chloride (K, Mg, and Na)

(1)

Methods of Cation Determination

(1)

Methods of Expression

(1)

Interpretation

(2)

Effect of Fertilizer Potassium on the Potassium Soil Test Level

(1)

Calculation of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

(1)

Determination of Percent Base Saturation and Use

(1)

Micronutrients (B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn)

(22)

Introduction

(2)

Extraction Reagents and Procedures

(1)

Hot Water (B)

(2)

Mehlich No. 1 (Zn)

(1)

0.1 N Hydrochloric Acid (Zn)

(1)

Mehlich No. 3 (B, Cu, Mn, and Zn)

(2)

Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn)

101

(2)

DTPA (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn)

103

(1)

0.01 M Calcium Chloride (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn)

104

(1)

Morgan (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn)

104

(1)

0.01 M Calcium Nitrate (Cl)

105

(1)

0.5 M Potassium Sulfate (Cl)

106

(1)

Saturated Calcium Hydroxide (Cl)

107

(1)

Methods of Micronutrient Determination in Soil Extracts

108

(1)

Methods of Expression

109

(1)

Cleaning Laboratory Ware

109

(1)

Interpretation

110

(5)

Trace Heavy Metals

115

(6)

Introduction

115

(1)

Extraction Reagents and Procedures

115

(1)

Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA (AB-DTPA)

115

(2)

DTPA

117

(1)

0.01 M Calcium Chloride

118

(1)

Method of Heavy Metal Determination

118

(1)

Interpretation

119

(2)

Extractable Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3-N)

121

(8)

Introduction

121

(1)

Extraction Reagents and Procedures

122

(1)

Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA

122

(1)

2 M Potassium Chloride

123

(1)

0.01 M Calcium Sulfate

123

(1)

0.04 M Ammonium Sulfate

124

(1)

0.01 M Calcium Chloride

124

(1)

Nitrate Standards

125

(1)

Methods of Nitrate Determination

126

(1)

UV-VIS Spectrophotometric Determination Procedure

126

(1)

Specific-Ion Electrode Determination

127

(1)

Kjeldhal Distillation

128

(1)

Ion Chromatography

129

(1)

Effects of Storage

129

(1)

Interpretation

129

(1)

Extractable Sulfate-Sulfur (SO4-S)

129

(6)

Introduction

129

(1)

Extraction Reagent and Procedures

130

(1)

Monocalcium Phosphate

130

(1)

0.5 M Ammonium Acetate-0.25 M Acetic Acid

130

(1)

0.01 M Calcium Chloride

131

(1)

Sulfate-Sulfur (SO4-S) Standards

132

(1)

Determination Procedures

132

(1)

Turbidity

132

(1)

Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)

133

(2)

Determination by Ion Chromatography

135

(1)

Interpretation

135

(1)

Testing Organic Soils and Soilless Media

135

(4)

Introduction

136

(1)

Extraction with Water

137

(1)

Extraction with 0.005 M DTPA to Improve Extraction of Micronutrients

137

(1)

Nutrient Element Assay Procedures

138

(1)

Interpretation

138

(1)

Organic Matter and Humic Matter Content Determinations

139

(11)

Introduction

139

(1)

Methods of Organic Matter Determination

140

(1)

Wet Digestion

140

(3)

Loss-on-Ignition (LOI)

143

(1)

Humic Matter by 0.2 N Sodium Hydroxide Extraction

144

(4)

Determination of Soluble Organic Carbon

148

(2)

Soluble Salt Determination

150

(5)

Introduction

150

(2)

The Conductivity Meter

152

(1)

Standard Calibration Solution

152

(1)

Procedures

152

(1)

Interpretation

153

(1)

Electrical Conductivity Units and Conversions

154

(1)

Salinity (NaCl) and Alkalinity (NaHCO3)

155

(1)

Soil Texture (Mechanical Analysis)

155

(36)

Separate Characteristics

155

(1)

Textural Classifications

156

(1)

Method of Determination

156

(3)

Hydrometer Procedure

159

(1)

Soil Preparation

159

(1)

Hydrometer Readings

159

(1)

Blank Hydrometer Determination

160

(1)

Calculation for % Sand, Silt, and Clay

160

(1)

References

160

(31)

Plant Analysis

191

(56)

Purpose

191

(1)

Sampling

192

(8)

Techniques

192

(5)

Number of Plants to Sample

197

(1)

Lack of Homogeneity

198

(1)

Petioles

199

(1)

Compound Leaves

199

(1)

Comparative Sampling

199

(1)

Inappropriate Plant Tissue

200

(1)

Sample Preparation

200

(7)

Introduction

200

(1)

Initial Handling

200

(1)

Decontamination (Washing)

201

(1)

Moisture Removal (Oven-Drying)

202

(1)

Particle Size Reduction (Grinding)

202

(1)

Organic Matter Destruction

203

(1)

High-Temperature Thermal Oxidation (Dry Ashing)

204

(1)

Wet-Acid Digestion (Wet Ashing)

205

(2)

Elemental Analysis for the Mineral Elements

207

(2)

Total Nitrogen (N) Determination

209

(4)

Introduction

209

(2)

Kjeldahl Methods

211

(1)

Determination of Ammonium in Kjeldahl Digest

212

(1)

Non-Kjeldahl Methods

212

(1)

Total Sulfur (S) Determination

213

(2)

Introduction

213

(2)

Interpretation

215

(1)

Methods for Expressing Elemental Content

215

(1)

Interpretation of Results

216

(5)

Extractable Elements

221

(26)

Introduction

221

(1)

Extraction Procedures for Nitrate (NO3) in Plant Tissue

222

(1)

Extraction of Phosphorus (PO4) in Plant Tissue Using 2% Acetic Acid

223

(1)

Interpretation for Extractable Nitrogen (NO3) and Phosphorus (PO4)

223

(3)

Extractable Ammonium (NH4) in Plant Tissue

226

(1)

Extractable Sulfate (SO4) in Plant Tissue

226

(1)

Extractable Chloride (Cl) in Plant Tissue

227

(1)

Extraction of Chloride (Cl), Nitrate (NO3), Orthophosphate (PO4), Potassium (K), and Sulfate (SO4) in Plant Tissue Using 2% Acetic Acid

228

(1)

Extractable Iron (Fe) in Plant Tissue

229

(1)

References

229

(18)

Tissue Testing

247

(12)

Introduction

247

(1)

Testing Kits

247

(2)

Preparation of Reagents for Conducting Tissue Tests Using Filter Paper

249

(1)

Sampling Techniques

250

(1)

Testing Procedures

251

(2)

General Test Procedures for Paper and Vial-Type Kits

251

(1)

Nitrate-Nitrogen Test

251

(1)

Phosphorus Test

251

(1)

Potassium Test

252

(1)

Nitrate-Nitrogen Stalk Test

252

(1)

Phosphorus Stalk Test

252

(1)

Other Tests

252

(1)

Methods of Interpretation

253

(2)

When and How to Use Tissue Tests

253

(2)

Use of a Specific-Ion Nitrate Meter

255

(1)

Sources for Kits and Instruments

256

(3)

References

256

(3)

Principles of Instrumental Analysis

259

(26)

Introduction

259

(3)

UV-VIS Spectrophotometry (Colorimetry)

262

(2)

Emission Spectrophotometry

264

(11)

Flame Emission Spectrophotometry

265

(1)

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

266

(2)

Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry

268

(1)

Introduction

268

(1)

Spectrometer Designs

268

(1)

Operating Characteristics of an ICP-AES

269

(1)

Advantageous Characteristics

269

(1)

Disadvantages

270

(1)

Standard Preparation

270

(1)

Calibration Techniques

271

(1)

Common Operating Problems

272

(1)

Important General Points

273

(1)

Spectrophotometry Terms

274

(1)

pH and Specific-Ion Electrodes

275

(2)

Ion Chromatography

277

(8)

References

278

(7)

Quality Assurance/Quality Control in the Laboratory

285

(8)

Introduction

285

(2)

Accuracy and Precision

287

(1)

Standards

287

(2)

Instrumentation

289

(1)

Laboratory Procedures

289

(1)

Participation in Proficiency Testing Programs

290

(3)

References

290

(3)

Appendix A. List of Reagents, Standards, pH Buffers, Acids, and Indicators, and Preparation of Standard Acids, Bases, and Buffers Required in the Instruction Guide

293

(8)

A. Reagents

293

(3)

B. Reagents for Preparation of Standards

296

(1)

C. Reagents for Preparation of pH Buffers

297

(1)

D. Concentrated Acids

297

(1)

E. Indicators

298

(1)

F. Standard Acids, Bases, and Buffers

298

(3)

Appendix B. Standards and Standard Preparation

301

(10)

A. Purpose

301

(1)

B. Primary Standards

301

(5)

C. Working Standards

306

(1)

D. Matrix Effects

307

(1)

E. Matrix Modifiers

307

(1)

F. Blanks

308

(1)

G. Commercial Sources for Primary and Working Standards

308

(1)

H. Soil and Plant Tissue Standards

309

(2)

References

309

(2)

Appendix C. Extraction Reagents and Procedures

311

(12)

Appendix D. The North American Proficiency Testing Program for Soil, Plant, and Water Analysis Laboratories (NAPT)

323

(4)

Appendix E. ASI Extraction Reagent Method for Soil Analysis

327

(6)

Appendix F. Reference Texts

333

(6)

Appendix G. Definitions

339

(12)

Appendix H. Conversion Factors

351

(6)

Index

357

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Laboratory Guide for Conducting Soil Tests and Plant Analysis

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials