A Law Enforcement Sourcebook of Asian Crime and CulturesTactics and Mindsets

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ISBN: 9780849381164 | 0849381169
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/13/1996

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Even in multicultural North America, few whites, blacks, or Hispanics have extensive experience or understanding of Asian culture. For experienced police officers, intelligence analysts, correctional officers, and prosecutors, the problems of cultural differences in behavior remain complex and problematic. This book addresses these specific law enforcement problems, and supplies law enforcement professionals with information and strategies for easier arrests, more accurate intelligence, more successful prosecutions, and fewer problems during incarceration.

Foreword

xvii

Preface

xix

The Author

xxiii

Dedications

xxvii

Acknowledgments

xxix

Part I: Introduction

``If You Don't Have Much Time...''

(6)

Things to Keep in Mind

(2)

Some Reasons to Be Cautious

(1)

To Others, We Have a Peculiar Culture too!

(1)

How Much Cross-Cultural Understanding Is Enough?

(1)

A Checklist of Our Own Tolerances for Differences

(1)

Be Skeptical!

(2)

Basics -- What? Why? How? -- Benefits, and Sources

(14)

Seven Basic Questions:

What Are the Cross-Cultural (XC) Aspects of Asian Crime?

(1)

What Kind of Information is Cross-Cultural Information?

(1)

Why Is Cross-Cultural Information Important?

(1)

Why Are the Cross-Cultural Aspects of Asian Crime Important?

(1)

How Would Police Be Trained in Cross-Cultural Aspects of Asian Crime?

(1)

What Assumptions Should Guide Cross-Cultural Training Programs?

(1)

What Are Some Examples of Cross-Cultural Information?

(2)

Who Are the ``Asian'' Criminals?

(1)

What Are Some of the Benefits for Police?

(1)

What Cross-Cultural Data Cannot Do: Planning, Guidelines, Limitations, and Packaging

(3)

Sources, Methods, Applications: Academic and Law Enforcement

(3)

Some Asians and Asian-Americans May Not Like This Book

(3)

Culture, Police, and Asian Crime

(12)

The Cross-Cultural Context of Asian Crime in America

(1)

What Is Culture?

(4)

How Are Cultural Traits Conceived and Used?

(1)

Cross-Cultural Competency Is Not Just Language Competency

(1)

Police as Cross-Cultural Learners

(1)

Police as Potential Cross-Cultural Specialists

(4)

Part II: Cultural ``Do's and Don'ts''

Public Relationships

(16)

Asian Images of Police

(1)

To Help Asians to Get a Better Image of Cops

(1)

Asian Families Come First

(1)

Check with the Amah

(1)

Know and Be Known

(1)

Funerals and Weddings

(1)

Uniform vs. Plainclothes

(1)

Respect and Social Levels

(1)

Role-Playing

(1)

Body Language

(1)

How Not to Sit

(1)

Yakuza Body Language

(1)

Humility

(1)

Privacy

(1)

The Avoidance of Public Confrontation

(1)

Honor the Elderly

(1)

Indirectness

(1)

``Face''

(1)

Provocation and ``Face''

(1)

Guanxi

(1)

Street Cops and Guanxi

(1)

Gossip is Good

(1)

Beeper/Pager Numbers

(1)

Street Negotiations

(1)

Shake Hands Only with Older Recognized Gang Leaders, Not with Younger Gang Members

(1)

Intimidate Gang Suspects by Sitting Next to Them

(1)

Foreign Courtesy Terms

(1)

Don't Use Slang, Parables, or ``Pop'' References

(1)

Observe and Balance Paybacks

(1)

Avoid Co-Option

(1)

Holidays, Grand Openings, and Surveillance

(1)

Questionable Community Translators

(1)

Check Whether Bunsen Burners Are On at the Jewelry Store

(1)

Asian Newspapers

(1)

Asian Public Apologies

(1)

Folk Medicine and Alleged Child Abuse

(1)

Passport Profiles

(1)

Forged U.S. Visas and Altered Passports

(1)

Passports, Visas, and Claims of Diplomatic Immunity

(1)

Diplomatic Auto License Plates

(3)

Person-to-Person Relationships

(8)

Attitudes and Applications

(1)

Speak Quietly

(1)

Personal Space

(1)

Don't Touch

(1)

Spend Time in the Streets

(1)

Visit the Temples

(1)

Identifying Ethnic Groups

(1)

Gestures

(1)

Other Physical ``Don'ts''

(1)

Business Cards

(1)

Applause

(1)

Spitting

(1)

Greetings

(1)

Polite Topics of Conversation

(1)

Silence

(1)

Privacy

(1)

Saying ``No''

(1)

Watch Out for the ``Yes'' Answers

(1)

Get Search Warrants, Not Consent to Search

(1)

Do Beat Around the Bush

(1)

Removing Shoes

(1)

Don't Push Things Around with Your Feet

(2)

Interviewing Witnesses, Victims, and Monks

(8)

Address Elders First

(1)

Masks and Fingerprint Identification

(1)

Names and Dialect Identification

(1)

Ask Direct and Specific Questions: Information Won't Be Volunteered

(1)

Interviews with Police Are ``Doing Business''

(1)

Get the Specific and Cultural History of the Suspect's Extended Family

(1)

Special Family Names

(1)

Check Beauty Salon Connections

(1)

Quietly Check with Dads for Any ``Extracurricular Activities''

(1)

Travel Agents

(1)

Marian Days

(1)

Wives, Concubines, and Mistresses

(1)

Threats of Family Gravesite Desecration in Asia

(1)

Do the Victims Understand the Bail System?

(1)

Hoarding Cash at Home

(1)

Greeting Monks, Religious Leaders, and Family Elders

(1)

Use Quiet Manners with Unfamiliar Religious Objects

(1)

Use an Interpreter with a Monk or Religious Leader

(1)

Witnesses and Some Cross-Cultural Aspects of Trials

(6)

``But Asians Won't Testify''

(1)

Be a Long-Term Friend

(1)

Asian Friendship

(1)

Home Protection Before Trial

(1)

Don't Make Witnesses Lose ``Face''

(1)

Protect Witnesses from Gangs

(1)

Subpoena Blanks

(1)

Avoid Loudmouthed Clerks or Reporters

(1)

Use the District Attorney's Explanatory Time for Relevant Cross-Cultural Topics

(1)

Educate the Jury About Asian Names

(1)

Use Posterboards

(1)

Suspect's Appearances

(1)

Photograph their Ears

(1)

Explain the Uses of Standard Telegraphic Code for Chinese Names

(1)

Home Protection After the Trial

(1)

Suspect's Records and Affiliations

(6)

Know the Suspect's Ethnic Background

(1)

Records and Standard Telegraphic Code

(1)

Get Three Handwriting Samples of the Suspect's Name in Chinese, Japanese, or Korean Characters

(1)

Photo Books

(1)

Check Local Hair Salons for Photos

(1)

Gang Mobility

(1)

Vietnamese Community ``Safe Houses''

(1)

Telephone Record Links

(1)

Check Motel Phone Books

(1)

Check Home Country and Regional Connections

(1)

Check Refugee and/or Dialect Connections

(1)

Women's Married Names

(1)

Aliases May Be Legitimate

(1)

``INS'' Names

(1)

Check School and Refugee Organization Connections

(1)

Legal Ages

(1)

Use INS Agents

(1)

Victim's Profiles

(2)

Interrogating Suspects and Recruiting Informants

(18)

Are There Any Significant Differences?

(1)

Suggested ``Do's and Don'ts''

(7)

Separate Asian Suspects Immediately

(1)

Videotape and Record All Interviews

(1)

Interrogation with Asians Takes Time!

(1)

Give ``Face''

(1)

Your Invasion of the Boundaries of His Personal or Intimate Zone May Be Different Than with a Non-Asian

(1)

Don't Allow ``Asian'' Sitting Positions

(1)

Alien Registration Numbers

(1)

Courtesy Beverages

(1)

Listen for Asian Clues for Interrogation Themes

(1)

Keep Cool and Don't Get Angry

(1)

Use the Threat of Loss of ``Face''

(1)

The Threat of Loss of ``Face'' with Female Gang Members Is Weaker

(1)

If Possible, Let Your Actions Contrast with Other Police

(1)

Don't Hurry

(1)

Eye Contact

(1)

Try a Third Party for Negotiations and Saving ``Face''

(1)

Reading the Suspect's Social Troubles with English

(1)

Manipulation of Status Words

(1)

Be Suspicious of ``Yes'' Answers

(1)

Flatter with Food

(1)

Use Hospital Visitors

(1)

Telephone Records

(1)

Get Address of the Suspect's Mother

(1)

Assumptions of Reid Interrogation Across Cultures

(1)

The Asian-American Suspect's Cultural Double-Bind

(1)

Interrelations and the Need for Cultural Knowledge

(3)

Interrogating Home-Invasion Robbery Suspects

(1)

About Interpreters

(1)

Think Like an Asian-American Defense Attorney

(1)

Recruiting Informants

(2)

Interrogation and McCarthy's ``Gang Crime Magic''

(3)

Asian Youth Gangs

(8)

What Is a Gang and Who Are Its Members?

(1)

Definition of a Gang

(1)

Why Do Some Youths Become Gang Members?

(1)

Are Gangs Largely of a Single Ethnic Type?

(1)

Levels of Adherence to a Gang

100

(1)

Documentation for Identifying Gang Membership

100

(1)

Gangs as Surrogate ``Families''

100

(2)

Signs and Stages in the Development of New Gangs

102

(1)

Home-Invasion Robbery Victim's Profile

103

(1)

Organizational Models and ``Pickup'' Gangs

103

(1)

Caucasian ``Throw-Away'' Gang Members

104

(1)

On the ``Toughness'' of Asian Gang Members

104

(1)

Numbers, Gambling, Tattoos, Food, and Regionalisms

105

(14)

Some Cross-Cultural Crime-Related Aspects of Numbers

105

(2)

Gambling

107

(1)

Elders and Minor Children in Gambling Houses

108

(1)

Tattoos and Slang

108

(6)

Food and Eating

114

(1)

Do's

114

(1)

Don'ts

115

(1)

Accepting Free Asian Meals

115

(1)

Regionalisms, Anti-Stereotypes, and Role-Playing

115

(4)

Role-Playing

116

(3)

Part III: Mindsets, Profiles, and Religions

Contrasting Chinese and American Mindsets

119

(24)

An Introduction to Mindsets

119

(3)

The Importance and Limitations of Cultural Generalities

122

(1)

Comparative Mindsets: Society, Self, Values, Epistemic Models, Religion, and World Views

123

(20)

Society

123

(9)

Self

132

(4)

Values, Epistemic Models, Religion, and World Views

136

(7)

Major Components of Chinese Mindsets

143

(22)

Attitudes About Police Authority vs. the Community

143

(3)

Chinese Shame Culture vs. American Guilt Culture

146

(1)

Pragmatic Contextualism (Fang Bian)

147

(5)

Face (Mian-Zi)

152

(2)

Guanxi

154

(1)

High-Context Asian Cultures vs. Police Low-Context Culture

155

(2)

Formal Manners and ``Paybacks'' Are Important

157

(1)

Business Contracts, Time, and Negotiations

158

(2)

Suggested Readings: Asian Crime and Cross-Cultural Studies

160

(5)

Ethnic Profile: The Chinese

165

(44)

Introduction to the Scope of Chinese Crime

165

(5)

Chinese Organized Crime

165

(2)

Alien Smuggling

167

(3)

On Introducing and Summarizing Chinese Cultures

170

(4)

Potential Chinese Global Economic Power

174

(4)

A Geographical Sketch of China

178

(2)

Cultural Sketches

180

(29)

The Family: The Model of Chinese Society

180

(4)

A Chinese Sociological Summary of the Chinese

184

(1)

Tongs, Triads, and Asian Gangs as ``Families''

185

(4)

Marriage, Sexuality, and Divorce

189

(3)

Children

192

(2)

Death and Funerals

194

(1)

Funeral Behavior

194

(1)

Education

195

(1)

Physical and Mental Illness

196

(4)

Values and Law (Fa) in a Naturalistic World View

200

(5)

The Triad's Threat of Revenge

205

(1)

Feng Shui and ``Spirits''

206

(1)

Food Prejudices and Uses

207

(2)

Five Deep Cultural Mindsets

209

(16)

``Face'' (Mianzi) and Losing ``Face'' (Diu Lian)

209

(4)

Self and Its Status

213

(2)

Collectivism: Individualism vs. Chinese Group Orientation

215

(1)

Guanxi (Networking): A Key to Chinese Society

216

(6)

Contrasts Between American and Chinese Guanxi

219

(1)

Comparisons of American and Chinese Guanxi

220

(2)

Pride in the Ultimate Superiority of Being Chinese

222

(3)

Is Reading the Chinese Ethnic Strategists Relevant for Police?

225

(6)

Chinese Language, Names, and Holidays

231

(12)

The Chinese Language

231

(2)

Chinese Names

233

(1)

Chinese Holidays and Festivals

234

(3)

Chinese Lunar New Year's Day

235

(1)

Honoring the Graves of the Ancestors: The Pure Brightness Festival

236

(1)

Feast of the Hungry Ghosts

236

(1)

Mooncake Festival

236

(1)

The Kitchen God

237

(1)

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A Law Enforcement Sourcebook of Asian Crime and CulturesTactics and Mindsets

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials