The Laws of Software Process

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ISBN: 9780849314896 | 0849314895
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/25/2003

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Within one generation, software has become one of the principal sources of wealth in the world. The development and use of software has grown faster than for any artifact in the history of the world. Probably no topic or subject in history has accelerated in its rate of practice as software has. Software development now needs to mature into a disciplined activity to overcome the difficulties that have traditionally plagued it. Software developers, engineers, and project managers need a reference that describes the evolution of software: where it has been, and where it is going.The Laws of Software Process: A New Model for the Production and Management of Software reveals a novel and compelling structure for development that redefines the very nature and purpose of software. The author explains how, in the modern "knowledge economy," software systems are not "products" in the classical sense, but is the modern medium for the conveyance of information. Literally, software is the currency of the knowledge basis of wealth in today's society.From this definition flows a new assessment of the basics of software development: the purpose of methods and processes; a comparison of programming languages; and an analysis of quality management, cost estimation, and project management and completion. The groundbreaking perspective outlined in this book serves as an expert guide for successful planning and execution of development projects.

Preface	p. xv
The Nature of Software and the Laws of Software Process	p. 1
A Brief History of Knowledge	p. 1
The Characteristics of Knowledge-Storage Media	p. 3
The Nature of Software Development	p. 4
The Laws of Software Process	p. 5
The Five Orders of Ignorance	p. 8
The Laws of Software Process	p. 10
The First Law of Software Process	p. 11
The Corollary to the First Law of Software Process	p. 11
Explanation and Observations	p. 11
The Reflexive Creation of Systems and Processes	p. 11
Explanation and Observations	p. 12
The Lemma of Eternal Lateness	p. 12
Explanation and Observations	p. 12
The Second Law of Software Process (see also The Rule of Process Bifurcation)	p. 13
Explanation and Observations	p. 13
The Rule of Process Bifurcation	p. 13
Explanation and Observations	p. 13
The Dual Hypotheses of Knowledge Discovery	p. 13
Explanation and Observations	p. 14
Armour's Observation on Software Process	p. 14
Explanation and Observations	p. 14
The Third Law of Software Process (also known as the Footwear Manufacturer's Minor Dependent's Law)	p. 15
Explanation and Observations	p. 15
The Twin Goals of Optimal Termination	p. 15
Explanation and Observations	p. 15
Summary	p. 16
The Purpose of Process	p. 19
Types of Teams	p. 20
Tactical	p. 20
Problem Solving	p. 21
Creative	p. 22
Learning	p. 22
Software Teams Are All Types at the Same Time	p. 23
A Range of Unknowns, a Range of Processes	p. 24
Inventing Processes	p. 25
The Purpose of Process	p. 26
The Problems of Process	p. 27
The Usefulness Dilemma	p. 27
The Process Value Paradox	p. 30
Using Systems to Build Processes	p. 32
Other Problems with Process	p. 33
How Do We Get Process?	p. 33
Who Devises Processes?	p. 34
Where Do We Put Process?	p. 35
The Purpose of Process	p. 36
Summary	p. 36
The Meaning of Methodology	p. 39
Third Order of Ignorance Processes	p. 40
The Job of Methodology	p. 42
A Test System	p. 43
The Maturity of Testing	p. 48
Summary	p. 48
The Logic of Life Cycles	p. 51
The Assembly Line	p. 51
Shooting Down Zeppelins	p. 57
Shooting Down Jet Planes	p. 60
The True Life Cycle	p. 62
A More-Complex, Generalized Model	p. 67
Range of Unknown Unknowns	p. 67
Knowledge Variability with Time	p. 67
Design Dependence of Knowledge	p. 68
Variable Rate of Learning	p. 69
All Variables	p. 70
Summary	p. 71
Of Methods and Models and Minds	p. 73
Models of Convention	p. 73
Models of Numbers	p. 75
Counting	p. 77
Chunking	p. 79
The Physical Nature of Models	p. 85
The Logical Nature of Models	p. 88
Map onto Problem and Solution Space	p. 90
Requirements	p. 91
Interfaces	p. 93
Methods and Models	p. 93
Minds	p. 94
Summary	p. 95
The Advent of Agile	p. 97
It Has always Been Agile	p. 97
Test Phases with Embedded Life Cycles and Test Phases	p. 99
The "Construct Phases" also Have Feedback	p. 100
The Feedback Activities Generate Feedback Activities	p. 101
The Problems of "Big" Process	p. 102
Agile Methods	p. 104
Change Is Expected	p. 104
Feedback Is Managed	p. 104
Stepwise Development	p. 104
Human Factors	p. 105
Customer-Centric	p. 106
Agile Is Event Driven	p. 106
Extreme Programming (XP)	p. 109
The Planning Game	p. 109
Small Releases	p. 110
The Use of Metaphor	p. 110
Simple Design	p. 110
Refactoring	p. 111
Testing	p. 112
Pair Programming	p. 113
Collective Ownership	p. 114
Continuous Integration	p. 114
Intentionally Limited Work Week	p. 114
On-Site Customer	p. 114
Coding Standards	p. 115
Code Science	p. 115
Crystal Methods	p. 116
Crystal Clear	p. 117
Scrum	p. 118
Pre-Sprint	p. 118
The Sprint	p. 119
Post-Sprint	p. 119
Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM)	p. 119
DSDM Occurs in a Collaborative Environment between All Stakeholders	p. 120
Feature-Driven Development (FDD)	p. 121
Lean Development	p. 122
Adaptive Software Development (ASD)	p. 123
Speculate	p. 124
Collaborate	p. 124
Learn	p. 125
Why Agile? Why Now?	p. 125
Summary	p. 133
Agile and the Orders of Ignorance	p. 135
Agile and the Orders of Ignorance	p. 136
Subdividing the Orders of Ignorance	p. 138
Zeroth Order Ignorance (0OI): I have 0OI when I (provably) know something ... That is, I have the answer	p. 139
0OI--Fully Factored Knowledge: The Self-Actualized Answer	p. 139
1/3OI--Applying the Factoring Knowledge: Switch It on	p. 140
2/3OI--Get the Factoring Knowledge: How to Switch It on	p. 140
First Order Ignorance (1OI): I have 1OI when I do not know something	p. 140
1OI: We've Got the Question, Now Get the Answer: Just Gimme the Facts	p. 141
1.1/3OI: We've Got the Question but How to Get the Answer: Who to Ask?	p. 141
1.2/3OI: We've Kind of Got the Question but Where's the Ballpark?	p. 141
Second Order Ignorance (2OI): I Have 2OI When I Don't Know That I Don't Know Something	p. 141
2OI--General, Unintentional Lack of Awareness: Maybe We Don't Know	p. 142
2.1/3OI--Nonculpable Lack of Awareness: Blissful Ignorance	p. 142
Third Order Ignorance: Lack of Process	p. 143
3OI: General Lack of Process	p. 143
3.1/3OI: Unintentional Process Ignorance	p. 143
3.2/3OI: Intentional Process Ignorance	p. 143
Fourth Order Ignorance: Meta-Ignorance	p. 144
Agile and Zeroth Order Ignorance	p. 145
Identical Repetition	p. 148
Minor Variation	p. 148
Major Variation	p. 149
Contextual Variation	p. 149
Operational Variation	p. 149
Agile and First Order Ignorance	p. 151
Agile and Second Order Ignorance	p. 153
Agile and Third Order Ignorance	p. 153
Agile and the Fourth Order of Ignorance	p. 157
Summary	p. 159
The Future of Software Development	p. 161
The Execution of Knowledge	p. 162
The Demise of "Software Engineering"	p. 163
The End of Code	p. 166
The Death of CASE, the Death of Method	p. 169
The Incubator of Knowledge Engineering	p. 172
Model Based	p. 172
Anthropomorphic Models	p. 173
Programmable Interface	p. 174
Variable Rule Based	p. 176
Executable	p. 176
Translatable	p. 177
Domain Specific	p. 179
Object Oriented	p. 180
Domain Variable	p. 180
Domain Interdependent	p. 180
Model Interdependent	p. 180
Meta-Models and Meta-Languages	p. 181
A Radically Different Project Setup	p. 181
Software Development as an Educational Activity	p. 187
How Do We Train People?	p. 189
Levels of Learning	p. 190
How Do We Learn Most Efficiently for this System?	p. 191
Controlled Failure	p. 193
The Project	p. 194
Praveen's Morning	p. 195
Mayank's Morning	p. 196
Hafsa's Morning	p. 198
Maria's Morning	p. 199
Jill's Morning	p. 200
The Meeting	p. 201
Summary	p. 203
The Five Knowledge Storage Media	p. 205
Knowledge	p. 205
A Brief History of Knowledge Storage	p. 208
DNA	p. 208
Brains	p. 210
Hardware	p. 210
Books	p. 213
Software	p. 213
The Characteristics of the Knowledge Storage Media	p. 215
DNA	p. 217
Persistency	p. 217
Update Frequency	p. 218
Intentionality	p. 218
Self-Modification	p. 218
Modify Surroundings	p. 218
Brain	p. 219
Persistency	p. 219
Update Frequency	p. 219
Intentionality	p. 219
Self-Modification	p. 219
Modify Surroundings	p. 219
Hardware Design	p. 219
Persistency	p. 219
Update Frequency	p. 220
Intentionality	p. 220
Self-Modification	p. 220
Modify Surroundings	p. 220
Books	p. 220
Persistency	p. 220
Update Frequency	p. 220
Intentionality	p. 221
Self-Modification	p. 221
Modify Surroundings	p. 221
Software	p. 221
Persistency	p. 221
Update Frequency	p. 221
Intentionality	p. 221
Self-Modification	p. 221
Modify Surroundings	p. 222
Building on Knowledge	p. 222
Brains, Books, and Software	p. 223
Summary	p. 225
The Five Orders of Ignorance	p. 227
A Walk in the Woods	p. 232
A Path Less Traveled	p. 233
Tracks	p. 233
Prototyping	p. 234
The Expectation of Product	p. 235
Kinds of Knowledge	p. 235
The Five Orders of Ignorance	p. 236
Zeroth Order Ignorance (0OI): Lack of Ignorance	p. 236
First Order Ignorance (1OI): Lack of Knowledge	p. 236
Second Order Ignorance (2OI): Lack of Awareness	p. 236
Third Order Ignorance (3OI): Lack of Process	p. 237
Fourth Order Ignorance (4OI): Meta Ignorance	p. 237
The Five Orders of Ignorance in Systems Development	p. 237
0OI	p. 238
1OI	p. 238
2OI	p. 238
3OI	p. 238
4OI	p. 239
The 3OI Cycle	p. 239
The Inability to Measure Knowledge	p. 241
Summary	p. 242
Index	p. 245
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The Laws of Software Process

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