Land and Environmental Management Through Forestry

Written and edited by a group of experts in the field, this groundbreaking reference work sets the standard for engineers, students, and professionals working in forestry, agriculture, ecology, and environmental science, offering the scientific community a way toward combating climate change and land degradation.

This outstanding new volume covers the diverse issues of land degradation around the world and its restoration through forestry, agroforestry, and other practices. The editors have integrated many different concepts and applications into a single place from which scientists, research scholars, academicians, and policymakers can  benefit. New insights in this area are critical, as our very existence depends on forest sustainability and land restoration management.

The work consists of chapters addressing the issues of land degradation, deforestation, intensive agricultural practices, sustainable intensification, soil and forest-related services, land and environmental management, and overall sustainability of the ecosystem. The contributors address current issues and their management through a holistic and integrated approach, presenting the context of land degradation and its problem, identifying the potential areas of research in the field of land restoration, identifying the land-based services and their potential role for ecosystem sustainability, creating awareness so that future policies can be framed for the betterment of human civilization, and addressing sustainable intensification for land and environmental management and service.

A standard reference work for the disciplines of forestry, agriculture, ecology, and environmental science, it will also be a way forward for combating climate change. Useful to academics, researchers, ecologists, environmentalists, students, capacity builders, and policymakers, it is a must-have for any library.

Abhishek Raj, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Forest Product and Utilization, Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay College of Horticulture & Forestry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, India. He has published over 20 papers in scientific journals, 50 book chapters, and three books.

Manoj Kumar Jhariya, PhD, is an asssistant professor in the Department of Farm Forestry, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya University, India. He has published 86 scientific papers, 14 books, 75 book chapters, and several extension articles. He is an editorial board member for several journals and a life member of numerous societies.

Arnab Banerjee, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Science, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya University, India. He has published 80 research papers in reputed national and international journals, 15 books, and 50 book chapters. He is a life member of the Academy of Environmental Biology.

Sharad Nema, PhD, is a professor and department head in the Department of Forestry and Wildlife at Saheed Mahendra Karma Vishwavidyalaya University, India. He has published more than 60 research papers, book chapters, books, and reports, and holds several prestigious and responsible administrative responsibilities at the university.

Kiran Bargali, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Botany, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, India. She has published over 100 research papers and two books with various reputed national and international publishers.

List of Editors xiii

List of Contributors xv

Preface xix

1 Land Degradation and Restoration: Implication and Management Perspective 1
Abhishek Raj, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee, Sharad Nema and Kiran Bargali

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Land Degradation in Developed and Developing World 3

1.3 Land Degradation Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 4

1.4 Land Degradation and Restoration: A Response Framework 6

1.5 Soil Erosion and Desertification: Problems and Challenges 6

1.6 Forest Degradation 7

1.7 Land Restoration 8

1.8 Ecological Restoration of Degraded Land through Afforestation Activities 8

1.9 Achieving Land Degradation Neutral (LDN) through Sustainable Land Use Management (SLM) 10

1.10 Sustainable Soil/Land Management: Challenge and Opportunities 14

1.11 Policy and Roadmap For Land Management and Sustainability 14

1.12 Conclusion 15

References 15

2 Land Resources and Its Degradation in Asia: Its Control and Management 23
Liliwirianis N., Nurun Nadhirah Md. Isa and Mohd Nazip Suratman

2.1 Introduction 24

2.2 Types of Land Resources 25

2.3 Causes of Land Resources Degradation 26

2.3.1 Urbanization 26

2.3.2 Deforestation 27

2.3.3 Land Clearing 29

2.3.4 Security of Access 29

2.3.5 Overgrazing and Overharvesting 29

2.3.6 Pollution 30

2.3.7 Quarrying of Stone, Sand, Ore, and Minerals 30

2.3.8 Climate Change 30

2.3.9 Agricultural 31

2.4 Major Threats, Implications, and Effects 31

2.4.1 Economy 31

2.4.2 Food Sources 32

2.4.3 Loss of Biodiversity 32

2.5 Management of Land Resources 33

2.5.1 Management of Deforestation 33

2.5.2 Agricultural Intensification Management 35

2.5.3 Management of Overgrazing 35

2.5.4 Management of Irrigation 36

2.5.5 Management of Mining 36

2.5.6 Management of Inventory Data 36

2.6 Policy Strategies and Future Roadmap against Land Degradation 37

2.7 Conclusion 39

References 39

3 Deforestation Activities in Ezekoro Forest: Implications for Climate Change Risks in Anambra State, Southeast Nigeria 47
Joe-Ikechebelu Ngozi Nneka, Akanwa Angela Oyilieze, Akanwa Chimezie David, Okafor Kenebechukwu Jane, Dike Keyna, Idakwo Victor Iko-Ojo, Omoruyi Fredrick Aideniosa, Nkwocha Kelechi Friday, Enwereuzo, Angela Chinelo, Umeh, Uche Marian, Ogbuehi, Emmanuel Okwudili and Agu, Helen Obioma

3.1 Introduction 49

3.2 Concept of Environmental Justice and Indiscriminate Deforestation/Tree Loss 51

3.3 Study Area 53

3.4 Materials and Method 56

3.5 Results and Discussion 59

3.5.1 Sample Characteristics 59

3.5.2 Discussion 63

3.6 Conclusion 69

References 70

4 Land Degradation and Its Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 77
Pawan Ekka, Subhashree Patra, Manjari Upreti, Gajendra Kumar, Amit Kumar and Purabi Saikia

4.1 Introduction 78

4.2 Land Degradation: Causes and Consequences 79

4.3 Land Degradation and Major Environmental Challenges 84

4.4 Restoration of Degraded Land 85

4.5 Sustainable Land Management 87

4.6 Recommendation and Future Research Prospects 90

4.7 Conclusions 90

References 91

5 The Vulnerability of Forest Resources to Climate Change 103
Faezah Pardi, Hasya Hannani Ruziman and Mohd Nazip Suratman

5.1 Introduction 104

5.2 Causes of Climate Change 105

5.2.1 Land-Use Change 105

5.2.2 Deforestation 106

5.2.3 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 108

5.2.4 Urbanization 109

5.2.5 Emissions of Pollutants 110

5.2.6 Agriculture 111

5.3 Climate Change Affecting Forest Ecosystems 112

5.4 The Migration of Tree Species 114

5.5 The Replacement of Native Species by Exotic Species 117

5.6 The Economic Loss in the Forest Products Industry 118

5.7 Policy Strategies and Future Roadmap against Forest Vulnerability to Climate Change 119

5.8 Conclusion 122

References 123

6 Impact of Continuous Cover Forestry on Forest Systems 133
Ana Cristina Gonçalves

6.1 Introduction 133

6.2 Continuous Cover Forestry 136

6.3 Forest Management under Continuous Cover Forestry 143

6.4 Challenges and Future Outlook of Continuous Cover Forestry 148

6.5 Conclusions 150

Funding 151

References 151

7 Forest Landscape Restoration for Environmental Management 161
Nur Nadiah Md Yusof, Siti Khairiyah Mohd Hatta, Siti Hasnah Kamarudin, Norashirene Mohamad Jamil, Siti Nurbaya Supardan and Mohd Nazip Suratman

7.1 Introduction 162

7.2 Forest Landscape Restoration 164

7.3 Types of FLR 165

7.3.1 Forest Land 165

7.3.2 Agricultural Land 166

7.4 Benefits of FLR on the Environment/Ecosystem 167

7.4.1 Healthy, Resilient and Productive Ecosystems 168

7.4.2 Improved Sustainable Provision of Ecosystem Services 169

7.4.3 Biodiversity Conservation 169

7.4.4 Global and Local Climate Resilience 170

7.5 FLR Partnerships 170

7.6 Techniques and Tools in FLR 171

7.7 Implementation of FLR 180

7.7.1 Visioning 180

7.7.2 Conceptualizing 182

7.7.3 Acting 183

7.7.4 Sustaining 184

7.8 Forest Landscape Assessment 185

7.9 Conclusion 186

References 186

8 Ecological Restoration of Degraded Land through Afforestation Activities 201
P. R. Oraon, Vidya Sagar and Kumari Beauty

8.1 Introduction 202

8.2 Concept of Ecological Restoration 203

8.3 Global Scenario of Land Degradation 203

8.4 Perspective of Land Degradation 204

8.5 Land Degradation under Changing Climate 206

8.6 Afforestation for Climate Change Mitigation 207

8.7 Afforestation for Problematic Soil and Land Management 208

8.7.1 Saline-Alkaline Soils 208

8.7.2 Afforestation in Waterlogged/Marshy Land 209

8.7.3 Afforestation in Mined-Out Areas 209

8.7.4 Afforestation in Coastal and Sandy Areas 210

8.8 Policy Initiative in Land Degradation and Afforestation 210

8.9 Conclusion 211

References 212

9 Sustaino-Resilient Agroforestry for Climate Resilience, Food Security and Land Degradation Neutrality 217
Dinesha S., Suraj R. Hosur, Toushif P. K., Divya Bodiga, Deepthi Dechamma N. L., Ashwath M. N. and Devbratha Pradhan

9.1 Introduction 218

9.2 Is Agroforestry a Sustaino-Resilient Model? 219

9.2.1 Components of AF 220

9.2.1.1 Perennials 220

9.2.1.2 Crops 221

9.2.1.3 Livestock 221

9.2.2 Sustaino-Resilient Agroforestry Practices 221

9.2.2.1 Integrated Agroforestry Systems 222

9.2.2.2 Organic-Agroforestry 224

9.2.2.3 Natural Farming–Assisted Agroforestry 225

9.2.2.4 Perma-Agroforestry 225

9.2.2.5 Precision-Agroforestry 226

9.2.2.6 Horticulture Intervention in Agroforestry 226

9.2.2.7 Bamboo-Based Agroforestry 227

9.2.2.8 Medicinal Perennials Intervention in Agroforestry 227

9.2.2.9 Industrialized Agroforestry 228

9.2.3 Improved vs. Traditional Agroforestry Practices 228

9.3 Agroforestry for Climate Resilience 229

9.3.1 World Context 230

9.3.2 Indian Context 230

9.4 Agroforestry for Food Security 231

9.4.1 World Context 231

9.4.2 Indian Context 235

9.5 Agroforestry for Land Degradation Neutrality 235

9.5.1 World Context 236

9.5.2 Indian Context 236

9.6 The Way Forward 237

9.7 Conclusion 238

Acknowledgement 238

References 238

10 Land and Environmental Management through Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) System 247
Kamlesh Verma, Prashant Sharma, D.R. Bhardwaj, Raj Kumar, Nasam Midhun Kumar and Alok Kumar Singh

10.1 Introduction 248

10.2 AFOLU and Climate Change 249

10.2.1 Trend of GHGs Emission from Agriculture 249

10.2.2 Trend of GHGs Emission from Forestry and Other Land Use System 251

10.3 Role of AFOLU in Land and Environment Management 252

10.3.1 Agriculture Sector 254

10.3.2 Forestry and Other Land Use 256

10.4 Co-Benefit from AFOLU 258

10.5 Challenges 259

10.6 Opportunities: the Way Forward and Future Perspective 261

10.7 Conclusion 262

References 262

11 Eco-Restoration of Degraded Forest Ecosystems for Sustainable Development 273
Bhimappa Honnappa Kittur, Abhishek Raj, Anup P. Upadhyay, Manoj Kumar Jhariya and Arnab Banerjee

11.1 Introduction 274

11.2 Forest Cover and Degradation 274

11.3 Indicators of Forest Degradation 276

11.4 Criteria for Assessment of Forest Degradation 277

11.5 Forest Ecosystem Restoration 277

11.6 The Restoration Indicators 279

11.6.1 Social and Economic Context 279

11.6.2 Ecological Context 280

11.6.3 Silvicultural Context 280

11.7 Restoration through SFM and Afforestation 281

11.8 Forest Resilience 281

11.9 Forest Recovery 282

11.10 Policy and Future Roadmap 286

11.11 Conclusion 286

References 286

12 Forest for Sustainable Development 293
Abhishek Raj, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee, Bharat Lal, Taher Mechergui, Annpurna Devi and Ghanshyam

12.1 Introduction 294

12.2 World Forest: An Overview 295

12.3 Forest under Changing Climate 296

12.4 Forest for Ecosystem Services 297

12.5 Forest for Soil Management 299

12.6 Forest for Food and Nutritional Security 302

12.7 Sustainable Development: A Wake-Up Call 303

12.8 A Journey from Forest to Sustainable Forest Management 304

12.9 Policy and Future Roadmap 304

12.10 Conclusions 305

References 305

13 Unfolding Environmental Repercussions of Land Degradation in the Lone Municipal Council of Andaman, India, Using Geospatial Technologies: A Case Study 313
Venkatesan Shiva Shankar, Neelam Purti, Satyakeerthy T. R. and Sunil Jacob

13.1 Introduction 314

13.2 Study Area at a Glance 314

13.2.1 Meteorology 316

13.2.2 Physiography 316

13.2.3 Geology 316

13.2.4 Soil 316

13.3 Materials and Methodology 317

13.3.1 Materials 317

13.3.2 Methodology 317

13.3.2.1 Lulc 318

13.3.2.2 Surface Runoff 318

13.3.2.3 Soil Erosion 319

13.3.2.4 Landslide Hazard Zonation 323

13.3.2.5 Carbon Storage and Sequestration 323

13.3.2.6 Lst 323

13.4 Results and Discussion 324

13.4.1 Lulc 324

13.4.2 Quantification of Surface Runoff 326

13.4.3 Quantification of Soil Erosion 326

13.4.4 Demarcation of Shallow Landslide Hazard Zonation 329

13.4.5 Quantification of Carbon Sequestration 330

13.4.6 Quantification of Land Surface Temperature 330

13.5 Conclusion 331

References 331

14 Acacia nilotica: A Promising Species for Soil Sustainability 339
Annpurna Devi, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Abhishek Raj, Arnab Banerjee, Krishan Pal Singh and Beena Singh

14.1 Introduction 340

14.2 Habitat, Distribution and Ecology 341

14.3 Acacia nilotica–Based Agroforestry 342

14.4 Acacia nilotica and Soil Sustainability 342

14.5 Acacia and its Role in Soil Carbon Sequestration 344

14.6 Acacia nilotica: A Promising N 2 Fixing Tree 345

14.7 Acacia: A Promising Tool for Land Restoration 345

14.8 Acacia and Its Other Sustainability Roles 347

14.9 Policy and Future Roadmap 348

14.10 Conclusions 348

References 349

15 Farmland Evaluation to Stimulate the Rational Land Use and Soil Quality Enhancement: The Ukrainian Case 355
Inna Koblianska and Olha Kovalova

15.1 Introduction 356

15.2 Moratorium on the Sale of Agricultural Land and Its Social, Ecological, and Economic Consequences in Ukraine 357

15.3 An Overview of Agriculture in Ukraine 358

15.4 Evolution of Monetary Valuation of Agricultural Land in Ukraine and Modern Challenges 360

15.5 Conceptual Provisions for the Assessment of Land Resources from the Standpoint of their Multifaceted Nature 362

15.6 Development of a Methodology for the Normative Monetary Land Valuation to Stimulate Rational Land Use 363

15.7 Conclusion 366

References 367

About the Editors 371

Index 373

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