Language Learning in Children Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing Multiple Pathways

, by Easterbrooks, Susan R.; Baker, Sharon

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ISBN: 9780205331000 | 0205331009
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 9/18/2001

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This book looks at the acquisition of language by children with hearing losses and proposes multiple pathways by which children can acquire a useable system of communication.Recent advances in the education of students who are deaf and hard of hearing have brought new insights into imparting the ability to communicate to this population. This book addresses the language development process from multiple perspectives, drawing on the latest research in bilingual biculturalism, cochlear implant technology and neuroscience. The book presents a unique view of language development, proposing that there are multiple pathways to the acquisition of a system of communication.For parents and educators working with deaf and hard of hearing children.

Introduction

An Introduction to the Language Instruction of Children Who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing

(32)

Language Issues within the Context of History

(11)

The Early Records

(1)

The Beginnings of Deaf Education

(1)

Tracing the Path of Language Instruction Using Sign Language

(4)

Tracing the Path of Oral Language Instruction

(3)

The Path of Contention between Oralism and Manualism

(2)

Tracing the Path of the Intuitive Approach to Teaching Language

(1)

The Swinging Pendulum

(1)

Language Issues within the Context of Instruction

(12)

Auditory and Visual Approaches Used in Recent Times

(3)

Structured, Natural, and Combined Approaches

(9)

Language Issues within the Context of Technology

(1)

Language Issues within the Context of Culture

(2)

Language Issues within the Context of the Law

(3)

Summary

(1)

Questions for Critical Thinking

(1)

Language Acquisition in Children Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing

(34)

The Nature of Language

(5)

Language Has Form

(1)

Language Involves Representation

(1)

Languages Are Arbitrary

(1)

Languages Are Shared

(1)

The Elements of Language: Form, Content, and Use

(3)

Theories of Language Development

(1)

Principles of Language Institution

(1)

Stages of Language Development

(15)

Prelinguistic stage in Infants Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing

(7)

Single-Word/Single-Sign Stage

(2)

Early Word Combinations

(1)

Multiword Combinations

(3)

Adult-Like Language Skills

(2)

The Critical Period for First Language Acquisition

(3)

Factors That Contribute to Language Acquisition

(5)

Early Exposure to Language

(1)

Mother-Child Interactions

(2)

Language Uptake

(2)

The Influence of Bilingualism on Deaf Education

(2)

Hard of Hearing Children

(1)

Summary

(1)

Questions for Critical Thinking

(1)

Multiple Pathways to Language Learning

(30)

How Children Learn Language

(13)

Linguistic/Information Processing Theory

(2)

Neuropsychological Theory

(3)

Cognitive-Socialization Theory

(3)

Relationship of Theories to Philosophies and Approaches

(1)

Additional Perspectives on Appropriate Pathways

(2)

Where Students Are Taught

(2)

Heterogeneity of the Population

(16)

Deaf Students with Deaf Parents

(1)

Deaf Students with Hearing Parents

(2)

Deaf Students with Cochlear Implants

(2)

Hard of Hearing Students

(3)

Students with Central Auditory Processing Disorders

(1)

Hearing Students from Culturally Deaf Families

(1)

Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students Who Have Not Had Early Intervention

(1)

Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students with Secondary Disorders

(2)

Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students Whose Home Language Is Not English

(2)

Summary

(1)

Questions for Critical Thinking

(1)

Assessment of Language

(61)

Standards for Assessment

(2)

Why Do We Assess?

(5)

New Referrals

(1)

Planning Instruction

100

(2)

Documenting Progress

102

(1)

End-of Year Evaluation

102

(1)

Legal Mandates

103

(1)

Types of Tests and Test Scores

104

(3)

Norm-Referenced Tests

104

(1)

Criterion-Referenced Tests

104

(1)

Standard Scores

104

(1)

Percentile Rank

105

(1)

Age-Equivalent Scores

105

(1)

Grade-Equivalent Scores

106

(1)

Issues in Assessment of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students

107

(5)

Formal and Informal Measures of Language

112

(17)

Formal Tests of Language

112

(8)

Informal Procedures for Language Assessment

120

(9)

Evaluators and Students

129

(8)

Types of Evaluators

129

(8)

Choosing a Battery of Tests and Other Assessment Procedures

137

(3)

Designing an Assessment Plan

137

(2)

A Closer Look at Services and Placement

139

(1)

Language Development versus Language Disorders

140

(1)

Summary

141

(1)

Questions for Critical Thinking

141

(17)

Appendix A Available Tests

142

(13)

Appendix B Instructions for Using Checklist of Emerging ASL Skills

155

(3)

From Theory to Practice

158

(40)

Pragmatic Intent: The Heart and Soul of Language Learning

158

(3)

Language Instruction in Students Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing

161

(13)

Learning a First Language at School

167

(4)

Learning about Language: A Challenge to All Pathways

171

(1)

Learning Information through Language

172

(2)

Language Learning Principles

174

(3)

Language Instructional Approaches, Practices, and Techniques

177

(11)

Language Instructional Approaches

177

(3)

Language Instructional Practices

180

(5)

Language Instructional Techniques, Strategies, and Activities

185

(3)

Considering the Needs of the Individual

188

(4)

Planning Language Instruction

192

(5)

Sample Examination of a Language Objective

192

(5)

Summary

197

(1)

Questions for Critical Thinking

197

(1)

Answering and Asking Questions: Keys to Conversation

198

(32)

The Relationship between Questioning and Conversation

199

(6)

Purposes of Conversation

201

(1)

Why Children Have Difficulty with Questions and Conversations

201

(2)

Reversing the Cycle of Conversational Poverty

203

(2)

The Johnson Conversational Model

205

(4)

Promoting Conversation and Questioning Skills

209

(9)

Tools for the Enhancement of Conversation and Questioning

211

(6)

Strategies for Repairing Conversational Breakdowns

217

(1)

Question Forms in English

218

(8)

A Morphosyntactic Look at Questions

218

(3)

A Pragmatic Look at Questions

221

(2)

The Special Case of How Questions

223

(3)

Question Formation in ASL

226

(2)

ASL Question Types

226

(2)

The Elephant in the Livingroom

228

(1)

Summary

229

(1)

Questions for Critical Thinking

229

(1)

English and ASL Grammar

230

(73)

Orientation to English Language Structure

231

(2)

Orientation to the Components of ASL

233

(3)

Glossing ASL

233

(1)

Fingerspelling

234

(1)

Loan Signs

234

(1)

Eight Types of Signs

235

(1)

Simultaneity Principle

235

(1)

Five Basic Sentence Types

235

(1)

An Examination of Nouns, Noun Phrases, and Nominalized Forms of English

236

(3)

Suggestions for Teaching Nouns and Nominals

238

(1)

Members of the Noun Phrase, Complement, and Nominalized System

239

(1)

Phases of Acquisition

239

(1)

Noun Issues in ASL

239

(8)

Spatial Reference

239

(7)

Pronouns

246

(1)

An Examination of Verbs, Verb Phrases, and the Auxiliary System of English

247

(10)

Suggestions for Teaching Verbs, Verb Phrases, and the Auxiliary System

247

(1)

Members of the Verb System

248

(9)

Hierarchy of the Verb Phrase System

257

(1)

Verbs in ASL

257

(4)

Movement, Space, and Directionality

257

(1)

Classifiers Used as Verbs

257

(2)

Intransitive Verbs

259

(1)

Transitive Verbs

259

(1)

Tense and Aspect

260

(1)

An Examination of English Adjectives, Adjective Phrases, and Advanced Adjectival Forms

261

(7)

Suggestions for Teaching Adjectives, Adjective Phrases, and Advanced Adjectival Forms

262

(1)

Members of the Adjective System

262

(6)

Hierarchy of the Adjective System

268

(1)

Adjective Issues in ASL

268

(3)

ASL Adjectives

268

(1)

Numerical Incorporation

268

(1)

Relative Clauses

268

(3)

An Examination of English Adverbs, Adverb Phrases, and Advanced Adverb Forms

271

(1)

Suggestions for Teaching Adverbs, Adverb Phrases, and Advanced Adverb Forms

271

(1)

Members of the Adverbial System

272

(4)

Hierarchy of the Adverb System

276

(1)

Adverb Issues in ASL

2?6

(279)

One-Word Adverbs and Adverbial Morphemes

278

(1)

Prepositional Phrases

278

(1)

Adverbial Clauses

278

(1)

An Examination of the Negation System of English

279

(1)

Suggestions for Teaching Negation

279

(1)

Types of Negation and the Negation Hierarchy

280

(1)

Negation Issues in ASL

280

(1)

Summary

281

(1)

Question for Critical Thinking

281

(1)

References

282

(21)

Index

303

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Language Learning in Children Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing Multiple Pathways

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials