Large-scale 3D Data Integration: Challenges and Opportunities

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ISBN: 9780849398988 | 0849398983
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/14/2005

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Large-Scale 3D Data Integration: Challenges and Opportunities examines the fundamental aspects of 3D geo-information, focusing on the latest developments in 3D GIS (geographic information) and AEC (architecture, engineering, construction) systems. This book addresses policy makers, designers and engineers, and individuals that need to overcome obstacles in integrating modeling perspectives and data.Organized into four major parts, the book begins by presenting a historical overview of the issues involved in integrating GIS and AEC. Part II then focuses on the data issue from several viewpoints: data collection; database structures and representation; database management; and visualization. Part III covers the areas of semantics, ontology, and standardization from a theoretical perspective and details many of the best examples of this approach in developing real-world applications. The book concludes with contributions that focus on recent advances in virtual geographic environments and alternative modeling schemes for the potential AEC/GIS interface.

Introduction

(9)

Sisi Zlatanova

David Prosperi

PART I Nature of the Problem

Bridging the Worlds of CAD and GIS

(30)

Peter van Oosterom

Jantien Stoter

Erik Jansen

Introduction

(4)

Problems when Bridging the Gap between CAD and GIS

(2)

Overview

(1)

Case Studies Integrating CAD and GIS

(9)

Plan Development

(1)

Example 1: Hubertus Tunnel

(1)

Example 2: Cycle Tunnel, Houten

(2)

Visualization

(1)

Example 1: Bridge Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal near Utrecht

(1)

Example 2: Karma System

(1)

Data Collection

(1)

Example 1: 3D Cadastral Parcel

(1)

Example 2: Point Clouds

(3)

Location-Based Services

(1)

Example 1: Augmented Reality

(1)

Example 2: Disaster Management

(1)

Analyzing the Open Issues when Bridging the Gap between GIS and CAD

(1)

Conversions and Multiple Representations

(3)

Conversions between and within GIS

(1)

Conversions between and within CAD

(1)

Functional and Thematic Semantic Aspects

(1)

Multiview Modeling

(1)

Framework for Bridging the Gap between GIS and CAD

(6)

Formal Semantics

(2)

Formal Geometry Semantics in the GIS Domain

(2)

Formal Geometry Semantics in the CAD Domain

(1)

Integrated Data Management

(1)

Conclusions

(7)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(2)

Appendix A: Differences between CAD and GIS

(4)

PART II Data Handling and Modeling

3D Data Acquisition and Object Reconstruction for AEC/CAD

(18)

C. Vincent Tao

Introduction

(1)

3D Building Reconstruction Approaches

(12)

Image-Based 3D Data Acquisition

(1)

Stereo Image Based

(3)

Single (or Monoscopic) Image Based

(2)

Multiple Image Based

(1)

Point Cloud-Based Approaches

(1)

Overview

(1)

Building Detection

(1)

3D Building Reconstruction

(1)

Hybrid Approaches

(3)

Comparisons and Analysis

(1)

Concluding Remarks

(4)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(3)

Three-Dimensional Representations and Data Structures in GIS and AEC

(30)

Roberto Lattuada

Introduction: A Case for GIS/AEC Integration

(3)

GIS and AEC Object Types

(3)

Characteristics of Geo-Scientific Data

(1)

Noise, Errors, and Data Uncertainty

(1)

Spatial Representations

(1)

Surface Modeling in 3D GIS

(5)

Volume Modeling in 3D GIS

(6)

Boundary Representations

(1)

Boundary Representations Using Iso-Surfaces

(1)

Boundary Representations Using Discrete Smooth Interpolation

(1)

Boundary Representations Using 3D Component Modeling

(1)

Spatial Occupancy Enumeration

(2)

Cell Decomposition

(1)

Requirements for a Common 3D GIS/AEC Data Modeling Solution

(1)

Inadequacies of CAD Systems for Geo-Scientific Modeling

(1)

Extending 2D GIS Systems to Three Dimensions

(1)

The Extended Simplex Model (ESM)

(2)

A Solution for Integrated AEC/GIS Modeling

(1)

Critical Analysis of the Extended Simplex Model

(1)

Conclusions

(5)

References

(4)

3D Geo-DBMS

(30)

Martin Breunig

Sisi Zlatanova

Geo-DBMS: Historical Development and State of the Art

(1)

Benefits of Using DBMS for GIS and AEC Applications

(4)

Providing DBMS Standard Functionality

(1)

Extending the DBMS to a Geo-DBMS (2D and 3D)

(1)

Geo-DBMS Models: Geometry vs. Topology

(1)

Object-Relational vs. Object-Oriented DBMS

(1)

Toward 3D Geo-DBMS

(11)

Geometry

(1)

Simple Nature-Formed Objects

(1)

Complex Nature-Formed Objects

(1)

Simple Man-Made Objects

(2)

Complex Man-Made Objects

(2)

Topology

(1)

Nature-Made Geo-Objects

(2)

Man-Made Geo-Objects

(2)

3D Spatial Access Methods

101

(1)

3D Spatial Predicates, Functions, and Operations

102

(1)

3D Extensions for Spatial Query Languages

102

(1)

3D in Present DBMS

103

(4)

3D Objects in Object-Oriented DBMS

103

(2)

3D Objects in Object-Relational DBMS

105

(1)

Using 2D Data Types

105

(2)

Using a New 3D Data Type

107

(1)

Case Studies

107

(4)

AEC Case Study, ``Modeling the Interior of the Aula, the Congress Center of TUDelft''

107

(2)

GIS Case Study, ``3D Geological Modeling of an Open Cast Mine in the Lower Rhine Basin''

109

(2)

Summary and Outlook: Toward Bridging AEC and GIS

111

(6)

References

113

(4)

Interaction and Visualization of 3D City Models for Location-Based Services

117

(22)

Heiko Blechschmied

Volker Coors

Markus Etz

Introduction

117

(2)

Augmented Reality and Location-Based Service Projects

119

(4)

Archeoguide

119

(1)

Geist

120

(1)

TellMaris

121

(1)

LoVEUS

122

(1)

LBS Architecture Used in LoVEUS

123

(6)

System Architecture

123

(3)

Multimedia Database

126

(1)

Representation

126

(1)

Data Repository

127

(1)

Connection between Multimedia DB and GIS DB

128

(1)

Handling of Three-Dimensional Visualizations

128

(1)

J2ME Mobile 3D Graphics

129

(1)

Creating and Transmitting a 3D Map to Mobile Devices

129

(3)

Examples

132

(1)

Conclusions

133

(6)

References

134

(5)

PART III Interoperability

Ontology and Semantic Interoperability

139

(22)

Thomas Bittner

Maureen Donnelly

Stephan Winter

Introduction

139

(1)

Languages and Communication Processes

140

(1)

Semantic Heterogeneity

141

(1)

Ontologies

142

(4)

Logic-Based Ontologies

142

(1)

Nonlogic-Based Ontologies

143

(1)

Meta-Standards vs. Reference Ontologies

144

(1)

Logic-Based Reasoning

145

(1)

Interoperability

145

(1)

Standards and Reference Ontologies for Spatial Information Systems

146

(6)

Spatial Data Standards and Their Limitations

146

(1)

Standards for the Spatial Component

147

(3)

Limitations of Today's Data Standards for CAD, AEC, and GIS Integration

150

(2)

Reference, Domain, and Top-Level Ontologies

152

(4)

Domain Ontologies as Reference Ontologies

152

(1)

Top-Level Ontologies

153

(1)

Important Components of Top-Level Ontologies

154

(1)

Top-Level Ontologies for CAD, AEC, and GIS Integration

155

(1)

Summary

156

(5)

Acknowledgments

157

(1)

References

157

(4)

Data Integration and Interoperability: OGC Standards for Geo-Information

161

(16)

Carl Reed

Introduction to the Problem

162

(1)

Discussion

163

(1)

What Is the OGC?

163

(1)

The OGC Abstract Specification

163

(1)

How Current OGC Standards Can Be Used for CAD/GIS Integration

164

(5)

Seamless Visualization: Web Map Service Interface Specification

165

(1)

Returning CAD/GIS Content to the Client -- The Web Map Service Interface Specification

165

(1)

Specifying Portrayal Rules

166

(1)

The Web Terrain Service Interface Specification

167

(1)

Communicating and Transporting CAD/GIS Content in an Open, Interoperable Manner: Geography Markup Language (GML) 3.1

168

(1)

LandGML ←→ LandXML: An example of CAD/Survey/GIS Content Sharing that Maintains Semantic Integrity

169

(2)

A Bit about LandXML

170

(1)

The LandXML ←→ LandGML Interoperability Experiment

170

(1)

LandXML ←→ LandGML Demonstration

171

(1)

Putting a Standards-Based CAD/GIS Workflow in Place

171

(3)

What's Next?

174

(3)

References

174

(3)

PART IV Alternatives

3D Topological Framework for Robust Digital Spatial Models

177

(34)

Rodney J. Thompson

Introduction

178

(1)

Outline of This Chapter

179

(1)

Nomenclature

179

(2)

Open and Closed

179

(1)

Continuity

180

(1)

Accuracy and Resolution

180

(1)

Geometric Primitives

180

(1)

Background

181

(6)

Case 1. Rounding, Accuracy, and Resolution

181

(1)

Case 2. Polygon Union

182

(1)

Case 3. Geometric Equality

182

(3)

Case 4. ISO 19107 Definition of isSimple()

185

(1)

Case 5. Adjoining Polygon Points

186

(1)

Case 6. Datum Conversion

187

(1)

Topology in 2D and 3D

187

(2)

Topological Cleaning Operation

187

(1)

Levels of Topology in 3D

188

(1)

Theoretical Perspectives

189

(5)

Realm-Based Geometry and Topology

189

(3)

Constraint Database Approach

192

(1)

Region Connection Calculus

193

(1)

The Rational Polygonal Region

194

(1)

The Regular Polytope

194

(9)

Half Space

195

(1)

Convex Polytope

195

(1)

Regular Polytope Representation

196

(3)

Operations on Regular Polytopes

199

(1)

Regular Polytope Equality

200

(1)

Dual Representation of Regular Polytope

200

(3)

Data Storage Requirements

203

(1)

Review of the Case Studies

204

(2)

Case 1. Rounding, Accuracy, and Resolution

204

(1)

Case 2. Polygon Union

204

(1)

Case 3. ISO 19107 Definition of Equals

204

(1)

Case 4. ISO 19107 Definition of isSimple()

204

(1)

Case 5. Adjoining Polygon Points

204

(1)

Case 6. Datum Conversion

205

(1)

Conclusions

206

(1)

Future Research

206

(5)

Implementation Issues

206

(1)

Contiguity

206

(1)

Floating Point Representations

206

(1)

Approximated Polytrope Representation

206

(2)

Lower Dimensionality Objects

208

(1)

The ``ROSE'' Algebra

208

(1)

References

208

(3)

Virtual Geographic Environments

211

(22)

Hui Lin

Qing Zhu

Introduction

211

(6)

From Map to GIS and VGEs

212

(2)

Defining VGEs

214

(2)

Interfaces of VGEs

216

(1)

The Multidimensional Representations

217

(9)

The Multiview Interface

219

(1)

Visualization of Abstract and Thematic Information

220

(1)

Time-Dependent Data Visualization

221

(2)

LOD and View-Dependent LOD Models

223

(2)

Image-Based Modeling and Rendering

225

(1)

The Natural Interactions

226

(3)

Speech Interface

227

(1)

Hand Gesture Interface

227

(1)

Sketch Interface

227

(1)

Geocollaboration

228

(1)

Conclusion

229

(4)

References

230

(3)

Index

233

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Large-scale 3D Data Integration: Challenges and Opportunities

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Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials