Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second

One out of five Americans--more than 55 million people--are first or second-generation immigrants. This landmark study probes all aspects of the new immigrant second generation's lives, exploring their immense potential to transform American society for better or worse. 23 photos. 32 line figures. Tables.

Alejandro Portes is Professor of Sociology at Princeton University and Faculty Associate at the Woodrow Wilson School for Public Affairs.

List of Tables and Illustrations

xi

Preface

xvii

Acknowledgments

xxi

Twelve Stories

1

(16)

Miami Stories

2

(6)

Maria de los Angeles and Yvette Santana: August 1993

2

(1)

Melanie Fernandez-Rey: September 1993

3

(1)

Aristide Maillol: August 1993

4

(1)

Armando and Luis Hernandez: July 1995

4

(2)

Mary Patterson: February 1995

6

(1)

Efren Montejo: May 1994

7

(1)

San Diego Stories

8

(9)

Jorge, Olga, Miguel Angel, and Estela Cardozo: January 1994

8

(1)

Quy Nguyen: December 1987

9

(2)

Bennie and Jennifer Montoya: October 1995

11

(1)

Sophy Keng: November 1987-June 1988

12

(2)

Yolanda and Carlos Munoz: March 1994

14

(1)

Boua Cha: 1988-1990

15

(2)

The New Americans: An Overview

17

(27)

Immigration Yesterday and Today

17

(2)

The Size and Concentration of the Second Generation

19

(3)

Studying the New Second Generation: The Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study

22

(11)

The New Second Generation at a Glance

33

(11)

Census Results

33

(4)

CILS Results

37

(7)

Not Everyone Is Chosen: Segmented Assimilation and Its Determinants

44

(26)

How Immigrants Are Received: Modes of Incorporation and Their Consequences

46

(3)

Acculturation and Role Reversal

49

(6)

Where They Grow Up: Challenges to Second-Generation Adaptation

55

(7)

Race

55

(1)

Labor Markets

56

(3)

Countercultures

59

(3)

Confronting the Challenge: Immigrant Social Capital

62

(7)

Parental Status, Family Structure, and Gender

62

(2)

The Immigrant Community

64

(5)

Conclusion

69

(1)

Making It in America

70

(21)

Early Adaptation and Achievement

72

(13)

General Trends

72

(1)

Nationality and Achievement

73

(3)

Determinants of Parental Economic Achievement: Additive Effects

76

(6)

Determinants of Parental Economic Achievement: Interaction Effects

82

(3)

Nationality and Family Composition

85

(5)

Conclusion

90

(1)

In Their Own Eyes: Immigrant Outlooks on America

91

(22)

Aura Lila Marin, Cuban, 53, Single Mother (1994)

91

(2)

Pao Yang, Laotian Hmong, 57, Father (1995)

93

(1)

Optimism

94

(3)

Permissiveness

97

(6)

Ambition

103

(4)

Community and Pride

107

(4)

Conclusion

111

(2)

Lost in Translation: Language and the New Second Generation

113

(34)

Bilingualism: Yesterday and Today

115

(3)

Shadow Boxing: Myth and Reality of Language Acculturation

118

(10)

General Trends

118

(4)

National Differences

122

(6)

Forced-March Acculturation

128

(6)

What Makes a Bilingual?

134

(9)

A Game of Mirrors: Language Instruction and Types of Acculturation

143

(4)

Defining the Situation: The Ethnic Identities of Children of Immigrants

147

(45)

Sites of Belonging: The Complex Allegiances of Children of Immigrants

149

(5)

Developing a Self

149

(3)

Past Research

152

(2)

Who Am I? Patterns of Ethnic Self-Identification

154

(7)

Ethnic Identity Shifts

154

(3)

Stability and Salience

157

(3)

Ethnic Self-Identities by National Origin

160

(1)

Where Do I Come From? Nation, Family, and Identity

161

(5)

Correlates of Self-Identities

166

(10)

Family Status, Composition, and Language

166

(5)

The Influence of Parental Self-Identities

171

(1)

Region, Schools, and Discrimination

171

(5)

The Race Question

176

(5)

Determinants of Ethnic and Racial Identities

181

(8)

Conclusion: From Translation Artists to Living Paradoxes

189

(3)

The Crucible Within: Family, Schools, and the Psychology of the Second Generation

192

(41)

San Diego Families

194

(3)

Family Cohesion, Conflict, and Change

197

(6)

School Environments and Peer Groups

203

(4)

Psychological Well-Being: Self-Esteem and Depressive Affect

207

(4)

School Engagement and Effort

211

(4)

Educational Expectations

215

(5)

Determinants of Psychosocial Outcomes

220

(10)

Self-Esteem and Depression

220

(5)

Ambition

225

(5)

Conclusion

230

(3)

School Achievement and Failure

233

(36)

Early Educational Achievement

234

(10)

Preliminary Results

234

(4)

Determinants of Early Achievement

238

(6)

Educational Achievement in Late Adolescence

244

(14)

Grades in Senior High School

245

(5)

Change over Time

250

(1)

Dropping Out of School

251

(7)

Two Achievement Paradoxes

258

(9)

Southeast Asians

258

(3)

Cuban Americans

261

(6)

Conclusion

267

(2)

Conclusion: Mainstream, Ideologies and the Long-Term Prospects of Immigrant Communities

269

(18)

Two Mainstream Ideologies

270

(4)

A Third Way: Selective Acculturation and Bilingualism

274

(2)

The Mexican Case

276

(4)

Theoretical Reprise

280

(7)

Time and Acculturation

281

(3)

Reactive Ethnicity and Its Aftermath

284

(3)

Appendix A. Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study: Follow-up Questionnaire

287

(20)

Appendix B. Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study: Parental Questionnaire

307

(32)

Appendix C. Variables Used in Multivariate Analyses: Chapters 6 to 9

339

(10)

Notes

349

(20)

References

369

(20)

Index

389

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Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials