Land, Labor and the Origins of the

Gershon Shafir challenges the heroic myths about the foundation of the State of Israel by investigating the struggle to control land and labor during the early Zionist enterprise. He argues that it was not the imported Zionist ideas that were responsible for the character of the Israeli state, but the particular conditions of the local conflict between the European "settlers" and the Palestinian Arab population.

Preface to the paperback edition

ix

Preface

xxi

Map of Jewish settlements in Palestine, 1878-1918

xxvi

Introduction

1

(21)

The sociology of Israeli society

1

(6)

Settlement and nationalism

7

(5)

Frontier and land

12

(2)

Frontier and labor

14

(3)

Settlement and Palestine

17

(5)

The Framework of dependent development in the Ottoman Empire

22

(23)

World economy: dependency and reform

25

(3)

Agricultural expansion

28

(2)

Tax reform and land tenure

30

(6)

New settlement and demographic patterns

36

(5)

The implications for Jewish settlement

41

(4)

From land to labor: unequal competition and the ``conquest of labor'' strategy

45

(46)

The alternative labor forces

50

(8)

The dynamics of the struggle

58

(11)

The effects of the ``conquest of labor'' strategy

69

(9)

``Conquest of labor'' and the foundations of Israeli nationalism

78

(12)

Appendix: The Ottoman Monetary system

90

(1)

The failed experiment: ``Natural workers'' from Yemen, 1909-1914

91

(32)

The Yavnieli mission

92

(4)

Agudat Netaim and the Planters' interests

96

(10)

The meeting in the labor market

106

(5)

The Palestine Office and conflict over access to land

111

(5)

Demands and identity of Yemenite Jews

116

(4)

Israeli nation formation

120

(3)

Between trade unions and political parties, 1905-1914

123

(12)

From ``conquest of labor'' to ``conquest of land'': the identity of soldier and settler, 1907-1914

135

(11)

The unintended means: cooperative settlement, 1910-1914

146

(41)

The ``pure settlement methodology'' of the World Zionist Organization

147

(18)

The origins of the kibbutz

165

(16)

The predominance of the kibbutz in Israeli state formation

181

(6)

Conclusion: Israeli nationalism and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict

187

(33)

The shaping of the Israeli state and nation

187

(11)

The evolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict

198

(13)

The impact of Israeli state formation on Palestinian society

211

(9)

Notes

220

(38)

Glossary

258

(3)

Bibliography

261

(17)

Index

278

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Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914

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